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The Rise of Islam
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•Farming limited in Arabia
•Commerce lively
•Mecca, near Red Sea, most
important of coastal towns
The Arabian Peninsula
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Middle East: Climate Regions
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Fresh Groundwater Sources
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Mountain Ranges
Atlas Mts. Zagros
Mts.
Caucasus
Mts.
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Middle East: Population Density
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People of the Arabian Peninsula
Semitic People like Jews, Egyptians,
Syrians
Tradition – Son of Abraham
Roman Times
Bedouin Tribes, live in desert, isolated,
tribal, polytheistic
Revered Black Meteorite
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Early Religious Function
• The Kaaba, cube-shaped structure, at heart of Mecca
• 500s, already ancient, considered sacred
• Possible meteorite
• Idols of local gods inside
• Site drew religious pilgrims
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Muhammad (570-632 AD)
Married wealthy widow, managed trade
in area
Received message from Angel Gabriel
Driven from Mecca in 622 (1st day of
Muslim calendar)
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Muhammad’s Faith
• Had always been religious man
• Took frequent spiritual retreats
• Muhammad disturbed by visitation
• After more visits from angel, Muhammad
concluded God had chosen him to be prophet
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Messages
• Allah = one and only true and all-powerful God
• Other messages, instructions on how to live to please
Allah, live in paradise
Public Preaching
• Muhammad originally told few about experiences
• Began to preach in public after about three years,
attracted many followers
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Safety Jeopardized
• Many disliked Muhammad’s criticisms
• Only protection of uncle (Clan Leader) kept
him safe
• After uncle’s death Muhammad knew he and
followers not safe in Mecca
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Hegira
• 622, Muhammad moved to Medina, “the Prophet’s City”;
• Journey known as hegira
• Muslims mark year of hegira as first year of Islamic calendar
Building Faith
• Muhammad built community of fellow believers
• Called faith Islam, meaning “achieving peace
through submission to God”
• Followers known as Muslims
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Return to Mecca
• Conflict arose Muhammad vs. Tribal
Leaders
• Fighting erupted
• 630, Muhammad controlled Mecca,
influence unmatched
• He would die 2 years later in 632
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Beliefs of Islam
Quran (Koran)
Five Pillars
Law Governs
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The Quran:
Holy Book
Of Islam
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Values: Honor parents
Be kind to neighbors
Protect widows and orphans
Give to the poor
Condemns: Murder
Stealing
Lying
Adultery
Forbids: Gambling
Pork
Alcohol
Regulates: Marriage
Divorce
Inheritance
Business
The Quran
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Five Pillars of Islam
One God whose name is Allah,
Muhammad is his prophet
Prayer 5 times daily, facing Mecca
Fasting during month of Ramadan
Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)
Give alms to the Poor
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P
i
l
Pilgrims On
The Road to
And Camped
Outside of Mecca
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Al-Haram Mosque Holds the Kaaba
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Sunna and Sharia
•Sunna, “tradition,” provides guidance in
personal relationships, business
•Sharia, reflects various rules by which
Muslims should live, rule of law directly
from Qur’an
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Creation of Arab Empire
Difficult finding leadership after Muhammad’s death
Abu Bakr = Muhammad’s father-in-law was chosen to be successor/ called caliph = successor to Muhammad
Bakr & Muhammad spread movement of Islam
Jihad = “struggle in way of god”
By 650 Egypt, Syria, & Persian empire were part of Arab empire
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Arab Empire
Tribal Connection of Caliph
First 2 caliphs after Abu Bakr were killed
In 656 Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali,
became caliph but was assassinated 5 years later
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Umayyad Dynasty
In 661, general Mu’awiyah became caliph/ was rival of Ali
Capital to Damascus
Caliph = hereditary
Arabs conquered North Africa and Spain
Battle of Tours ended European expansion – Charles Martel
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Classes in the Islamic World Caliph and Ruling Arab Muslims
Converts
Dhimmis – “Protected Peoples”: Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians
Slaves
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Umayyad Dynasty
In 717, Muslims attacked Constantinople
Revolt - Caliphate
Led by Hussein, son of Ali
Most of his followers defected
Islamic Split: Shia (Hussein) & Sunni
Split continues today….(Most Muslims are Sunnis)
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Abbasid Dynasty
In 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyad
dynasty & founded Abbasid
In 762, New capital at Baghdad
Harun al-Rashid led dynasty through golden age
Baghdad became center of a huge trade empire
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Seljuk Turks & Crusades
Fatimid Dynasty became center of Islamic
civilization = important because it was located on
Nile river = Cairo
Seljuk Turks 1100’s
Nomads from central Asia, converted to Islam
Took over much of Middle East
Turks took over Jerusalem, Byzantine empire turned
west for help
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Crusades Byzantine emperor Alexius I Pope Urban II
Series of 9 Crusades 1096-1291
Crusaders put Muslims on defensive first
Saladin – Power in 1169
Took offensive @ Christians
1187, Saladin’s army Victorious
Crusaders at Constantinople - 1204
Main effect of Crusades = centuries of mistrust between
Muslims & Christians
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Saladin
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The Ottomans
Est. 1299
1453, Constantinople
conquered Istanbul.
Influence of Islam and
Mongols
Establish Ottoman
Empire until 1923
Taxes
Suleiman the Magnificent
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