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The Problems of Overpopulation
Chapter 9
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Population and Quality of Life
• Environmental degradation
• Hunger
• Persistent poverty
• Economic stagnation
• Urban deterioration
• Health issues
Primary problems with overpopulation:
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Population and Quality of Life
Population and World Hunger
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Population and Quality of Life
Different proposed strategies for reducing hunger:
1) Strictly control population growth
2) Stimulate economic development
3) Provide better equitability of resources
(Who should provide/enforce these?)
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Population and Quality of Life
Economic Effects of Continued Population Growth
Competing hypotheses:
Hyp 1: Rapid population growth ↑economic development + ↑technological innovation.
Why would they think this?
Hyp 2: Rapid population growth does the opposite.
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Population and Quality of LifeEconomic Effects of
Continued Population Growth
Debt in Developing Countries: Loans from:
- World Bank,
- International
Monetary
Fund (IMF)
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Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
Why is Total Fertility Typically High?
• Gender defined roles
• High fertility to compensate for high mortality
• Work expectations of children
• Religious beliefs
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Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
The Social and Economic Status of Women
• Gender inequity is common worldwide
Percent illiteracy of men and women in select developing countries, 2002
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Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
The Social and Economic Status of Women
• Gender inequity is common worldwide
• Younger age of marriage ↑ fertility rates
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Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
The Social and Economic Status of Women
• Gender inequity is common worldwide
• Younger age of marriage ↑ fertility rates
• Higher level of education ↓ fertility rates
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Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
Family Planning Services
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Achieving Population Stabilization
Discuss some of the ethical issues associated with overpopulation:
• Is it ethical to have more than 2 children?
• Is it ethical to consume too much in the way of material possessions?
• Is it ethical to try to influence a couple’s decision about family size?
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Government Policies and Fertility
Case-in-Point: The Global Summit on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994)
Focused on:
• Reproductive rights
• Empowerment of women
• Reproductive health
Results??
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Government Policies and FertilityChina’s Controversial Family Planning
PolicyOne child per family
Since 1979
Financial incentives
Main problems with policy:
Eroded personal freedom - penalties
Disproportionate number of males born (abortion/killing of female infants?)
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Government Policies and Fertility
India’s Severe Population Pressure
• Early efforts (1976) centered on compulsory sterilization after three kids.
(which was a complete failure)
• Currently attempting to integrate economic development and family planning.
(total fertility rates have dropped from 5.3 to 3.1 over 20 years)
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Government Policies and Fertility
Mexico’s Young Age Structure
• Strong positive population growth momentum due to high (35%) young.
• Government measures (e.g., education reform) have reduced the fertility rate from 6.7 to 2.8 over 30 years.
• Radio, TV advertising, public schools.
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Government Policies and Fertility
The Population Challenge in Nigeria
• Most populous African country with high a fertility rate (5.7) & low life expectancy (52).
• Birth control use very low (8%).
• Government attempting to improve health care and encourage marrying later (50% women married by age 17).
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Government Policies and Fertility
Population Concerns in Europe:
• Opposite of most areas — fertility rate very low, population declines.
• Pronatalists predict overwhelmed pension programs and loss of economic growth.– Government policies should give incentives
for larger families.
• Opponents predict technological innovations will spur economic growth and the elderly will be asset to society.
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Reducing the Total Fertility Rate
Family Planning Services
Selected Birth Control Methods:
• Oral contraceptives
• Implants
• IUD
• Spermicides
• Condom, male
• Rhythm