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The U.S. Constitution
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What is a Constitution?
Set of principles & rules for governing a country
Important blueprint for government
Protects basic values Democracy, justice,
equality, & the balance b/t liberty & order
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Interesting Facts About the U.S. Constitution Supreme law of the land—but only contains 4,300
words State Constitutions are MUCH longer
Oldest written document of its kind
It has remained almost the same—only 27 changes (Amendments)
It is a flexible document—provides for our changing society
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6 Big Ideas: Constitutional Principles Framers
focused on broad concepts—
NOT details
Framers planned for future changes--Amendments
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Popular Sovereignty
Government power belongs to the people
People give the government its power
The Constitution controls the government
Based on Locke’s idea that gov’t. comes from the consent of the governed
People must agree who their leaders will be
Originally didn’t apply to all people—expanded over time 15th, 19th, & 26th
Amendments
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Limited Government
Government only has the powers that people give it
Government must obey the Constitution
Government officials must obey the law
Framers feared oppression by rulers & tyranny of the majority
Gov’t. officials are subject to themselves & are held to the Constitution
Presidents may be impeached, Representatives can be voted out of office, Judges can be denied confirmation
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Separation of Powers
3 separate branches share power
Each branch has specific jobs
Legislative, Executive, & Judicial
Prevents 1 person or a group of people from controlling the government
Colonies practiced this idea for 100 years before the Constitution was written
Many believed that the Articles failed because it didn’t have a separation of powers
Each branch has a specific function in the government
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Checks & Balances
None of the branches can become too powerful
Each branch can limit the other two
Branches try to compromise with each other
Framers worried that a separation of powers wasn’t enough to prevent tyranny
Gives each branch authority over the actions of others
“Ambition must be made to counteract ambition”— James Madison (The
Federalist #51)
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Examples of Checks & Balances Congress makes laws
The President may veto those laws The Supreme Court may declare laws
unconstitutional
Federal judges are members of the judicial branch The President appoints federal judges Congress must confirm federal judgeships
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Judicial Review
Power that lets the courts decide what the Constitution means
The Supreme Court is the ultimate interpreter of the U.S. Constitution & its principles
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Federalism
Government power is divided between the central government & smaller regional governments
Washington, D.C. & the 50 states
Reflects the Founders’ desire to balance liberty & order
The Articles lacked central authority while giving too much power to the States
Federalism splits power between the national & local governments
Certain powers are exclusive while some overlap
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Federalism: The Division of Power
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What is Federalism?
Federalism is a complex system that divides power in the U.S. Between the national
(federal) & state governments
Each level has a substantial set of powers
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Federalism: Source of Political Conflict
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Federalism: Defined
A system of government in which a written Constitution divides power
Neither level acting alone can change the basic division established by the Constitution
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Why Federalism?
The Framers wanted a system strong enough to meet the nation’s growing needs
The existing states wanted to preserve their sovereignty
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Federalism & the Constitution The Constitution only recognizes
national & state governments States include many other levels—empower
municipalities, towns, school districts, counties, etc.
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How Does Federalism Work?
Set up & defined by the 10th Amendment
“The powers not delegated (given) to the U.S. by the Constitution, nor prohibited by the States, are reserved (left) to the
States”
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Basic Constitutional Framework National Government= Delegated
Powers State Governments= Reserved Powers National Government’s Powers=
Supreme
Some powers are denied to each/both levels
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Delegated Powers of the Nat’l. Gov’t. Granted powers that are
written in the Constitution specifically
Given powers that can be reasonably inferred by the Constitution
Allotted those powers necessary to run a sovereign nation
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Expressed Powers
AKA “Enumerated” Powers Specifically written in the Constitution—
EXPLICIT
Ex. Congress is given 27 expressed powers Collect taxes, coin money, regulate
commerce, declare war, grant patents & copyrights
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Implied Powers
Reasonably inferred by Constitution Gives the Gov’t. broad powers
Established by Article 1, Sec. 8— “Necessary & Proper”/ “Elastic Clause”
Gives Congress the right to make all laws which shall be necessary & proper…”
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Inherent Powers
Don’t originate from specific clauses of the Constitution
Deal with foreign affairs U.S. has rights as a sovereign state in
dealing with other nations
Ex.) acquiring territory, recognizing foreign states, setting immigration policy
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Reserved Powers of the States States rely on
reserved powers—those not delegated nor denied
Not explicitly listed in the Constitution
Guaranteed by the 10th Amendment
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State Powers
Not explicitly listed—lots of leeway States regulate internal affairs but,
cannot violate the supreme law
Examples Standards of behavior, welfare, education,
elections, establishing local gov’ts., regulating trade w/in a state
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Sharing Power
Overlapping powers = Concurrent Powers
Concurrent powers are held by both the national & state governments
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Denied Powers
Certain powers are denied to the States, the National Government, or BOTH
ALL laws that violate the Constitution are prohibited!
