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The status of the search for a nEDM and the new UCN
sources
Andreas Knecht
Paul Scherrer Institut & Universität ZürichCurrently at: ETH Zürich
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Andreas Knecht 2The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Outline
Neutron Electric Dipole Moment
New UCN Sources
nEDM Experiments:CryoEDM Experiment @ ILLnEDM Experiment @ SNSnEDM Experiment @ PSI
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Andreas Knecht 3The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
The Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe
Observed:*nB/n = 6 x 10-10
SM expectation:**nB/n ~ 10-18
Sakharov 1967: B-violationC, CP-violationthermal non-equilibriumJETP Lett. 5, 24 (1967)
* WMAP data: Astrophys. J. Supp. 170, 377 (2007)** Riotto and Trodden: Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sc. 49, 35 (1999)
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Andreas Knecht 4The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Electric Dipole Moment
Non-zero, permanent EDM violates both parity P and time reversal T
→ Violates CP
→ Understand mechanism of CP violation
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Andreas Knecht 5The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
nEDM History
Current best limit: dn < 2.9×10-26 ecmPRL 97, 131801 (2006)
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Andreas Knecht 6The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Measurement Principle
An EDM couples to an electric field as a MDM couples to a magnetic field:
Measure EDM from the difference of precession frequencies for parallel/anti-parallel fields:
B E
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Andreas Knecht 7The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Ultracold Neutrons
Neutrons with kinetic energies of~ 100 neV (~ 5 m/s)
Interactions:Gravitational: Vg = 100 neV/m
Magnetic: Vm = 60 neV/T
Strong: VF up to 350 neV
Weak: n → p + e + ν
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Andreas Knecht 8The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
nEDM ApparatusRoom temperature experimentRamsey technique of separated oscillatory fieldsMercury co-magnetometer to monitor magnetic field
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Andreas Knecht 9The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Outline
Neutron Electric Dipole Moment
New UCN Sources
nEDM Experiments:CryoEDM Experiment @ ILLnEDM Experiment @ SNSnEDM Experiment @ PSI
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Andreas Knecht 10The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Need for Neutrons!
Incoming flux:UCN source PNPI: ~104 UCN/sUCN source ILL: ~105 UCN/sUCN source PSI: ~107 UCN/s
Detected count rates:n beam ORNL: ~102 n/sn beam ORNL: ~104 n/sn beam ILL: ~106 n/s
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Andreas Knecht 11The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Superthermal UCN Production
Golub and Pendlebury, PLA 62, 337 (1977): superfluid 4HeGolub and Böning, ZPB 51, 95 (1983): solid D2
Cooling machine = phonon pump
CN UCN Detailed balance:upscattering cross section =exp(-E/kT) x downscattering
UCN = CN R UCN
R [cm-1] UCN [s]
D2 10-8 0.03…0.14He 1..3 x 10-9 10…1000
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Andreas Knecht 12The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
UCN sourcesExisting:
ILL, France liquid D2, turbine ρ ~ 10 UCN/cm3
LANL, USA solid D2 ρ ~ 10 UCN/cm3
Mainz, Germany solid D2 ρ ~ 1 UCN/cm3
NCSU, USA solid D2 ρ ~ 10 UCN/cm3
2010:PSI, Switzerland solid D2 ρ ~ 1000 UCN/cm3
≥2010:ILL, France superfluid 4He ρ ~ 1000 UCN/cm3
≥2012:FRM-II, Germany solid D2 ρ ~ 3000 UCN/cm3
PNPI, Russia superfluid 4He ρ ~ 10‘000 UCN/cm3
≥2013:TRIUMF, Canada superfluid 4He ρ ~ 50‘000 UCN/cm3
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Andreas Knecht 13The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
3.6 m3 D2O
UCN~6000 cm-3
2 m3 volumestorage trap
~ 2000 cm-3exp> 1000 cm-3
The PSI UCN source
commissioning started fall 2009
UCN guide
30 liters solid D2
vacuum
• high power (1.3 MW)• low duty cycle (1%) • multi-user capability
compare with typical 10 cm-3 at ILL
p-beam 1.3 MW
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Andreas Knecht 14The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
UCN Source
Area SouthArea West
Proton accelerator590 MeV, 2.2 mA
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Andreas Knecht 15The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
UCN Source
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Andreas Knecht 16The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
First Proton Pulse on TargetDecember 15, 2009
before pulse(background)
start of pulse
during pulse
2 s after pulse
B.Lauss / L.Goeltl Dec.15, 2009
Signal distribution on oscilloscope monitoring fast neutrons100 A beam current / 5 ms pulse length
