Download - The Religious Wars
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The Religious Wars
The French Civil/Religious
Wars
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Between 1560 (The League of Augsburg) and 1648 Two Major
Wars caused devastation for Europe
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After these wars, Religion would cease to have a major
role in European Warfare
But the memory of the Religious Wars would go a long ways toward bringing
about a religious freedom and the separation of church and
state
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It must also be considered, that though religion has been cited as the main catalyst for
these wars,ECONOMICS and POLITICAL ALLIANCES were perhaps
equally important
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•Therefore, when you hear a person say “I’m not religious because religion has caused so much destruction in history.”
•Say to them, politely, “Don’t blame religion, buddy, it was economics and political alliances that caused many problems.”
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The French Religious Wars…
•France was largest country in Europe
•Calvinism spread quickly into France (Calvin himself was French)
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In France, a large proportion of the nobility became Protestant
• Like Germany, these nobles wanted the right to choose the religion of their area
• Many towns converted to Protestantism
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The Kings of France opposed Calvinism
• This includes Francois I
• And Henry II
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Lutherans in Germany and Anglicans in England also
opposed the spread of Calvinism—they believed there wasn’t enough room
for another religion. Besides, Calvinism was troubling because of its
independence
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Remember, Calvinism did not respect state authority over
religious independence. One’s allegiance was to God
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In France, persecution of the Huguenots begins
•Many are burned at Stake
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Henry II dies in a joust—Catherine Medici, his widow, is left with three
young sons.
These three kings—Francis—1560, Charles IX 1574, and Henry III, 1589
never have a firm hand on the monarchy
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There were two sides:
The Huguenots, led by the King of Navarre and Admiral
ColignyVs.
The Catholic Guise family
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During this time, France slid into civil war
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The Huguenots fought for religious liberty
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The Guises fought to eliminate Calvinism, but they also fought for control of France. Henry III ordered
the assassination of the Duke of Guise
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Catherine de Medici, the queen mother, played both sides against
each other.
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Matters came to a head when Henry, King of Navarre came to
Paris to marry Margot, daughter of Catherine de Medici, and sister to
the King (1572)
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Thousands of Huguenots flooded Paris to see the marriage of their
King
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Catherine de Medici orders that the Huguenot leaders are to be killed. Henry of Navarre escapes—but Coligny is murdered.
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This occurred on St.
Bartholomew’s Day. Mob
violence broke out as both sides killed each
otherThousands of Huguenots were
murdered across France. Hell broke lose as mercenaries were hired to
participate in the killing
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In Rome, the pope was delighted with the murder of the Huguenots.
He ordered a celebration mass. Medals were struck to remember
this Catholic victory.
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The Protestants appealed
to Elizabeth of England to invade France.
Elizabeth looked at the events in France with horror. She became
even more determined to prevent this happening in her
country.
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The French royal family also tried to lure Elizabeth into marriage with one of their members, the younger son of
Catherine, the Duke of Anjou
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Wisely, Elizabeth
kept out of the French mess—she focused her aide on the Netherlands revolt—an area where she could have the
most impact
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This religious fighting in France was chaotic, with armed bands roaming the countryside and
many mini-truces among different areas.
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Gradually, there developed the belief that
nothing justified this everlasting chaos and
war.
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This belief was that of a politique
The idea that civil order can accommodate
more than one religion
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France looked toward Henry of Navarre to provide the leadership
needed.
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If we remember, Henry had barely escaped from the St.
Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
He and Princess Margot never grew close, but she was loyal and supportive.
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The final son, Henry III, of Catherine de Medici was
assassinated in 1589.
•Now the throne went to the next legal heir, Henry of Navarre—He would now be Henry IV.
•Henry had the choice to convert to Catholicism before the Guise family would accept him—he converted in order to gain the throne.
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He entered Paris, supposedly saying “Paris is worth a Mass”
• The Catholics were delighted
• The Huguenots were horrified
• But Henry took the steps necessary to provide state order and end the French religious wars.
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Henry did not forget the Huguenots. He issued the
Edict of Nantes in 1598
This Edict guaranteed civil rights for Huguenots. Paris was off limit to
Protestants
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The Huguenots became less rebellious after the Edict of
Nantes
And Henry IV FORCED toleration on his country
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Henry IV became one of
France’s greatest
Kings
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He amicably divorced Margot, and married Marie de Medici. They
had several children.
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He helped France to rebuild
after the wars and promised
a “Chicken in Every
Pot.”
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He brought peace and prosperity for 21 years of his rule.
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He never consulted the French Parliament, the Estates
General---Taxes (the taille) were administered directly.
Parliament was not consulted.
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Sadly, Henry was assassinated in 1610 by a crazed Catholic
fanatic
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Ravellic was the assassin. He was “punished” for his deed.
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Marie ruled alone as a
regent for her son, Louis XIII.
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Over time, Cardinal Richelieu of France gained great influence
during the childhood and adulthood of
Louis XIII—only dying a year
before Louis did. (1642)
Richelieu tried to maintain the
order of Henry IV—he was the de facto ruler for 32
years
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The way was paved for France’s greatest absolute
monarch, Louis XIV