Download - The Progressives
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The Progressives1889-1916
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What was Progressivism?
An effort to impose order & justice on society that was approaching chaosWhat created the chaos?
Rapid industrializationUrbanizationImmigrationLaissez faire
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Who were the Progressives?
White ProtestantsAfrican AmericansMiddle classCollege-educated professionalsScholars, writersPoliticiansUnion leaders
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What did Progressives
believe?Society was capable of improvementGrowth and advancement were the nation’s destinyWhat didn’t work?
Laissez faireSocial Darwinism
Direct, purposeful human intervention in social and economic affairs was essentialGOVT ACTION NEEDED!
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Progressives wanted MILD reforms. They were NOT RADICALS
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Varieties of Progressivism
AntimonopolyFear of concentrated powerUrge to limit/disperse authority & wealth
Social cohesionWe are part of a great social webEach person’s welfare is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole
Faith in KnowledgeApplying the principles of natural and social sciences to societyKnowledge can make society equitable and humane
Modernized govt must play important role
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The MuckrakersCrusading journalistsExposed scandal, corruption and injusticeTargets:
TrustsPolitical machinesFactories
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The Social GospelSocial Justice
Justice for all of societyEgalitarian societySupport for the poor and oppressed pplAmerican Protestant movement
Social justice and sacrifice should be foundation of society
Salvation ArmyFusion of religion and reform
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The Social GospelCharles Sheldon: In His Steps (1898); “What would Jesus do?”Walter Rauschenbusch: all ppl should work toward creating the Kingdom of God on EarthFather John A. Ryan: expand Catholic social welfare organizations
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Settlement House Movement
Influence of the environment on the individualCrowded immigrant neighborhoodsStaffed by educated middle class teaching middle class valuesYoung college womenSocial work
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The Allure of Expertise
Enlightened experts should run govt and economyScientists and engineersThorstein Veblen
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The ProfessionsNew middle class emergesIndustries: managers, technicians, accountantsCities: commercial, medical, legal, educational servicesNew technology: scientists, engineersRequires schools and teachers to train themEducation and individual accomplishmentsWomen in the “helping” professions
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The ProfessionsCreated professional organizations
Why?Set up standards to secure positionLend prestige to professionKeep #’s down to ensure high demand
AMA (1901); medical schoolsBar associations; law schoolsChamber of Commerce (1912); schools of business
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Women and Reform
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The “New Woman”1. Vast majority of income-producing work
outside of the home2. Children going to school earlier & longer3. Technological innovations impact the home4. Families are smaller5. Living longer6. Some shun marriage7. Divorce rates increase
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The ClubwomenWomen’s clubsFirst social but then concerned w/ social bettermentNon-partisan (Remember, couldn’t vote)Middle to upper class women (clubs had $$)Allowed women to create a public space for themselves w/o threatening male dominated societyWomen’s Trade Union League (WTUL) (1903)
Join unions, support strikes, picket lines, bail money
African Americans excluded
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Women & Social Justice
NY Women’s Trade Union League & Intl. Ladies Garment Workers Union
1909: 50 hour workweek, wage increases, preferential hiring for union members
1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (NY)146 female workers killed; avg age 19
Reformers, union leaders, women’s groups, politicians from Tammany Hall
Machine politicians & progressive reformersLaws regulating fire safety, equipment, wages and hours for women and children
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19th Amendment provides full suffrage to women in all the states, 1920.
