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The use of PIT tags to evaluate passage of adult Pacific lamprey at Columbia and Snake river dams
Christopher Caudill, Charles Boggs, Eric Johnson, and Matthew Keefer
Department of Fish and Wildlife ResourcesUniversity of Idaho
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The use of PIT tags to evaluate passage of adult Pacific lamprey at Columbia and Snake river dams
Christopher Caudill, Charles Boggs, Eric Johnson, and Matthew Keefer
Department of Fish and Wildlife ResourcesUniversity of Idaho
Chris Peery, USFWSMary Moser & Howard Pennington, NOAA-FisheriesDave Clugston, Derek Fryer, & Sean Tackley, USACE
And many more...!
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Year
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
BO
N c
ou
nt
(100
0's)
0
100
200
300
400
2010: ~6,200
Sources: Starke & Dalen 1995; DART
Background
1998-2010 mean: ~39,600
1939-1969 mean: ~104,700
Daytime counts
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Adult lamprey passage issues
• Passage bottlenecks in fishways• Passage delays and failures at dams• Gaps in knowledge of basic life history
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Adult lamprey passage issues
• Passage bottlenecks in fishways• Passage delays and failures at dams• Gaps in knowledge of basic life history
• Monitoring issues:– long freshwater period (up to one year)– battery life in active tags– tag size– potential for FDX PIT-tag collision
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Presentation objectives• Overview of current HDX-PIT research
program• Examples of monitoring technology• Examples of lamprey research results
– Local scale (i.e., flume and fishway studies)
– Meso scale (i.e., river reaches, dam-to-dam)
– Hydrosystem scale• Future directions
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Resources• www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl
– Technical reports and papers on HDX-PIT research
Effects of body size and river environment of the upstream migration of adult Pacific lampreys. N Am J Fish Manage 29:1214-1224
Variability in migration timing of adult Pacific lamprey in the Columbia River, USA. Enviro Biol Fishes 85:253-264
Testing adult Pacific lamprey performance at structural challenges in fishways. N Am J Fish Manage 30:376-385
Behavior of adult Pacific lamprey in near-field flow and fishway design experiments. Fish Manage & Ecol (in press)
Development of Pacific lamprey fishways at a hydropower dam. Fish Manage & Ecol (in press)
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Research toolbox
• Monitoring systems– Radiotelemetry– Acoustic telemetry– HD PIT tags
• Tradeoffs– Different tools for different questions– Complimentary– Tag life limitations– Handling issues
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Monitoring system tradeoffs• Active radiotelemetry
– Good for tailraces, fishways, tributaries– Best current tool for dam passage metrics – External antenna may contribute to tag effects
• Acoustic telemetry– Good for deep water– No external antenna– Limited application in turbulent water with
entrained air
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Monitoring system tradeoffs• Passive HDX-PIT tags
– Unlimited tag life: useful for overwinter evaluation– Fewer known tag effects– Limited application for fine-scale fishway
evaluations
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HDX-PIT fishway antennas
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HDX-PIT antennas in Lamprey Passage Systems (LPS)
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Bonneville WA-Shore
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Univ. of Idaho sites
NOAA fisheries sites
Flow
OR Shore
Flow
WA Shore
OR Shore
Bonneville
HDX-PIT monitoring sites
LPSEntrance
Ladder
Ladder
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Flow
OR Shore
WA Shore WA Shore
OR Shore
Flow
The Dalles John Day
HDX-PIT monitoring sites
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North Shore
South Shore
Flow
WA Shore
OR Shore
Flow
McNary Ice Harbor
HDX-PIT monitoring sites
Priest Rapids: ladders only
Lower Monumental, Lower Granite: 2011 installations
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1997 147
1998 205
1999 199
2000 299
2001 298
2002 201
2007 398
2008 595
2009 596
2005 ---
2006 ---
757
609
368
841
2,000
60
34
84
40
40
McNary
RadioRadio HDX-PIT
BonnevilleNumbers tagged
Total: all studies
JDA: 79 HDX-PIT
Year
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Lam
pre
ys t
agg
ed
0
500
1000
1500
2000BON radioBON PITMCN radioJDA PITBO acoustic
2010 312 19 18 BON: 30 JSATS
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Double-tag detection efficiencies
Total
52
Site
WA-shore exit
Dam
BON
detected
88%
Radiosdetected
85%
HD-PIT
25Bradford exitBON 100% 96%
31East exit (1)TDA 100% 86%
East exit (1+2)TDA 95%
16North exitTDA 100% 63%
8South exitJDA 100% 100%
1North exitJDA 100% 100%
* Missed detections included power outages, shed / failed tags
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Biological Questions
• Local Scale– flume studies of swimming performance and
behavior – passage of individual fishway structures
• Meso-scale– dam passage metrics– inter-dam conversions
• Hydrosystem scale– multi-dam escapement and final distribution
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Experimental fishway tests (1999-2008)
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Cascade Island entrance HD-PIT antennasCascade Island entrance HD-PIT antennas
Half-duplexantennas
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Half-duplexantennas
Detection efficiency of 84% double tagged fish (RT/HD; N = 31 CI double-tag entrances)
Cascade Island entrance HD-PIT antennasCascade Island entrance HD-PIT antennas
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22%
0% 2%
76%
First antenna records
Cascade Island entrance HD-PIT antennasCascade Island entrance HD-PIT antennas
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Detection of 68 HD-PIT tagged lampreysDetection of 68 HD-PIT tagged lampreys
41%
25%46%
85%
Percent detected at each antenna
Number of antennas: 34% (23) 1 of 4 antennas41% (28) 2 of 4 antennas19% (13) 3 of 4 antennas 6% (4) 4 of 4 antennas
