GREENVILLE DIVISION American Humanist Association, John Doe and Jane Doe, as parents and next friends of their minor child, Jill Doe, Plaintiffs, vs. Greenville County School District, Defendant.
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C.A. No. 6:13-cv-02471-BHH
POST-REMAND MEMORANDUM OF
LAW REGARDING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR PERMANENT
INJUNCTION
I. INTRODUCTION
Defendant, Greenville County School District (“School District”) hereby submits this
Memorandum pursuant to the Court’s Order of December 12, 2017 regarding Plaintiff American
Humanist Association’s (“AHA”) “Prospective Prayer Claim,” following the unsuccessful
mediation of this case on January 30, 2018 and agreed-upon discovery by the parties pursuant to
orders dated February 2, 2018, and April 30, 2018. For the reasons set forth in this
Memorandum1, the School District’s position regarding student messages is constitutional not
only in theory, but in practice, and Plaintiff has not carried its burden of establishing the need for
permanent injunctive relief.
A. Supplemental Discovery
Following the unsuccessful mediation, the parties agreed to limit the parameters of
1 The School District incorporates by reference its previous arguments regarding the constitutionality of its position on student religious speech and submits that the Court’s May 18, 2015 Order properly denied Plaintiff’s motion for injunctive relief both “as written” and as implemented. Defendant is unaware of any subsequently decided authority that would suggest reconsideration of the legal underpinnings of Court’s May 18, 2015 Order. This Memorandum is submitted to address the Court’s Order of December 12, 2017 regarding implementation of the School District’s position on student religious speech.
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supplemental discovery to the School District’s 2017 graduations and end-of-year programs for
all of the School District’s elementary, middle, and high schools. Discovery revealed that out of
94 end-of-year programs, 4 high school student graduation speakers included a prayer in their
and Requests for Production Regarding 2017 Graduations). No middle or elementary school end
of year programs included a prayer of any kind. (Id.) The student religious messages were as
follows:
Greenville High School
Student offered a “Reflection” non-sectarian prayer that was reviewed by faculty
for time, grammar, and syntax but not edited for content. (Student Remarks, Def.
Exh. 2 (Bates No. 694); Warren Aff. ¶¶ 6-11.)
J.L. Mann High School
Student offered non-sectarian prayer reviewed by faculty for time, grammar, and
syntax but not edited for content. (Student Remarks, Def. Exh. 2 (Bates Nos. 618-
622.))
Greer High School
The senior class president gave a welcome message that included a brief prayer
that was not previously reviewed by a teacher or administrator or edited for
content. A copy of written materials was not retained. (Ludley Aff. ¶¶ 2-6.)
Berea High School
Student offered one-sentence closing prayer that was reviewed by faculty for
time, grammar, and syntax but not content. (Student Remarks, Def. Exh. 2 (Bates
2 A few other students made religious references in their remarks that would not constitute a “prayer” either in the Merriam-Webster sense or as defined by AHA. See Def. Exh. 1, Def. Exh. 2 (Bates Nos. 393-394; 831; 699; and 778-783).
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No. 402).
The School District also provided affidavits of administrators to address AHA’s
argument that inclusion in four written programs of a “please stand” asterisk for student remarks
was designed to encourage or sponsor student prayer. (ECF 115 p. 13-14.) Two of the high
schools included the asterisk because the brief student remarks were between the Alma Mater
and Recessional, for which the audience traditionally stands. (Imperiati Aff. ¶¶ 5-8; Watson Aff.
¶¶ 6-9). Berea High School included asterisks for the “Welcome” which was between the
Processional and the National Anthem, for which the audience is requested to stand, as well as
the “Closing Remarks,” which was between the Alma Mater and Recessional. (Noel Aff. ¶¶ 6-
10.) At Wade Hampton High School, the asterisk was a printing oversight. (Williams Aff. ¶¶ 6-
9.) The only prayer in 2017 that accompanied a “please stand” asterisk was the Berea High
School “Closing Remarks” sandwiched between the Alma Mater and Recessional. (Def. Exh. 3,
High School Graduation Programs.)3
B. Instruction and Training to School Administrators
The School District has provided training to its administrators and teachers regarding
permissible and impermissible religious speech at school events since before this lawsuit was
filed. See, e.g., Greenville County Schools, Public Schools and Religious Expression Guide for
GCS Employees, Prepared by General Counsel and Communications 8/29/2013 (Def. Exh. 4,
Communications to Principals and Employees.)
On May 20, 2015, Doug Webb, General Counsel for the School District, forwarded
guidance to school administrators regarding speakers at school sponsored activities intended both
for speakers and administrators. (Id.) This guidance requires, in relevant part:
Neutrality toward religion
3 Woodmont High School’s salutation speaker thanked the Lord (as well as teachers and parents) in her welcoming remarks.
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Selection of speakers based on neutral criteria
No censorship based on content
Programs should not direct the audience to stand for any student message
On May 13, 2016, Mr. Webb reiterated the 2015 Guidance to all principals (Def. Exh. 4.)