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Andreas Knecht 17The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Outline
Neutron Electric Dipole Moment
New UCN Sources
nEDM Experiments:CryoEDM Experiment @ ILLnEDM Experiment @ SNSnEDM Experiment @ PSI
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Andreas Knecht 18The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Current & ProposednEDM Experiments
CryoEDM experiment @ ILL (next slides, courtesy of P. Harris)Sussex – Rutherford – Oxford – ILL – Kure
SNS EDM @ SNS (next slides, courtesy of B. Filippone)ASU – Berkeley – Brown – BU – Caltech – Duke – Indiana – Kentucky – LANL – Maryland – MIT – NCSU – ORNL – HMI – SFU – Tenn. – UIUC – Miss.State – Yale
nEDM experiment @ PSI (next slides)PTB – LPC – JUC – HNI – JINR – FRAP – ECU – LPSC – BMZ – KUL – GUM – IKC – TUM – PSI – ETHZ
nEDM experiment @ ILL/PNPIPNPI – ILL
→ currently running at ILL, needs new UCN source forcompetitive result
nEDM experiment @ TRIUMFKEK – TIT – Osaka – RCNP – Winnipeg
→ ≥ 2013, LOI/proposal for TRIUMF expected in 2010/2011
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Andreas Knecht 19The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Outline
Neutron Electric Dipole Moment
New UCN Sources
nEDM Experiments:CryoEDM Experiment @ ILLnEDM Experiment @ SNSnEDM Experiment @ PSI
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CryoEDM overviewNeutron beam input
Transfer sectionCryogenic Ramsey chamber
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Status & Plans
• Neutron production and detection in LHe works well. • Commissioning underway – key components shown to work (but need
improvement)• Cryogenics are old and have caused numerous setbacks• B shielding not yet optimal, and electric field needs to increase; but we
know how• First results anticipated ~2011-2 at ~3x10-27 ecm level• 2012-13: expt due to move to 6x brighter beamline• Various upgrades proposed for implementation at that time – e.g. 4-cell
Ramsey chamber, improved materials• Anticipated ultimate sensitivity ~few 10-28 ecm
• More neutrons N• Higher electric field E• Better polarisation • Longer NMR coherence time T
100-fold improvement in sensitivity
C.f. room-temp vacuum, liquid He offers:
NETdn
2
)(
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Andreas Knecht 22The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Outline
Neutron Electric Dipole Moment
New UCN Sources
nEDM Experiments:CryoEDM Experiment @ ILLnEDM Experiment @ SNSnEDM Experiment @ PSI
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New EDM Experiment @ SNS
Superfluid He UCN converter
with high E-field ~2 orders-of-magnitude improvement possible
(ASU – Berkeley – Brown – BU – Caltech – Duke – Indiana – Kentucky – LANL – Maryland – MIT – NCSU – ORNL – HMI – SFU – Tenn. –UIUC – Miss.State – Yale)(AMO – HEP – NP – Low Temp expertise)
Concept:Golub & LamoreauxPHYSICS REPORTS 237,1,1994.
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Status of SNS nEDM• nEDM building at SNS recently
completed• Completing critical R&D
– High Voltage test at Low Temperature in LHe• Project Design will be completed 2010
– Cost and Schedule also determined in 2010
• Construction time ~ 5 years
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Andreas Knecht 25The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Outline
Neutron Electric Dipole Moment
New UCN Sources
nEDM Experiments:CryoEDM Experiment @ ILLnEDM Experiment @ SNSnEDM Experiment @ PSI
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Andreas Knecht 26The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
nEDM StrategyPhase I:
Operate and improve Sussex-RAL-ILL apparatus at ILLR&D for n2EDMMove to PSI March 2009
Phase II:Operate Sussex-RAL-ILL apparatus at PSI (2009-2012) Sensitivity goal: 5x10-27 ecm Construction and setup of n2EDM
Phase III:Operate n2EDM (2012-2015)Sensitivity goal: 5x10-28 ecm
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Andreas Knecht 27The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Phase I: Sussex-RAL-ILL Apparatus at ILL
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Andreas Knecht 28The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Phase II: Sussex-RAL-ILL Apparatus at PSI
SC polarizer Compensation coil system
nEDMapparatus
Climatizationsystem
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Andreas Knecht 29The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
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Andreas Knecht 30The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
α = 0.75
E = 12 kV/cm
T = 150 s
N = 350′000
= 4 x 10-25 ecm / cycle
= 3 x 10-26 ecm / day
= 3 x 10-27 ecm / year
400 s
200 nights
After 2 years, statistics only dn = 0: |dn| < 4 x 10-27 ecm (95% C.L.)Obtain same figures with
E=10kV/cm, T=130s, 200s cycle
Statistical Sensitivity
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Andreas Knecht 31The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
EffectShift (see Ref.)
