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The Road to Revolution
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The Problem of Empire
• Imperial Financial Strain
• Military Challenges
• Resentments
• Indian Relations– Cherokee War (1759-1761)– Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763-1766)
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Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)
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British Constitutional Theory
• The Nature of the British Constitution
• Foundational Concepts:– King-In-Parliament
• House of Lords
• House of Commons
– Prime Minister– Franchise Size– Virtual Representation– Gentry Rule
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Colonial Constitutional Theory
• Old British Ideas– Old Whig Ideology– Representative Government
• New Colonial Ideas– Direct Representation– Rejection of Direct Parliamentary Authority– No Taxation Without Representation
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The Beginning of Trouble
• The Currency Act (1764)– No Colonial Paper Money– Gold and Silver Only– Colonists face financial crisis; too many
colonists, not enough gold and silver
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John Hancock, Boston Merchant and KING OF SUGAR SMUGGLING
John Hancock of Boston smuggled 1.5 million gallons of molasses a year, evading 35,000 pounds worth of taxes. This was roughly equivalent to $2,059,988.39 in 2007 dollars.
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The Beginning of Trouble: The Sugar Act of 1764
• Cuts the actual tax in half
• But now cases are tried in Admiralty courts in Halifax, Nova Scotia. (Military)
• Colonists fear arbitrary search and seizure and losing their rich sugar smuggling profits.
• Leads to nonimportation agreements (boycotts)
• Many colonists unaffected, though.
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The Beginning of Trouble: The Stamp Act of 1765
• A tax on all paper, especially for records, contracts, and other business
• A direct tax which hits every American.
• Colonists go crazy
• Writs of Assistance—Used for Search and Seizure.
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Resistance to the Stamp Act
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Resistance to the Stamp Act
The Liberty Tree
“Watered with
the blood of tyrants”
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Resistance to the Stamp Act
• Vigilantes (Sons of Liberty)
• Nonimportation
• The Stamp Act Congress (October 1765)
– Declaration of Rights and Grievances
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No More Stamp Act
• Parliament is stunned– Even French attack couldn't make colonists
cooperate this well!– Parliament repeals Sugar and Stamp Acts– Declaratory Act: Parliament asserts it has
full legislative power over the colonies.
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The Boston Crisis: The Townshend Duties
• 1767 Duties on various goods– Seizure of the Liberty– Riots in Boston– Occupation of Boston in 1768
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The Boston
Crisis: The
Boston
Massacre
(1770)
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Samuel Adams, Patriot Agitator
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The Boston Crisis: The Boston Tea Party
• The British East India Company—Given Monopoly on Tea
• Tax cut to NOTHING
• Bostonians protest loss of tea trade with Boston Tea Party
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The Boston Tea Party
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The Boston Crisis: The Intolerable Acts
Boston Port Act
Administration of Justice Act
Massachusetts Governing Act
The Quartering Act
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The Quebec Act
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Patrick Henry at First Continental Congress
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Storm Clouds Gather
• First Continental Congress (1774)– Suffolk Resolves– Continental Association
• Whigs vs. Tories