Download - THE SECTIONAL CRISIS
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THE SECTIONAL CRISIS
The Impact on Political Parties
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Moving Toward…The Compromise of 1850
North and South conflict violently over slavery’s extension into the territories
Professional politicians mediate conflict
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The Problem of Slavery in the Mexican Cession Slavery traditionally kept out of politics Congressional power over slavery includes
setting conditions to make territories states forbidding slavery in new states
Mexican Cession of 1848 puts status of slavery in new territory into question
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The Wilmot Proviso Launches the Free-Soil Movement Mexican War mobilizes antislavery groups Wilmot Proviso--ban all blacks from new
territories to preserve for white farmers Proviso passes in House, fails in Senate Battle over the Proviso foreshadows
sectional conflict of 1850s
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Squatter Sovereignty and the Election of 1848
Democratic presidential candidate Lewis Cass proposes popular sovereignty Congress allows territorial settlers to decide supported by many antislavery forces
Free-Soil candidate Martin Van Buren demands definite limits on slavery
Whig Zachary Taylor takes no position Taylor wins election with less than 50%
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Taylor Takes Charge
Taylor proposes admitting California and New Mexico as states immediately
South reacts angrily not enough time for planters to settle immediate admission would result in ban on
slavery
Proposed Nashville convention prompts fears of Southern secession
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Forging a Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay’s compromise package California admitted as a free state slave trade prohibited in District of Columbia strong fugitive slave law enlarged New Mexico territory to be admitted on
basis of popular sovereignty Taylor’s death permits passage of slightly
altered Compromise in 5 separate measures
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The Compromise of 1850
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Political Upheaval, 1852-1856
Whigs and Democrats manage controversy in 1850
Sectionalism destroys both parties in 1850s
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The Party System in Crisis
Parties need new issues after 1850 Democrats succeed
claim credit for the nation's prosperity promise to defend the Compromise of 1850
Whigs fail, become internally divided 1852--Whig Winfield Scott loses a landslide
to Democrat Franklin Pierce
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act Raises a Storm 1854--Stephen Douglas introduces Kansas-
Nebraska bill apply popular sovereignty to Kansas, Nebraska repeal Missouri Compromise line
Act passes on sectional vote Northerners outraged (slavery could now
exist north of 36 parallel!)
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act Raises a Storm Whig indecision causes party to
disintegrate Mass defection among Northern Democrats “Anti-Nebraska” candidates sweep North in
1854 congressional elections Democrats become sole Southern party President Pierce’s effort to acquire Cuba
provokes antislavery firestorm
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An Appeal to Nativism: The Know-Nothing Episode Know-Nothings (American Party) appeals
to anti-Catholic sentiment 1854--American Party surges By 1856 Know-Nothings collapse Probable cause: no response to slavery
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Congressional Election of 1854
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Kansas and the Rise of the Republicans Republican party unites former Whigs,
Know-Nothings, Free-Soilers, Democrats Appeals to Northern sectional sympathies Defends West for white, small farmers “Bleeding Kansas” helps Republicans
struggle among abolitionists, proslavery forces for control of Kansas territory
Republicans use conflict to appeal for voters
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“Bleeding Kansas”
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Sectional Division in the Election of 1856 Republican John C. Frémont seeks votes
only in free states Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore champions
sectional compromise Democrat James Buchanan defends the
Compromise of 1850, carries election Republicans make clear gains in North
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The House Divided, 1857-1860 Sectional quarrel becomes virtually
irreconcilable under Buchanan Growing sense of deep cultural differences,
opposing interests between North and South
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Cultural Sectionalism
Major Protestant denominations divide into northern and southern entities over slavery
Southern literature romanticizes plantation life South seeks intellectual, economic
independence Northern intellectuals condemn slavery Uncle Tom's Cabin an immense success in
North
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The Dred Scott Case Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857): Supreme Court
can decide on slavery in the territories Court refuses narrow determination of case Major arguments
Scott has no right to sue because neither he nor any other black, slave or free, a citizen
Congress has no authority to prohibit slavery in territories, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
Ruling strengthens Republicans
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The Lecompton Controversy
1857--rigged Lecompton convention drafts constitution to make Kansas a slave state
House defeats attempt by Buchanan, Southerners to admit Kansas
Lecompton constitution referred back People of Kansas repudiate Stephen Douglas splits Democrats in break
with Buchanan over Lecompton
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Debating the Morality of Slavery
Lincoln decries “Southern plot” to extend slavery promises to work for slavery’s extinction casts slavery as a moral problem defends white supremacy in response to Douglas
Douglas accuses Lincoln of favoring equality Lincoln loses election, gains national
reputation
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The South's Crisis of Fear
October, 1859--John Brown raids Harper’s Ferry Brown executed, North mourns as martyr
December, 1859--Republican candidate for Speaker denounced as seditious “Helperite” (Book: Impending Crisis of the South by Helper; anti-slavery; slavery failed South; kept poor whites poor)
Republicans seen as radical abolitionists Southerners convinced they must secede on
election of Republican president
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The Election of 1860: Democrats
Party splits Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas Southern Democrat John Breckenridge
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The Election of 1860: Constitutional Union Party Candidate John Bell Promises compromise between North and
South
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The Election of 1860: Republicans
Abraham Lincoln nominated home state of Illinois crucial to election seen as moderate
Platform to widen party’s appeal high tariffs for industry free homesteads for small farmers government aid for internal improvements
Lincoln wins by carrying North
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Explaining the Crisis:A Fundamental Conflict of Ideals
Republicans a strict sectional (northern) party Southern ideals
paternalism, generosity, prosperity slavery defended on the grounds of race
Northern ideals inspired by evangelical Protestantism each person free and responsible slavery tyrannical and immoral