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Group Work
On the next slide are a list of powers
Organize the powers correctly using your Federalism Venn Diagram
USE A PENCIL IN CASE YOU MAKE A MISTAKE
Work together with your assigned group to complete
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Appoint Royalty Army & Navy Borrow Money Bring Back Slavery Building Codes Coin Money Commerce Regulation Declare War Define & Punish Crimes Education Establish Courts Establish Local Gov’ts. Foreign Relations Foreign Trade
General Welfare Highway Safety Hospitals Interstate Commerce Levy & Collect Taxes License Fees Marriage & Divorce Parks & Recreation Patents & Copyrights Police & Fire Environmental Protection Public Health Punish Religious Views Punish Without a Trial
Regulate Businesses Social Security Postal Service Voting Times & Dates Zoning Laws
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Federal Government—Delegated Powers Army & Navy Coin Money Commerce Regulation Declare War Foreign Relations Foreign Trade Interstate Commerce Patents & Copyrights Social Security Postal Service
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State Governments—Reserved Powers Define & Punish Crimes Education Establish Local Governments Highway Safety Hospitals License Fees Marriage & Divorce Police & Fire Regulate Businesses Voting Times & Dates
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BOTH Levels—Concurrent Powers Borrow Money Establish Courts General Welfare Levy & Collect Taxes Parks & Recreation Environmental Protection Public Health
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Local Gov’ts.—Empowered by States Building Codes Zoning Laws
NEITHER Level—Denied Powers Appoint Royalty Bring Back Slavery Punish Religious Views Punish Without a Trial
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The National Government & the 50 States
Cooperative Federalism
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The Supremacy Clause
Makes the Constitution the SUPREME law of the land
Creates a hierarchy of power
Supreme Court acts as an “umpire” between the States & the National Gov’t.
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Hierarchy of Power
U.S. Constitution
Acts of Congress, Treaties
State Constitutions
State Laws
City & County Ordinances
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Cooperative Federalism: Defined
Shared powers & cooperation between State & Federal governments
Working together to benefit our nation
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Cooperative Federalism: The ConstitutionNational Government’s Obligations to the
States1. Guarantee a republican (representative)
form of government
2. Protect each state from foreign invasion & domestic violence
3. Respect territorial integrity
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Examples of Cooperative Federalism Federal grants to states
State & local election officials conduct national elections
State courts supervise the naturalization process
Local police cooperate with the FBI
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Types of Grants
Grants-in-Aid: Money/resources
from Federal Gov’t. given to State Gov’ts.
Categorical Block Project
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Categorical Grants
Given for a specific purpose
Subject to government restrictions
Examples: Medicaid Aid to Families with
Dependent Children
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Block Grants
Given for a general purpose
Subject to limited government restrictions—favored over Categorical Grants
Examples: Social Services Welfare Programs Crime Prevention Education Drug Abuse Treatment
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Project Grants
Given to States, localities, & private agencies that apply for them
Examples: Disease Research Medical Issues Job Training Employment
Programs
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Interstate Relations
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Congressional Steps to Become a State1. Petition Congress to pass an Enabling Act
2. State proposes Constitution to its citizens
3. Citizen voters approve the Constitution
4. Congress passes an Act of Admission
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Interstate Compacts
Agreements among states & with foreign states Require Congressional
Consent
Constitution forbids any State from making treaties, alliances, or confederations with foreign states
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Examples of Interstate Compacts Sharing law enforcement data
Coordinating development & conservation of natural resources
Forest fire protection
Control of water pollution
Collection of taxes
Motor vehicle safety
Driver licensing
Cooperative use of public universities
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Extradition
Legal process in which a fugitive from justice in one state is returned to that state
Designed to prevent a person from escaping justice by fleeing a state
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Full Faith & Credit
Each state is required to accept public acts, records, & judicial proceedings of other states
EXCEPTIONS… One state cannot
enforce another state’s criminal law
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Privileges & Immunities Clause…No state shall
deny…to any person within its jurisdiction
the equal protection of its
laws…
Prevents unfair favoring of a state’s residents over other residents Using state courts Buying, owning,
renting, & selling property
Marrying within state borders
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Exceptions to the Privileges & Immunities Clause
Hiring preferences to residents
Lowering welfare benefits for nonresidents
Setting higher fees for nonresidents using common property of the state
Higher out of state tuition
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AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION
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What is an Amendment?