[10-27 ecm]σ (see Ref.)[10-27 ecm]
σ (at PSI)[10-27 ecm]
Door cavity dipole -5.6 2.00 0.10
Other dipole fields 0.0 6.00 0.40
Quadrupole difference -1.3 2.00 0.60
vE translational 0.0 0.03 0.04
vE rotational 0.0 1.00 0.10
Second-order vE 0.0 0.02 0.01
Hg light shift (geo phase) 3.5 0.80 0.40
Hg light shift (direct) 0.0 0.20 0.20
Uncompensated B drift 0.0 2.40 0.90
Hg atom EDM -0.4 0.30 0.06
Elastic forces 0.0 0.40 0.40
Leakage currents 0.0 0.10 0.10
ac fields 0.0 0.01 0.01
Total -3.8 7.19 1.37
After 2 years, statistics & systematicsdn = 0: |dn| < 5 x 10-27 ecm (95% C.L.)or, e.g., dn = 1.3 x 10-26 ecm (5σ)
PRL 97, 131801 (2006)
Systematics
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Andreas Knecht 32The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Conclusions
Several new UCN sources are being built worldwide for fundamental physics experiments
New sources will allow to push the statistical sensitivity in nEDM experiments by two orders of magnitude
Improved results of various nEDM experiments can be expected in the coming years
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Backup
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PSI UCN Source
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Andreas Knecht 35The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Proton Accelerator Facility @ PSI
Proton accelerator590 MeV, 2.2 mA
Target stations forpion and muon production
SINQ: thermal and coldneutron beams
UCN source Proton therapy
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Andreas Knecht 36The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Storage Volume and Shutters
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Andreas Knecht 37The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
CN Energy Dependent UCN Production
4He
F. Atchison et al., PRL 99, 262502 (2007)
D2
C.A. Baker et al., PLA 308, 67 (2003)
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nEDM Experiment
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Andreas Knecht 39The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Strong CP ProblemCP violating term in the QCD Lagrangian (θ-term):
nEDM: |dn| ~ θ·10-16 ecm
Current limit on dn → θ < 10-10
Why so small?
QCD Predictions
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Andreas Knecht 40The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
SUSY CP ProblemLarger CP violation in supersymmetric modelsthan in the Standard Model
→ Simplified model:
Limits on different electric dipole moments constrain SUSY phases already now
Why (so) small?
Ann. Phys. 318, 119 (2005)
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Andreas Knecht 41The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
The Neutron EDM Collaboration
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Andreas Knecht 42The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
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Andreas Knecht 43The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Ramsey resonancePolarized neutrons in a homogeneous static field (+z-direction, spin up).
Linear oscillating field turning the spin in xy-plane.
Free precession time (~100s) with μn and dn coupling to static B and E field.
Linear oscillating field turning the spin in -z-direction (spin down).
B1+B0 ±E
B0 ±E
B0 ±E
L
B1+B0 ±E
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Andreas Knecht 44The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
nEDMMercury used to monitor B-field fluctuations via ω=γB.Frequency visible as oscillating signal on PMT.
B1+B0 ±E
B0 ±E
B0 ±E
L
B1+B0 ±E
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Andreas Knecht 45The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Hg magnetometer
Direct Measurement of ωHg!
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also at: 1Paul Scherrer Institut, 2ILL Grenoble, 3PNPI Gatchina, 4University of Zürich
The Neutron EDM CollaborationM. Burghoff, S. Knappe-Grüneberg, A. Schnabel, L. Trahms
G. Ban, Th. Lefort, Y. Lemiere, O. Naviliat-Cuncic, E. Pierre1, G. Quéméner, G. Rogel2
K. Bodek, St. Kistryn, J. Zejma
A. Kozela
N. Khomutov
P. Knowles, A.S. Pazgalev, A. Weis
P. Fierlinger, B. Franke1, M. Horras1, F. Kuchler, G. Pignol
D. Rebreyend
G. Bison
S. Roccia, N. Severijns, N.N.
G. Hampel, J.V. Kratz, T. Lauer, C. Plonka-Spehr, N. Wiehl, J. Zenner1
W. Heil, A. Kraft, Yu. Sobolev3
I. Altarev, E. Gutsmiedl, S. Paul, R. Stoepler
Z. Chowdhuri, M. Daum, M. Fertl, R. Henneck, A. Knecht4, B. Lauss, A. Mtchedlishvili, G. Petzoldt, P. Schmidt-Wellenburg, G. Zsigmond
