THERISE OF
ISLAM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Describe Arabia before Islam2. Explain how Muhammad unified Arabia under
Islam3. Describe how Muhammad’s successors spread
Islam4. Explain the events that halted Islamic expansion
into Europe5. Discuss the 5 Pillars of Islam6. Identify Islamic beliefs and practices
Pre-Muhammad Arabia
Dominated by Nomads called Bedouins
Worshiped hundreds of spirits called Jinns
The spirit of the Jinn resides within rocks and objects
Mecca was the holy city and was the home of the Kaaba and other idolsKaaba is the black moon stone that has
the spirit of AllahBelieved in pagan gods and shrines
Rise and Spread of Islam
Muhammad: the prophet for Allah Gabriel tells him God’s wordTries to convert Meccans, his wife
KhadijahHijrah: (622 A.D.)
Runs to MedinaFlight to avoid persecutionMuslim calendar
Rise and Spread of Islam
In Medina- attracted many followers
630 A.D- Return to Mecca Defeats the Meccans Destroyed the idols of all pagan godsEstablishes a theocracy- rule by divine
authority and according to religious beliefs and laws
Origin of the Ummah (Islamic state)
Islam Expands Abu-Bakr replaces Muhammad
Named Caliph –successorHead of govt. and religion
Ordered writing of Quran – only in Arabic
Begins Jihad (holy war) -to expand Islam
The Orthodox Caliphate (632-661) 4 leaders directly after
MuhammadConquer all of Arabic Peninsula,
Egypt, Palestine, Libya, and most of Mesopotamia
The Umayyad Caliph (661-750)
conquered North Africa, parts of India, and Spain
Finally stopped at Battle of Tours-Poitiers in 732
Overthrown by the Abbasids
Islam Invades Europe
Reasons for Expansion:
Passionate for their new faith: Jihad
Expansion of the Ummah- Muslim state
Severe overpopulation in Arabia
Resistance was weak
Results of Conquest
No forced conversion
Arabs were tolerant rulers
4 class systemArab MuslimsNon-Arab MuslimsChristians, Jews,
non-Muslims -- ‘people of the book’
Non-Muslim slaves
Brain Break
Think/Pair/ShareNon Muslims living in Muslim controlled areas were required to pay an annual tax for not being Muslim. Why did the government require this?
Society and Scholarship
Women are submissive to menStill more rights that European women
MedicineDiagnose and treat smallpox and measles
Calligraphy Astronomy and the astrolabe Scholars –
Invented Algebra, zero conceptLiterature – Thousand and One NightsPhilosophy and Ibn Rushd
Allah in calligraphy
Abbasid Dynasty
Centered in Baghdad More political, intellectual, and social
freedoms Won control of former Roman trade routes
and prospered Over-expansion and corruption plagues
empire Political division
Morocco, Spain, Egypt all break awayFatimid's of Egypt became the dominate group
The Turks Overrun the Byzantine Empire
Breakup of the Islamic Empire945- Sultan takes political powerMuslims can keep religious beliefs
Seljuk Turks- captured Baghdad in 1055Threatened the ByzantinesTHE CRUSADES!
Ottoman TurksCaptured Constantinople, April 1453Byzantine Empire Falls
Islamic Belief
Based on 4 sources:1. Qur’an- The holy book of Islam- Allah’s
words passed to Muhammad 2. Hadiths- Accounts of Mohammed’s life and
teachings3. Sunna- Muhammad’s life was example for
Muslim behavior4. Tradition/Interpretation- Muslim clerics
(religious scholars) apply to real world questions/actions. These interpretations become part of Muslim faith, practice, and life
Basic Rules of Islam
5 Pillars of Islam1. Faith- must make a testament of faith2. Prayer- must pray 5 times a day –3. Alms- give to the poor4. Fasting- fast during the holy month of Ramadan5. Pilgrimage- must visit Mecca - hajj
No wine or porkWorship:
mosques
What makes Islam so appealing?
What makes Islam so appealing? Easy to learn and practice.
No priesthood.
Teaches equality.
Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.
Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes.
Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).
THE DIVISION OF ISLAM!!!
Muslims: 2 major divisions of Islam!!!!Sunni vs. Shi’a
SunnisMajority of Muslim population
Shi’a Iran, Iraq, Lebanon
Disagreement primarily over leadership of the Muslim faith
Minaret at the great mosque of Samarra
Countries with the Largest Muslim
Population
Countries with the Largest Muslim
Population1. Indonesia 183,000,00
06. Iran 62,000,000
2. Pakistan 134,000,000
7. Egypt 59,000,000
3. India 121,000,000
8. Nigeria 53,000,000
4. Bangladesh
114,000,000
9. Algeria 31,000,000
5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000
* Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the
world.
Review
1. What was the Hijrah?2. What are the 5 Pillars of Islam?3. Where and in what year was the
Muslim Expansion stopped?4. What are the two major divisions of
Islam?5. List three reasons Islam is so
appealing?