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The Solar System
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Terrestrial Planets
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Earth
• Average distance from the Sun: 1.00 AU
• Radius: 6,378 km• Mass: 5.97 × 1024 kg• Avg. density: 5.52 g/cm3
• Composition: rocks, metals
• Average surface temperature: 290 K
• Satellites: 1
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Earth’s Structure
• Core – highest-density material, mostly Ni & Fe
• Mantle – moderate density, mostly Si, O, etc.
• Crust – lowest-density rock, granite & basalt
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Structure
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Internal Heat
Formation• Caused by accretion and
collisions during formation• Also due to radioactive
material
• Differentiation
Geological Activity• Convection and Cooling
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Magnetic Field
• Caused by the motion of charged particles in Earth’s molten outer core
• Magnetosphere protects us from solar wind
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Shaping Earth’s Surface
• Cratering
• Volcanism
• Tectonics
• Erosion
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Earth’s Atmosphere
• 77% N2, 21% O2
• Protection– X-rays are absorbed high
up in the atmosphere– Ozone absorbs UV– Visible light gets through
no problem
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Earth’s Atmosphere
Scattering• Blue light is scattered more
easily than red light• Sky is blue because sunlight
gets scattered to your eye from all directions
• Sun look red at sunrise/set because blue light gets scattered away
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Greenhouse Effect
Ground
Visible Light IR L
ight
H2O CO2 CH4
300 K
kT
5800 K
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Geologically Dead Objects
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The Moon
• Average distance from the Earth: 384,000 km
• Radius: 1,700 km• Mass: 7.3 × 1022 kg• Avg. density: 3.35 g/cm3
• Period: 29.5 days
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Geological Features
Lunar Maria Micrometeorites
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Mercury• Average distance from the
Sun: 0.39 AU• Radius: 2,440 km
= 0.38REarth
• Mass: 0.055 MEarth
• Avg. density: 5.43 g/cm3
• Composition: rocks, metals• Average surface
temperature: 700 K day, 100 K night
• Satellites: 0• 88 day orbit, 59 day
rotation
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Geological Features
One giant crater called “Caloris Basin”
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Mars• Average distance from
the Sun: 1.52 AU• Radius: 3,397 km
= 0.53REarth
• Mass: 0.11 MEarth
• Avg. density: 3.93 g/cm3
• Composition: rocks, metals
• Average surface temperature: 225 K
• Satellites: 2
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Mars vs. Earth
Similarities• Day is about 25 hours long
• Polar caps
• Axis tilted about the same
Differences• More extreme seasons in
southern hemisphere• Polar caps contain CO2
• Only about 1% of Earth’s atmosphere, which is CO2
• Much colder
Perhaps it was more similar long ago
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Martian Geology
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Martian Geology
• Polar ice caps• Higher elevation of
southern hemisphere• Lack of craters in
northern hemisphere• Tharsis Bulge, Valles
Marineris
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Martian Geology
• Olympus Mons– The largest volcano in
the solar system– Base covers an area
equal to Arizona– 26 km above average
surface level, 3x the size of Mt. Everest
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Water on Mars
• Today the surface temperature and pressure to too low for liquid water
• Polar caps• Ground water• Evidence of ancient H2O
– Dried Riverbeds• Maybe not
– Signs of erosion
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What happened?
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Venus• Average distance from
the Sun: 0.72 AU• Radius: 6,51 km
= 0.95REarth
• Mass: 0.82 MEarth
• Avg. density: 5.24 g/cm3
• Composition: rocks, metals
• Average surface temperature: 740 K
• Satellites: 0
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Venusian Geology
• Craters, volcanoes, tectonics somewhat similar to Earth
• Coronae – bulges made by hot, rising plumes of mantle
• No plate tectonics
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Venusian Atmosphere
• Atmosphere about 90x as thick as Earths• Made up of about 96% carbon dioxide, but
virtually no water
• Why should the atmosphere be different from Earth’s?
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Why are the atmosphere’s different?
Earth• Water rained into oceans
• CO2 dissolved into water and then formed into carbonate rocks– Including the rocks, Earth has
about as much carbon dioxide as Venus
Venus• Lacking water
– Explains why there is more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: cannot dissolve and become rock
• Where did the water go?– UV light breaks up molecule
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Runaway Greenhouse Effect
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Life
What is necessary?
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A few examples
• Liquid Water
• Atmospheric Oxygen
• Climate Stability
• Planetary Size– Must be large enough so
it doesn’t cool too quickly, preventing tectonics
• Distance from Sun– Liquid Water
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The CO2 Cycle
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Global Climate Change
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Global Climate Change