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The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
Sui-Tang-Song China
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Chinese Regionalism
220-589 (Post Han-Sui)
A time of political division, economic turmoil, and social conflict.
Regional Kingdoms:
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“Era of Division” 220-589 C.E.
Nomadic Invasions Endless wars amongst rival kingdoms Re-emergence of rule by aristocrats Decline of Bureaucracy Decline of Confucianism Rise of Buddhism Economic decline Great Wall divided Technological stagnation …it was bad.
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China’s turbulent 4th century
Conquest and rule by non-Chinese peoples (Barbarians) shocked the Chinese.
Huns and Xiongnu eroded the frontier defenses.
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Confucianism in the Regional Era
Confucianism: stressed ideas and practices that promoted social etiquette, family values, and political stability.
These ideas were criticized for their failure and their value during the regional era.
Regional monarchs began to “re-embrace” the value system, while scholars often condemned its shortcomings.
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Re-emergence of Empire: Sui Dynasty
Founded by Yang Jian Valued Chin style
leadership with tight political control.
General who consolidated his position and usurped power.
Used propaganda! Conquered southern
China in a Naval War
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Yang Jian
Devoted to building a powerful government Consolidated rule in China Excellent judge of talented people Empire builder Extraordinary temper Paranoia Built an elaborate bureaucracy “thrifty” Devout Buddhist, supported Confucianism as a
political ideology
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Return to Chin ways
Harsh, codified laws Standardized everything Written test for office holders Beginnings of civil service exam Refusal to serve in areas of birth “eyes and ears of the ruler” Elaborate building projects such as the
capital Changan
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Changan during the Sui
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Emperor Yangdi and the Grand Canal
“political intrigue” Great achievement: the
Grand Canal Purpose
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The Tang Dynasty
Founded by Li Yuan China’s Greatest
Dynasty? Golden Age? “Qin-Han, Sui-Tang”
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Tang Taizong
Ambitious, Ruthless, arguably China’s greatest emperor.
Believed in a Confucian, Chin, yet benevolent state.’
Stable, peaceful, prosperous…
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Reasons for Tang Success?
1. Well articulated roads and communication networks. (Canals)
2. Equal field distribution system of land sharing
3. Reliance on a very highly skilled bureaucracy governed by a civil service exam.
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Civil Service Exam
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Tang Conquest
Brought Manchuria, the Silla Kingdom of Korea, Vietnam, and as far west as the Aral Sea (Russia) under their control.
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Tang Decline
Incapable emperors Dynastic wars (Du Fu) An Lushan Rebellion Talas River Battle of
751 Loss of Silk Roads Transfer of Power to
Islam Buddhist Crisis of the
mid 9th Century.
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Transition
The Late Tang period saw individual armies loyal to their warlords dominating Chinese life.
Period between the Tang and Song Age saw a return to regionalism. With non-Chinese peoples ruling North China.
907-960 China was dominated by Political Fragmentation and Rivalry.
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The Song Dynasty
Song contradiction Early political
stability: 960-1127 Effective
monarchs Civil
Bureaucracy Founded by
Zhao Guangyin Drunken
generals story
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Song Shortcomings and Decline
Military weakness Economic costs of Bureaucracy Taxation issues Peasant woes Rise of nomads-The Khitan, Jurchen, and the
Mongols
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Song split
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Song Demise
1215: lost control to Jin Dynasty Reverted to control Southern China 1279 Southern Song crushed by Mongols.
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Tang/Song Culture
Neo-Confucianism Wang Anshi: political and economic
innovations Metaphysical (being) school of Zu Xi
Good v. Evil: Confucian study and Buddhist meditation can treat evil.
His work will be studied and admired for a millenium.
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Tang/Song Economics
“Champa” Rice: Porcelain Metallurgy Paper production “Flying Cash” Urbanization
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Japanese Characteristics
Geography? Comparison with Greece? Warrior Aristorcarcy Rigid society 5% of the population was slave Hundreds of early political units Clan based society governed by warrior chieftans Early socieity: Yamato Clan Religious beliefs: Shinto-the Way of the Gods
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Japan
Early Buddhism Deficits of Shinto faith Diffusion of things Chinese
Seventeen Article Constitution-Buddhist and Confucian document
Taika Reforms-attempt to recreate a Confucian style system in Japan (Exam, Bureaucracy)
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Nara Japan (710-794 C.E.)
The earliest inhabitants of Japan were nomadic peoples from northeast Asia
Ruled by several dozen states by the middle of the first millennium C.E.
Inspired by the Tang example, one clan claimed imperial authority over others
Built a new capital (Nara) in 710 C.E., modeled on Chang'an
Adopted Confucianism and Buddhism, but maintained their Shinto rites
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Heian Japan Heian Japan (794-1185
C.E.) Moved to new capital, Heian
(modern Kyoto), in 794 Japanese emperors as
ceremonial figureheads and symbols of authority
Effective power in the hands of the Fujiwara family
Emperor did not rule, which explains the longevity of the imperial house
Chinese learning dominated Japanese education and political thought
Buddhism exploded during this time, despite a strong reaction against it.
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Heian Decline
Feuds amongst the great families
Local ambitions and political division
War between the Taira and Minamoto clans
Rise of Samurai class Rise of Yorimotoa Minamoto as
Shogun (Kamakura Shogunate)
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Japanese Cultural Achievements
Began to make their mark in literature.
Murasaki Shikibu-a female courtess during the Heian Age wrote the Tale of Genji.
A story of court life and personality of Japanese during the age.
First novel in human history
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Decline of Heian Japan
The equal-field system began to fail Aristocratic clans accumulated most land Taira and Minamoto, the two most powerful
clans, engaged in wars Clan leader of Minamoto claimed title shogun,
military governor; ruled in Kamakura