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Woman SuffrageRadical idea: it was a “natural right”
Led to a powerful anti-suffrage movement; a threat to the “natural order”Looseness, promiscuity, divorce, child neglect
20th CenturyNational American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)Justify suffrage in a “safer” way
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NAWSA RhetoricNot challenging the separate sphereBecause they ARE mothers, wives and homemakers
Bring special experiences and sensitivities to public life
Would help temperance movement (largest supporter)Would help war become a thing of the pastConservative Argument
If blacks, immigrants and other undesirables have the vote, then…educated “well-born” women should
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Suffrage Timeline1848: Seneca Falls1890: Wyoming1910: Washington1911: CA1913: IL (1st state east of Miss. River)1919: 39 states1920: 19th AmendmentAlice Paul: Not enough; Equal Rights Amendment
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Controlling the Masses: Prohibition
1873: Women’s Christian Temperance Union
Francis Willard1890s: Anti-Saloon League
Local level: isolate “wet” areasState level: Use of direct democracy
1913: Lobby for AmendmentImpact of entry into WWI1919: 18th Amendment
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Controlling the Masses: Immigration Restriction
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EugenicsImmigration polluting the nation’s racial stockCarnegie Foundation: turn eugenics into a method for altering human reproductionRaces and ethnic groups gradedSterilization1916: “The Passing of the Great Race” (Madison Grant)Dillingham Commission
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Supporters of Eugenics
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The Assault on the Parties
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Reforming the CityMuckrakers roleMiddle class blamed
machine politicianssaloon ownersbrothel keepersbusinessmen connected to political machines
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CityCommissioner Plan
Cities hired experts in different fields to run a single aspect of city government. For example, the
sanitation commissioner would be in charge of garbage and sewage removal.
City ManagerPlan
A professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report directly to the city
council.
City Reforms
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New Forms of Governance
1900: Galveston, TX tidal waveCommission Plan
1908: Staunton, VACity-Manager Plan
Plans promotes efficiency/undermines patronage of machineOld system benefitted the working class; new ones were controlled by new professionals
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New Forms of Governance
Non-partisan mayoral electionsMayoral elections moved to off-election yearsWard (neighborhood) elections switched to citywide elections
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Progressive MayorsHazen Pingree (Detroit): 1889-96Samuel Jones (Toledo); 1897-1903Tom Johnson (Cleveland); 1901-09
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Recall
Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office.
Initiative
Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens.
ReferendumAllows voters to decide if a bill or proposed
amendment should be passed.
Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses.
State Reforms
Secret BallotPrivacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted.
Direct Primary
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Robert La Follette & the Laboratory of Democracy
Wisconsin governor, SenatorDirect primaries, initiatives and referendumsRegulated RRs and utilitiesWorkers’ compensationInheritance taxIncreased taxes on RRs and business
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Parties and Interest Groups
Decline of party of influenceVoter turnout decreases
Why?Secret ballotIlliteracy among immigrantsInterest groups
17th Amendment: Direct election of Senators
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Thomas Nast was the artist for Harper's Weekly
in the late 1800s. Father of American
Caricature." Nast's campaign against New York City's political boss William Tweed is
legendary Nast's cartoons depicted Tweed as a sleazy criminalTweed was known to say,
"Stop them damn pictures. I don't care
what the papers write about me. My
constituents can't read. But, damn it, they can
see the pictures."
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Social Tensions in an Age of Reform
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African Americans and Reform
Contradiction b/w progressive rhetoric and their conscious discriminationFearful of interracial alliance under populism1890s south: Jim Crow, voter restrictionsMississippi Gov. James Vardaman
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Booker T. Washington
Atlanta CompromiseSelf-improvement firstEquality laterBy turn of century: challenge to Washington and structure of race relations
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W.E.B. Du BoisHarvard grad1903: Souls of Black Folk
Trade school vs. university educationFight for civil rights; don’t wait for white to rescue them1905: Niagara Movement1909: NAACP
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NAACP SuccessesNAACP attorneys1915: Guinn v United States
Grandfather clause unconstitutional
1917: Buchanan v WorleyResidential segregation unconstitutional
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LynchingNAACP wanted federal law against lynchingIda Wells
NACWWomen’s Convention of the National Baptist Church
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Challenging the Capitalist OrderRadical Reformers
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The Dream of SocialismRadicalism: 1900-14
Socialist Party of AmericaEugene DebsUrban workers, intellectuals, tenant farmers1,200 public offices; 79 mayors in 24 statesPublic ownership of utilities, 8 hr workday, pensions
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Limitations of Socialism
Need for basic structural changes in economyDiffered in extent of those changes and the tactics necessary to achieve them
Allow small-scale private enterprise but nationalize major industriesElectoral politics vs. direct militant action
Moderates dominated (workers’ comp and min. wage)Opposed WWI; hurt the PArty
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The “Wobblies”Industrial Workers of the World (1905)Utopian state run by workersBlacks, immigrants and women; unskilled laborRejected political action; favored general strikesUncompromising1917 timber strike
William “Big Bill” Haywood
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But most progressives believed capitalist system could be reformed from within
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Reformers pushed for the government to play an active role in planning and regulating economic lifeSUPERVISION, CONTROL and REGULATION
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McKinley Assassinated!