K. Kirch1, N.N.
Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin
Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Caen
Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Cracow
Henryk Niedwodniczanski Inst. Of Nucl. Physics, Cracow
Joint Institute of Nuclear Reasearch, Dubna
Département de physique, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg
Excellence Cluster Universe, Garching
Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Grenoble
Biomagnetisches Zentrum, Jena Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven
Inst. für Kernchemie, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz
Inst. für Physik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz
Technische Universität, München
Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich
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Andreas Knecht 47The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
R&D during Phase I• Addition of Cs magnetometers
• Magnetic field diagnostics, field stabilisation
• Development of a new insulating UCN storage chamber: deuterated PS coated PS
• Potential: 162 neV (Quartz: 95 neV)
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Andreas Knecht 48The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
R&D during Phase I• Fluxgate scans revealed large
magnetic inhomogeneities
• Sources located and removed
• Capabilities to scan large parts at PTB Berlin using a SQUID array and inside the world’s best shielded room (106)
• Resolution: 10 pT
25 nT
BZ
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Andreas Knecht 49The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
• Double chamber system,vertical stack of cylindrical chambers
• Co-magnetometer (Hg, Xe?, He?)• Cs magnetometer array (64, 128, ?)• 2 large He-3 magnetometers with
He-3 read-out by CsM• B-field and gradient stabilization by
CsM
• 5-layer mu-metal shield
• UCN polarized by SC polarizer• UCN spin analysis above detector,
eventually simultaneous analysis • Flexible DAQ
Phase III: n2EDM
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Andreas Knecht 50The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Example: B drift
0.3 nT
Changes in B proportional to E will lead to false EDM signals:df = 3x10-26 ecm ΔB/(10 fT)
Possible sources: sparks, magnetisation of mumetal
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Andreas Knecht 51The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Shutter Movement
• Change of shutter position → change of B-field
• n and Hg RF visible
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Andreas Knecht 52The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
B-field SensitivityStatistical sensitivity:
Sussex (nEDM NIMA, 2000): α = 0.5, T = 130 s, N = 13‘000 → σB = 0.7 pT
We: α = 0.3, T = 150 s, N = 5‘000 (!) → σB = 1.7 pT or ~1.7 x 10-6
From data: < σ(fn) >/< fn > ≈ 10-6
< σ(fHg) >/< fHg > ≈ 7 x 10-8 (~ 70 fT)
Normalising the neutron data with Hg reduces the deviations to the level of statistical fluctuations!The fluctuations seen are magnetic fluctuations, they are bigger the further away from the center
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Andreas Knecht 53The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Cs Magnetometers
– Mechanical and optics for 25 sensors
– Prototype preamps work
– Ultimate sensitivity 10 fT/sqrt(Hz)
– 240 cells made and tested
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Andreas Knecht 54The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Cs Magnetometers
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Andreas Knecht 55The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Cs Magnetometers
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Systematics
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Andreas Knecht 57The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Geometric Phase
Quantum mechanical system acquires additional phase due to geometrical properties of parameter space
Classical analogon:Transport of vectorsalong a sphere
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Andreas Knecht 58The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Sources of magnetic inhomogeneities:
UCN moves around the trap with speed r
experiences oscillating fields shift of resonant frequency (Ramsey-Bloch-Siegert shift):
Expanding the square:
Systematics
E0 E2 E1
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Andreas Knecht 59The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
SystematicsAveraging over possible paths for the two regimes ωr < ω0 (neutrons) and ωr > ω0 (mercury):
Mercury is used to correct for possible fluctuations of magnetic field (ratios of resonant frequencies) false Hg-EDM is imparted onto the neutron measurement:
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Andreas Knecht 60The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Dipole fields
Hg geo phase induced B up/down different Ra shifts
e.g.
reduced dipole enhancement (1+R2/z2)PRA 73, 014101 (2006).
Reduce dipole contaminations to < 0.5 x 10-14 Tm3/0 dfalse < 5 x 10-28 ecm
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Andreas Knecht 61The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Quadrupole fields
Quadrupole difference matters!
With transverse CsM, extract changes in Bxy down to qR ~ 100 pT dfalse < 6 x 10-28 ecm
Bxy fields
dBz/dz gradient
quadr. q(-x,y)
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Andreas Knecht 62The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Uncompensated B-drift
Measure HV correlated gradients top-bottom with CsM
10 fT difference (6 x 10-26 ecm) will be detected in one day
and suppressed by a factor ~70 by normalizing with Hg dfalse < 9 x 10-28 ecm
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Neutron Lifetime
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Andreas Knecht 64The New, the Rare and the Beautiful, 6. – 8. January 2010, Zürich
Neutron Lifetime PuzzleNew improved neutron lifetime experiments must be of high priority:Aim at 0.1s precision !
PDG:
Courtesy: R. Picker
Various projects in preparation,emphasis on magnetic trapping• permanent magnetic traps•superconducting traps
neut
ron
lifet
ime
/ s
890
870