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The Undersea Internet Backbone
The Story of Really Really Long Wires
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Trivia
What is the longest man-made object?
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Trivia
What is the longest man-made object?
Sea-Me-We 3(39,000 km)
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Honourable Mentions
Great Wall of China(8,851.8 km)
Australia's Dingo Fence(5,614 km)
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We don't often think about undersea cables
Until they break
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December 26, 2006
A magnitude 7 earthquake off Taiwan damages 9 fiber optic cables
Phone and internet trafficfor S.E. Asia disrupted for "upto seven weeks"
Substantial drop inspam levels worldwide
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January 30, 2008
Two of the main Europe-Asia cables cut near Alexandria
Disruptions throughoutsouth Asia and theMiddle East
60 million internet users in India affected
Cause was never determined for certain
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1844
Samuel Morse buildstelegraph cable betweenWashington DC and Baltimore
First message sent:
"What hath God wrought"
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1848
Discovery of gutta-percha makes submarine telegraph cables possible
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1850
First international submarine wire, connecting Dover to Calais
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1850
Went bust after just a few messages
Replaced the following year
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1858
After several failed attempts, the first transatlantic cable connects Ireland to Newfoundland
Cyrus W. Field Charles T. Bright
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The Atlantic Cable
The excitement died quickly
Signal drowned in noise, cable virtually unusable
Electromagnetic theory was just being developed
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The Atlantic Cable
Eng. Wildman Whitehouse tried to solve the problem by brute force
Upped the voltage from 600V to 2000V
Result: the cable was destroyed after 26 days of operation
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The World is Wired
Second atlantic cable laid in 1866(after a few more failed attempts)
Reliable 12 word-per-minute communications between Europe and America
By the early 20th century,much of the world is connected
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The Coaxial Era
1956: first transatlantic telephone cable, called TAT-1, connects Scotland to NewfoundlandCapacity: 36 voice channels
1978: last transatlantic coax, TAT-7Capacity: 4,000 voice channelsVery bulky and expensiveIn service till 1994
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The Fiber Optic Era
1986: first undersea fiber optic cable
1988: TAT-8, first transatlantic FO cableCapacity 40,000 channels (2.5 Gbps)
1990s onward: privately funded projectse.g. Hibernia Atlantic – capacity up to 10 Tbps
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The Dotcom Boom and Bust
Late 90s: first cable projects designed with the internet in mind
When the bubble burst, capacity bottleneck quickly became capacity glut
Many of the new private operators went under
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Network Stats
Over 1 million km of submarine cable laid
Carry over 95% of international telecom
Current transatlantic capacity: ~40 Tbps
Max system lifetime: ~20 years
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The Making of a Submarine Cable
Fiber pairs
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The Making of a Submarine Cable
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers
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The Making of a Submarine Cable
Insulation, power, and armour
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Landing Stations
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The Enemies of Cable
Quiz: the most common reason for cable failure is:
a) Shark bitesb) Commercial fishingc) Sabotage by competing operatorsd) Undersea earthquakes
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The Enemies of Cable
Quiz: the most common reason for cable failure is:
a) Shark bites 0.5%b) Commercial fishing 44.4%c) Sabotage by competing operators 0%d) Undersea earthquakes 2.6%
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The Enemies of Cable
Idiots in trawlers
Idiotswithanchors
Idiots in backhoes
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The Enemies of Cable
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How to Fix Your Cable
Step 1: reroute the traffic
- In-system backup- Backup agreements- (Satellite)
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How to Fix Your Cable
Step 2: Dude, where's my cable?
(and where is it broken?)
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How to Fix Your Cable
Step 3:
Send in the cavalry
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How to Fix Your Cable
Step 4: Find someone to sue
Importance of underseacables was recognizedearly on
Protected by internationaltreaties since 1884
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Sources
ICPC-UNEP report
http://www.iscpc.org/publications/ICPC-UNEP_Report.pdf
Mother Earth Mother Board
http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.12/ffglass.html
ICPC history
http://www.iscpc.org/information/Timeline_History.htm