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The Stuff of the Universe
What is nature
“made of”?
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Horsehead nebula in Orion
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Matter & Energy
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Phases of Matter
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Determined by temperature and pressure
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Rock
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Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds
Life, the Universe & Everything
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Atomic StructureWhat are atoms made of?
Particle ChargeWeight (amu)
Proton (p)
+ 1
Electron (e)
- ~0
Neutron (n)
0 1
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Atomic Structure
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Atomic Number
=Number of
Protons
Importanceof Protons
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Elements
Iron
Carbon
Gold
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Periodic Table of the Elements
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The most abundant
element in the universe:
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Hydrogen
Large Magellanic Cloud
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CrustCrust Whole EarthWhole Earth
•Oxygen(O) 46.3 % 29.5%•Silicon (Si) 28.2% 15.2%•Aluminum (Al) 8.2% 1.1%•Iron (Fe) 5.6% 34.6%•Calcium (Ca) 4.1% 1.1%•Sodium (Na) 2.4% 0.6%•Potassium (K) 2.1% 0.1%•Magnesium (Mg) 2.3% 12.7%•All others 0.5% 5.1%
Abundance of the Elements (wt. %):Solid Earth
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Abundance of Elements (%):Living Things
HumanHuman AlfalfaAlfalfaBacteriaBacteria
•Oxygen(O) 62.8% 77.9% 73.7%•Carbon (C) 19.4% 11.3% 12.1%•Hydrogen (H) 9.3% 8.7% 9.9%•Nitrogen (N) 5.1% 0.8% 3.0%•Phosphorous (P) 0.6% 0.7% 0.6%•Sulfur (S) 0.6% 0.1% 0.3%
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AtomicWeight
= number of protons + neutrons
Importanceof Neutrons
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Quiz - Lithium
Atomic Number =
Atomic Weight =
3
7
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Isotopes
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Determine how atoms
bond to form
Compounds
Importanceof Electrons
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Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds
Life, the Universe & Everything
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Minerals
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Carbon is found in all organic compounds
Organic Compounds
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Why Carbon?
• Small and Abundant• 4th most abundant element in the Solar System
• Bonds with a lot of different atoms• Forms lots of different organic compounds
• Forms long chains (polymers)• Forms very strong bonds
• Hard to destroy• Bonds “store” a lot of energy
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Organic Compounds
Types of Organic Compounds
1. Lipids - (H,C (hydrocarbons)) Fats and Oils
cell membranes & energy storage
2. Carbohydrates - (C, H, O) Sugars, Starches and
Cellulose energy storage &
structure
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Organic Compounds
Types of Organic Compounds
3.Amino Acids Proteins - (C, H, O, N, S)
Enzymes - catalysts for chemical reactions
also Hair, silk, fingernails, etc.
4. Nucleic Acids - (C, H, O, N, P)
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
store & transfer genetic information
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Energy: Types
Kinetic•Mechanical•Electromagnetic•Electricity•Heat
Potential•Chemical
Sun - Tuesday, April 4, 2006
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Energy:Quality
Low Quality High Quality(disorganized concentrated)
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Energy: Units
Joule (J) = Energy needed to lift 1 kg weight by 0.1 meter(about the energy to lift an apple over your head)
calorie (cal) = Energy needed to heat 1 g water by 1°C
(Note” Calories (Cal) in food are equal to 1000 calories (cal)
1 calorie = 4.2 joules (1 Calorie = 4200 joules)
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PowerRate of energy use
Watt(Joule/second)
100 W light bulb uses 100 joules of energy each second(200 Calorie candy bar would light bulb for 140 minutes)
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3 Fundamental Laws of Nature
• Conservation of Matter
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics(Conservation of Energy)
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics(Degradation of Energy)
• “You can’t thrown anything away”
• “You can’t get something for nothing”
• “In fact, you can’t even break even”