The guidance was further reiterated through inclusion in student handbooks (Id.) and assistant
superintendent Mason Gary’s communication to principals in February 2018. (Def. Exh. 4.)
C. Response to AHA’s October 2016 Submissions After Remand
AHA’s submissions ostensibly offered to support its organizational standing argument
following remand from the Fourth Circuit painted a highly inaccurate picture of student religious
speech and the School District’s position regarding that speech following the Court’s Order of
May 2015. AHA’s most egregious stretch was an attempt to attribute to the School District the
inclusion of an “invocation” in the graduation program at Brashier Middle College Charter High
School, a charter high school not part of the School District. The School District was not
responsible for Brashier’s daily operation or for liability pursuant to South Carolina law under
the South Carolina Charter School Act. 4 (See ECF 115, p. 14; ECF 115-11).
Put in proper context and with full consideration of evidence from both parties, however,
AHA’s October 2016 submissions instead reveal the School District’s compliance with its stated
position and the Court’s 2015 order. First, because the School District has taken the position that
it will not issue a prior restraint upon religious speech of students selected to speak based upon
neutral criteria, it was to be expected that students at Greer High School, Greenville High
School, and Blue Ridge High School might choose to permissibly speak from a religious
perspective in their “Opening Remarks” or “Closing Remarks” in 2015 and 2016. In addition to
the four student speakers who included prayer in their remarks in 2017, other high school
4 Under the South Carolina Charter School Act, S.C. Code Ann. § 59-40-10, et seq., and specifically, S.C. Code Ann. § 59-40-50, charter schools are separate legal entities responsible for their own compliance with civil rights laws.
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graduation speakers personally chose to quote or included references to the following influences:
Steven Spielberg, Sam from Lord of the Rings, Buddha, Oprah Winfrey, Charles Dickens,
Malcom X, Albert Schweitzer, Nelson Mandela, Carl Jung, Winston Churchill, Neil Armstrong,
Diana Nyad, Tavis Smiley, Salomon Andree, Dr. Seuss, Walt Disney, Theodore Roosevelt,
Ronald Reagan, Hamilton (the musical), and Lilo and Stich. (Def. Exh. 2 – Student Speeches.)
Second, principals had been specifically advised to avoid any direction to the audience to
stand for student messages. (Def. Exh. 4.) As explained in the affidavits of the principals for
Berea, Blue Ridge, Woodmont, and Wade Hampton High Schools, the continuation of asterisks
in four schools directing the audience to stand for student speakers was a matter of logistics or
oversight rather than a covert attempt to encourage or sponsor student religious speech.5 AHA
can offer no evidence to the contrary. See Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 680 (1984)(Courts
should not infer impermissible religious motive in the absence of supporting factual allegations);
Mueller v. Allen, 463 U.S. 388, 394-95 1983)(Courts should not attribute unconstitutional
religious motivations to the government if there is a plausible secular purpose). Further, AHA
cannot identify any “Inspirational Reading” that has involved religious speech. In 2017, for
example, a Travelers Rest High School Student read a completely secular poem “The Bridge
Builder” by Will Allen Dromgoole. (Def. Exh. 2, Bates Nos. 759-760.)
Finally, AHA’s suggestion that the traditional graduation musical selection at Wade
Hampton High School of “The Lord Bless and Keep You” and other musical selections at other
schools create an unconstitutional endorsement of religion has been uniformly rejected by federal
courts. See, e.g., Doe v. Duncanville Indep. Sch. Dist., 70 F.3d 402, 407-408 (5th Cir. 1995);
Bauchman v. West High School, 132 F.3d 542, 553-555 (10th Cir. 1997), see also Freedom from
Religion Foundation, Inc. v. Concord Community Schools, 885 F.3d 1038, 1047-48 (7th Cir.
5 Only one “please stand” asterisk-denoted welcome or closing remarks actually coincided with a student who said a prayer in 2017.
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2018) (Religious songs in Christmas program not a violation of Establishment Clause, no
reasonable observer would perceive school endorsing of a religious message through traditional
choral music). Despite AHA’s continued attempts to broaden the scope of this case to include
anything remotely religious on any campus in the School District, Plaintiffs’ original 2013
injunction motion does not request the Court to enjoin anything other than prayers at school-
sponsored events.
II. ARGUMENT
The School District’s Position Regarding Student Religious Speech Is Constitutional As Applied, and the School District is Not Constitutionally Required To Prevent Student Speakers Selected Upon Neutral Criteria from Engaging in Religious Speech.