An amendment is a change to the Constitution
2 Types of Amendments Formal Informal
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Amendment TypesFormal Amendments
Change the written text (language) of the Constitution
Informal Amendments
Change the meaning/interpretation of the Constitution WITHOUT changing its language
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Formal Amendments 27 total to date
1st 10 formal Amendments are known as the Bill of Rights
Process of adding formal amendments is covered in Article 5 of the Constitution
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Formal Amendment MethodsALL METHODS REFLECT FEDERALISM—REQUIRE NATIONAL & STATE GOVERNMENTS WORKING TOGETHER
2/3 VOTE NEEDED TO PROPOSE3/4 VOTE NEEDED TO RATIFY
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Congress felt that conventions would better reflect public opinion on the issue of Prohibition
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Unsuccessful Amendments
Successfully proposed, but never ratified…
Child Labor Amendment
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Washington, D.C. Voting Rights
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Informal Amendments
Change the meaning/interpretation of the Constitution WITHOUT changing its language
Infinite in number
Process is NOT described in the Constitution
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Informal Amendments
Pg. 65-67•Description/Definition of each
•Example Informal Amendments for each
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Sources of Informal Amendments Basic Legislation (Laws) Congress Executive Actions The President Court Decisions The Supreme Court Political Party Practices Political
Parties Customs Traditions
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Informal Source
How it Works Examples
Basic Legislation
Executive Actions
Political Party Practices
Customs
Court Decisions
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Informal Amendments In Practice Very common b/c
they are the result of day-to-day, year-to-year experiences
Don’t involve written changes to the Constitution
Can evolve into formal amendments
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THE AMENDMENTS
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1st Amendment
Freedom of religion, speech, & press
Rights to assembly & petition
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2nd Amendment
The right of people to keep & bear weapons
The right to a militia
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3rd Amendment
No quartering
No soldier can be quartered in any home w/o the consent of the owner
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4th Amendment
Protection from unlawful search & seizure Persons Houses Papers Effects
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5th Amendment
Rights to persons accused of a crime
Protection from self-incrimination
Can’t be tried w/o indictment
Protection from double jeopardy
Guarantees due process of law
Limits eminent domain
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6th Amendment
Right to a fair & speedy trial
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7th Amendment
Right to a trial by jury in civil suits In cases exceeding
$20
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8th Amendment
Protection from unreasonable bail & cruel punishments
Punishments must fit the crimes committed
Death penalty may be used as punishment for extreme crimes
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9th Amendment
Powers reserved to the people
Citizens have additional rights not enumerated in the Constitution
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10th Amendment
Powers reserved to the States
All powers not addressed in the Constitution are left for the States to determine
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11th Amendment
Lawsuits against States
Federal courts may not hear cases in a state is sued by citizens of another state or foreign country
Only amendment to limit the judicial branch
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12th Amendment
Electing the President & Vice President
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13th Amendment
Abolished slavery
“Involuntary servitude” is allowed to punish criminals
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14th Amendment
Civil Rights in the States
Anyone born in the U.S. is guaranteed rights—citizen of BOTH U.S. & state where they live
States can’t deprive civil rights
Used as the basis form many civil rights cases Brown vs. Board of
Education
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15th Amendment
Expanded Right to Vote
Voting rights cannot be denied on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
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16th Amendment
Income Tax
Congress may have the authority to levy an income tax
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17th Amendment
Election of Senators
Called for the direct election of senators in each state Previously chosen
by state legislatures
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18th Amendment
Prohibition of intoxicating liquors
Banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol “Noble Experiment”
Only Amendment to be repealed
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19th Amendment
Women’s suffrage
Expanded voting rights to women
Can’t take away the right to vote based on account of sex
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20th Amendment
Presidential & Congressional Terms
Set beginning terms of office for the President & Congress No “lame-ducks”
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21st Amendment
Repeal of Prohibition
States may enforce laws against the use & transport of liquor
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22nd Amendment
Limit on Presidential terms
Not to exceed 2 terms, or 10 years in office
FDR was elected to 4 terms
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23rd Amendment
Electors for Washington, D.C.
District of Columbia receives 3 electors in the Electoral College vote
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24th Amendment
Prohibited the use of poll taxes
States may NOT collect taxes as a condition of voting
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25th Amendment
Presidential Disability & Succession
Established procedures for the filling vacancies for the President & Vice President
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26th Amendment
Extended voting rights to 18-year olds
Guarantees the right to vote for those 18 years of age
Inspired by Vietnam War
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27th Amendment
Restraint on Congressional salaries
No law varying the pay of Congress may not take effect until after the next election
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Test Topics—Ch.3 The Constitution
6 Basic Principles Articles & Amendments
Formal Amendments Definition Methods Selected Amendments
Informal Amendments Definition Sources Examples
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Test Topics—Ch.4 Federalism
Definition/History 10th Amendment Supremacy Clause
National Government Powers: delegated,
expressed, implied, inherent
3 Obligations to the states
Elastic Clause
State Governments Reserved Powers Exclusive vs. concurrent
powers
Interstate Relations Compacts Full, Faith, & Credit Clause Privileges & Immunities
Clause
Cooperative Federalism Types of Grants