Sept. 14, 1901
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Theodore Roosevelt
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Harvard: 1876-1880
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NY Assemblyman: 1882-4
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North Dakota Rancher: 1884-6
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US Civil Service Commissioner: 1889-
95
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NYC Police Commissioner: 1895-
7
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Assistant Secretary, US Navy: 1897-8
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Rough Rider: 1898
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NY Governor: 1898-1900
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Vice President: 1901
Republican Party leaders thought that the vice presidency would be a political dead end
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President 1901-1909
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“The unscrupulous rich man who seeks to exploit and oppress those who are less well off is in spirit not opposed to, BUT IDENTITCAL WITH, the unscrupulous poor man who desires to plunder and oppress those who are better off.”
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A “Square Deal”Controlling corporationsConsumer protectionConservation of natural resources
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Roosevelt’s Vision of Federal Power
Govt should have power to investigate the activities of corporations and publicize the results1903: Dept of Commerce and Labor1903: Elkins Act
Illegal for RRs to give or shippers to receive rebates
1906: Hepburn ActIncreased power of ICCOversee RR rates
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TR as Trust BusterCentralization was a fact of modern life“good” vs. “bad” trustsJ.P. Morgan’s Northern Securities Company“Send your man to my man and they can fix it up.”1904: Supreme Court decision
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“Square Deal” for Labor
1902: Anthracite Coal Strike in PA (May through Oct.)
20% wage increase; 8 hour day, recognition of union
TR supported workers; owners refused to compromiseTR threatened to send in 10k fed. Troops to seize the mines and resume work.Workers got: 10% wage increase, 9 hour day BUT no union recognition
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Caring for the Consumer
1906: Meat Inspection Act
Federal inspection of meatThe Jungle
Pure Food and Drug Act
Crime to sell adulterated food or medicineCorrect and complete labeling of ingredients
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Roosevelt and Conservation
Used executives powers to restrict private development on govt land1907: conservatives restricted his authority over public lands; he just seized all forests in public domain before bill became lawConservationist
Promoted policies to protect land for careful MANGAGED DEVELOPMENT
1902: Newlands Act
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Roosevelt and Preservation
NaturalistsJohn Muir and the Sierra ClubAdded to the National Park System
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Hetch Hetchy Controversy
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The Panic of 1907Bank run and recession blamed on TR’s “mad” economic policyJ.P. Morgan to the rescueUS Steel purchased Tennessee Coal and Iron Co.TR promises to look the other wayCrisis avertedRepublican conservatives couldn’t stand TR
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TR and Taft
1904 promiseTaft: trusted ally of TRProgressives loved himEasily defeat Bryan in 1908 electionToo lazy and introvertedStatus quoLacked personality
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Taft as Trustbuster90 lawsuits in 4 yearsCompared to TR’s 44 in 7.5 years1911: Supreme Court breaks up Standard Oil1911: Taft brings suit against US Steel for its purchase of the Tennessee Coal and Iron Co
TR upset
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Taft and the Progressives
TariffProgressives: deep cuts to the “Mother of Trusts”1909: Payne-Aldrich Bill; betrayal
Ballinger-Pinchot DisputeTaft replaces Sec. of Interior w/ corporate lawyer BallingerBallinger accused of turning over public coal land to company for personal profitPinchot went to Taft; Taft said nothing wrongPinchot goes public and gets fired
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Theodore Roosevelt atOsawatomie, KS: New
Nationalism
Big business requires big government.
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Is TR’s hat in the ring?
Antitrust lawsuit against US Steel in Oct. 1911Robert La Follette’s nervous breakdown in Feb 1912Announces candidacy in Feb. 1912