If the School District is trying to ensure student prayer is a regular fixture in graduation
or end of year programs, as AHA claims, it has failed miserably. Because the School District’s
position of neutrality and non-interference allows graduation speakers to say a prayer or speak
from a religious perspective if they choose, it is reasonable to expect that some graduation
speakers may decide to include a prayer or thank God in their remarks. The mere fact that a
student may choose to say a prayer is not evidence that he or she has been encouraged to say a
prayer, or that the School District has endorsed that student prayer, any more that it has endorsed
the words, theories, or politics of Malcom X, Dr. Seuss, Ronald Reagan, Steven Spielberg, Carl
Jung, or any other celebrity or historical figure referenced in a graduation speech. The
graduation speeches produced at Defendants’ Exhibit 2 paint the most accurate picture of the
amounts and types of religious speech versus secular topics and themes in graduations.
In Adler v. Duval County School Bd., 206 F.3d 1330 (11th Cir. 2001), which the Court
cited with approval in its May 2015 Order, the Eleventh Circuit noted and rejected Plaintiffs’
unsupported speculation that religious speech might sufficiently dominate the forum to render a
comparable graduation practice unconstitutional:
Appellants also assume that allowing the senior class to vote whether to have a graduation “message” unrestricted
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in content and to select an autonomous student speaker will have the effect of coercing any chosen speaker into placating the majority's religious sensibilities by offering a sectarian message of which the majority approves. This argument is highly remote and speculative. Even the scant record before us suggests an opposite conclusion. While ten of the graduation messages delivered pursuant to the policy involved some sort of religious content, the other seven Duval County graduations either had no student message or a wholly secular message.
Adler, 206 F.3d at 1083. The School District’s ratio of religious speech to secular speech
in end-of-year programs is miniscule compared to that described in Adler, further invalidating
Plaintiffs’ argument that the School District’s neutral position is constitutionally infirm as
applied. In 2017, no elementary or middle school student chosen to speak at an end of year
program gave a religious message. Out of approximately 68 high school student body presidents,
vice presidents, student council members, valedictorians, salutatorians, and other students
selected to speak upon neutral criteria in 2017, four (4) recited a prayer. (Def. Exh. 3 - 2017
graduation programs). There is simply no “cultural residue” of any sort that is tainting the School
District’s neutral stance toward student religious messages or producing an effect that would
suggest encouragement or endorsement of those messages.
Even if AHA could show the occurrence of an isolated outlier that had failed to honor the
instructions of the School District’s administration regarding student messages in all respects,
AHA has simply not proved any “custom or policy” of “wink and nod maneuvering” inconsistent
with the School District’s position that would entitle AHA to permanent injunctive relief against
the School District in this case. See Monell v. Department of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690–
91 (1978); Los Angeles Cty., Cal. v. Humphries, 562 U.S. 29, 30 (2010)(Monell’s custom or
policy requirement applies regardless of the relief sought by plaintiff for constitutional
violation); Wellington v. Daniels, 717 F.2d 932, 936 (4th Cir. 1983))(isolated incidents do not
establish a custom or policy sufficient to impose section 1983 liability on a public entity);
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Russell v. Town of Chesapeake, 817 F. Supp. 38, 42 (S.D.W. Va. 1993); Moss v. Spartanburg
Cty. Sch. Dist. No. 7, 775 F. Supp. 2d 858, 871 (D.S.C. 2011) (applying Monell custom or policy
requirement to Establishment Clause claim), aff'd sub nom. Moss v. Spartanburg Cty. Sch. Dist.
Seven, 683 F.3d 599 (4th Cir. 2012). Because AHA cannot establish a custom or policy
inconsistent with the School District’s stated position previously upheld by the Court, Monell
requires denial of AHA’s motion for permanent injunctive relief because it fails on the merits.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated in this Memorandum, the Court’s Order of May 18, 2015, and
Defendant’s prior filings, Plaintiff has not carried its heavy burden of establishing under eBay
Inc. v. MercExchange, LLC, 547 U.S. 388, 391 (2006), that it is entitled to the permanent
injunctive relief it seeks. Accordingly, final judgment should be granted in favor of the School
District.
HALLIGAN MAHONEY WILLIAMS SMITH FAWLEY & REAGLE, PA
By: s/ Thomas K. Barlow Thomas K. Barlow, Fed. I.D. No. 7483 [email protected] John M. Reagle, Fed. I.D. No. 7723 [email protected] P.O. Box 11367 Columbia, South Carolina 29211 (803) 254-4035
R. Douglas Webb, Fed. I.D. No. 11491 General Counsel Greenville County School District P.O. Box 2848 Greenville, SC 29602
Attorneys for Defendant
August 10, 2018 Columbia, South Carolina
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