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Introduction
•The body cannot move without joints
•Movements are linked to the range of joint action
• Joints (arthroses) are connections between bones that may or may not permit movement
•Two bones may be in direct contact with each other or separated by:
• Cartilage
• Fluid
• Fibrous tissue
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Introduction
• Joints are classified based on:
• Function
• Range of motion
• Structure
• Makeup of the joint
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Classification of Joints
• Joints can be classified based on their
range of motion (function)
• Synarthrosis
• Immovable
• Amphiarthrosis
• Slightly movable
• Diarthrosis
• Freely movable
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Classification of Joints
• Synarthrosis (immovable joint)
• Sutures (joints found only in the skull) • Bones are interlocked together
• Gomphosis (joint between teeth and jaw bones) • Periodontal ligaments of the teeth
• Synchondrosis (joint within epiphysis of bone) • Binds the diaphysis to the epiphysis
• Synostosis (joint between two fused bones) • Fusion of the three coxal bones
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Classification of Joints
•Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)
• Syndesmosis (ligaments that connect two
bones but limit their motion)
• Between the radius and ulna
• Between the tibia and fibula
• Symphysis (bones are separated by a wedge
or pad of cartilage)
• Between the pubic bones of the two coxal bones
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Classification of Joints
• Diarthroses (freely movable joints)
• Also called synovial joints
• Typically found at the ends of long bones
• Examples of diarthroses joints:
• Shoulder joint
• Elbow joint
• Knee joint
• TMJ
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Classification of Joints • Synovial joints
• All synovial joints
have six basic
characteristics
• A joint capsule
(dense regular CT)
• The presence of
articular cartilages
• A joint cavity with
synovial fluid
• A synovial membrane
• Accessory structures
(cartilage, ligaments,
tendons, bursae sacs)
• Sensory nerves and
blood vessels
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Classification of Joints
• Accessory structures
of synovial joints
• Accessory structures
are:
• Menisci (fibrous
cartilage)
• Ligaments
• Tendons
• Bursae sacs (fluid-
filled pockets)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Joints
• Joints can be classified based on their
makeup (structure)
• Bony fusion (fusion of the frontal bone)
• Fibrous joint (skull sutures)
• Cartilaginous joint (pubic symphysis)
• Synovial joint (ball and socket joints and hinge
joints)
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Articular Form and Function
Types of movements:
•Linear movements
• Two bones gliding past each other
• carpal/carpal
• tarsal/tarsal
• clavicle/sternum
• Angular movements
• abduction/adduction
• flexion/extension
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Figure 8.3ac Angular Movements
Abduction/adduction
Abduction
Abduction
Abduction
Adduction
Adduction
Adduction
Adduction Abduction
Adduction/abduction
Abduction Adduction
Away from midline Toward midline
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Figure 8.3b Angular Movements
Flexion/extension
Flexion
Flexion
Flexion
Extension
Extension
Extension
Extension
Flexion
Decrease angle
Increase angle
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Articular Form and Function
• Rotational movements
• pronation/supination
• Special movements
• inversion/eversion
• dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
• lateral flexion
• protraction/retraction
• opposition
• depression/elevation
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Figure 8.4 Rotational Movements
Head rotation
Right
rotation Left
rotation
Lateral
(external)
rotation Medial
(internal)
rotation
Supination Pronation
Pronation
Supination
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Figure 8.5b Special Movements
Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
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Figure 8.5d Special Movements
Retraction/protraction
Retraction Protraction
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Figure 8.5f Special Movements
Depression/elevation
Depression Elevation
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Articular Form and Function
• Structural Classification of Joints
• Plane joints (gliding joints)
• Nonaxial (glides only in one direction)
• Multiaxial (glides in all directions)
• Ex. Carpal/carpal – Tarsal/tarsal – Vertebrae/vertebrae –
Clavicle/sternum
• Hinge joints
• Flexion and extension
• Ex. Elbow and knee
• Pivot joints
• Rotational movements
• Ex. Atlas/axis
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Figure 8.6 A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints (Part 1 of 6)
Gliding Joint
Manubrium
Slight movement
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Figure 8.6 A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints (Part 2 of 6)
Hinge Joint
Humerus
Ulna
Angular movement in a single plane
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Figure 8.6 A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints (Part 3 of 6)
Pivot Joint
Atlas
Axis
rotation
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Articular Form and Function
• Structural Classification of Joints
• Condylar joints
• Oval articular surface on one bone articulates with a
depression on another bone
• Ex. Radius/capitulum – Radius/carpals –
Phalanges/metacarpals – Phalanges/metatarsals
• Saddle joints
• Biaxial joints that allow some circumduction
• Ex. Pollex/metacarpal
• Ball and socket joints
• Triaxial joints
• Ex. Shoulder joint – Hip joint
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Figure 8.6 A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints (Part 4 of 6)
Condylar Joint
Scaphoid
Radius Ulna
Angular motion
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Figure 8.6 A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints (Part 5 of 6)
Saddle Joint
Metacarpal
of thumb
Trapezium
III II
I
Extremely mobile
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Figure 8.6 A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints (Part 6 of 6)
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Humerus
Scapula
All combination of movements
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Aging and Articulations • As we age, joints are subjected to wear and
tear
• Rheumatism
• Pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal system,
muscular system, or both
• Arthritis
• Includes all rheumatic diseases that affect synovial
joints
• Damage to the articular cartilage