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September | October 2014The unseen enemy
The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2014 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
INCORPORAT ING
F I SH FARM ING TECHNOLOGY
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Olmix groupinnovatesand proposes new ranges
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AQUACULTURE
Stimulationoftheimmune
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nce
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Anyone with a background in
life sciences will at sometime
have come across Aflatoxin,
a metabolite produced by the
Aspergillus genus of moulds which has been
well documented as the cause of fatal
poisoning in both farm animals and humans
following ingestion of contaminated food,
with peanuts and maize being the most
common route of uptake.
Perhaps less widely known is the abun-
dance and variety of similar so-called myco-
toxins and their often less dramatic but
nevertheless detrimental effects on organisms,
which have ingested them. Animal nutrition-
ists understand well the toxic actions of these
fungal metabolites, some examples of which
are included in the table below.
Whilst much of the research to date has
focussed on the impact to farm animals from
mycotoxins which they have ingested through
their feed, some interesting and illuminating
studies have emerged over the last decadeinto the effects that these toxins can have
on cultured fish which have been exposed to
contaminated feed.
By way of example Hooft et al (2010)
demonstrated a significant reduction in
appetite, weight gain and feed efficiency in
Rainbow trout which had been exposed
to DON (deoxynivalenol , a trichothecene
mycotoxin found in wheat, barley oats and
maize). He presented these results at the
International Symposium on Fish Nutrition in
Molde in 2012 concluding that Rainbow troutare highly sensitive to DON even at levels as
low as 1 ppm.
So how can fish farmers defend their stocks
against the stealth threat posed by mycotoxins
that occur as contaminants in feed?
Recently, PHARMAQ UK has entered into
an arrangement with an exciting and innova-
tive French company, Olmix, who have devel-
oped a novel and naturally derived additive
that can be applied to feeds as a protection
against unwanted contaminants.
Olmixs unique solution to this problem
has been developed by combining specific
extracts of seaweeds with Montmorillonite
clay (Amedite) sourced locally to their
premises in Brittany. The innovative combina-tion of algal extracts and this fine clay creates
a product that is extremely effective in the
adsorption of mycotoxins.
The product, known as MTX+, already has
a ten-year track record in terrestrial livestock
production where demand continues to grow.
By adsorbing mycotoxins in the intestine
MTX+ significantly lowers the availability of
these molecules for absorption into the ani-
mal. Thus intestinal integrity is preserved and
immunosuppression, a hallmark of mycotoxin
toxicity, is avoided.
Its application to aquaculture was heralded
in 2011 in a trial on farm-raised tilapia in VietNam. As well as a modest improvement in
FCR, fish that had MTX+ added to their diet
showed an 8.5 percent improvement in daily
weight gain over the control group.
Early days indeed but with 25 percent
of global crops estimated to be currently
affected by mycotoxins and increasing pres-
sure to include more grain derived material
in fish diets, greater attention will need to be
focussed on the raised potential for micro-
bial contamination by mycotoxin producing
organisms in fish diets.
This is a challenge not only because these
molecules are quite difficult to detect, but
also because they are robust and can persist
as contaminants even if the source mould hasbeen removed. In addition it has been sug-
gested that because mycotoxin production by
moulds is often a mechanism of defence, the
very interventions which are applied to limit
mould infestation of grains in storage (heat,
humidity reduction and some fungicides) can
actually encourage the production of these
metabolites!
Through the inclusion of a naturally derived
and formulated mycotoxin binder such as
MTX+ into the feed of fish, especially during
their early life history, health managers can at
least be sure that they are giving the stocks
under their care the best start, free of thesepernicious stealth toxins.
For more nformation on how MTX+ might contribute
to your stock health management strategy please
contact Chris Mitchell on +44 7769 330540 or
Mycotoxin Toxic activity
Aflatoxin B1 Carcinogenic / immunosuppressive
Ochratoxin A Carcinogenic / nephrotoxic / immunosuppressive
Fumonasin B1 Carcinogenic / neurotoxic
Zearalenone EstrogenicTrichothecenes dermatoxic
T-2 toxins immunosuppressive
by Chris Mitchell and Rob Sinnott
THE UNSEENENEMY
12 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014
FEATURE
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Your challenge is our passion.The superior methione source for your aquafeed.
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VOLUME 17 I SSU E 5 2014 - SEPTE MBER | OCTOBER
INCORPORAT ING
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY
Fish FarmingTechnologysupplement
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The Chinese Conventional
Freshwater Fish Industry
The global surveillance of
Antimicrobial resistance
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