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LPS use, passage time, & passage efficiency estimates
Bradford Island Fishway
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
5/22
5/29 6/
5
6/12
6/19
6/26 7/
3
7/10
7/17
7/24
7/31 8/
7
8/14
8/21
8/28 9/
4
9/11
9/18
Num
ber o
f Lam
prey
Count Window
BI AWS LPSn= 6,441
n= 5,301
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Biological Questions
• Local Scale– flume studies of swimming performance and
behavior – passage of individual fishway structures
• Meso-scale– dam passage metrics– inter-dam conversions
• Hydrosystem scale– multi-dam escapement and final distribution
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Dam passage estimates - 2009
Dam
BON TDA JDA MCN IHR PRD
Per
cen
t p
ast
(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Radio onlyHD onlyDouble tag
Escapement from release below BON
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1 June 1 July 1 Aug 1 Sept
Tim
e t
o p
ass
(d
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Flo
w (
kcfs
)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Passage times: Release past Bonneville Dam
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Reach
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Co
rrel
atio
n c
oef
fici
ent
( r)
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2006 2007
Flow Temperature Fish weight
*
*
*
*
*
**
*
*
*
***
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
* *
Reach passage times: Effects of river environment
► Faster passage when warm, low flow
10 lower Columbia River reaches
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Weight (g)
200-
250
250-
300
300-
350
350-
400
400-
450
450-
500
500-
550
550-
600
600-
650
650-
700
>700
Per
cen
t (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
1002005 (n = 841)2006 (n = 2000)2007 (n = 757)2008 (n = 608)2009 (n = 368)
Release to pass Bonneville Dam: HDX PIT
Upstream escapement: lamprey size effects
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Weight (g)
200-250
250-300
300-350
350-400
400-450
450-500
500-550
550-600
600-650
650-700>700
Per
cen
t (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100Double tagRadio onlyHD only
Fish size effects - 2009
Escapement: Release to Bonneville exit
Weighted regressions
r2 = 0.47
r2 = 0.08
r2 = 0.54
Small nSmall n
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Biological Questions
• Local Scale– flume studies of swimming performance and
behavior – passage of individual fishway structures
• Meso-scale– dam passage metrics– inter-dam conversions
• Hydrosystem scale– multi-dam escapement and final distribution
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Dam passage estimates - 2009
Dam
BON TDA JDA MCN IHR PRD
Per
cen
t p
ast
(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Radio onlyHD onlyDouble tag
Escapement from release below BON
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Date and size effects
Site
Release Pass BO Pass TD Pass JD Pass MN
Wei
gh
t (g
)
300
400
500
600
700
Release date
15 May 1 June 15 June 1 July 15 July 1 Aug 15 Aug 1 Sep
Pro
bab
ility
of
pas
sag
e
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Bonneville
The Dalles
John Day
P < 0.001
Logistic regression
P = 0.03
P = 0.04
+5% +7% +14% +19%
Pattern is repeated in most radio and HDX-PIT studies
Common, but less universal effect
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BON
TDA
JDA MCN
PRD
John Day RDeschutes R
Klickitat R
5%44%
Last detections: 172 HD-only fish that passed BON
Fishways = 9%
IHD
Tops of ladders, LPSs = 91%
22%
1%
24%
1%
1%
2%
Nonedetected at 3-Mile Dam
2009
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Date
10 May 30 May 19 Jun 9 Jul 29 Jul 18 Aug 7 Sep 27 Sep
Co
un
ted
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Co
un
ted
0
100
200
300
400
500
2008 - Bonneville
2009 - Bonneville
Overwintering
Tagged
Detected
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Conclusions
• HDX PIT-tag technology has been a critical tool in an integrated research program:– Radio-telemetry– Acoustic telemetry– Optical and acoustic camera imaging
• Assess movements and migration at multiple spatial scales
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Future HDX-PIT applications
• Continued evaluation of fishway modifications, e.g., Lower Monumental Dam, Lower Granite dams (Now), Bonneville Washington Shore (2013)
• Tributary monitoring
• Migration success...
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1980-2004
River Kilometer
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Pro
po
rtio
n (
+/-
1 S
E)
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.4
BO
TD
JD
MN
IH LoMo LoGoLGr BO
550 600 650 700
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
IH
LoMo
LoGo
LGr
BO
MN IH LGr
IH
LGr
American Shad and FDX PIT-tags
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Migration system and “success”Philopatry Natal Stream
15 % Unsuccessful
Obstruction
85% Successful
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Migration system and “success”Philopatry: Natal Stream
15 % Unsuccessful
Obstruction
85% Successful
Site infidelity:
15 % Successful
Obstruction
85% Successful
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Migration system and “success”: Site infidelity
Unaltered migration corridor:
15 % Unsuccessful
Obstruction
85% Successful
Spawning Stream
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Migration system and “success”: Site infidelity
Unaltered migration corridor:
15 % Unsuccessful
Obstruction
85% Successful
Altered migration corridor:
Spawning Stream
15 % Successful
Obstruction
85% “Successful”?
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Migration system and “success”
Altered migration corridor: Obstruction
Altered migration corridor:
15 % Successful
Obstruction
85% Successful
Reduction in total population size &Need to assess lifetime fitness
“Successful”?
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Resources• www.cnr.uidaho.edu/uiferl
– Technical reports and papers on HDX-PIT research
Effects of body size and river environment of the upstream migration of adult Pacific lampreys. N Am J Fish Manage 29:1214-1224
Variability in migration timing of adult Pacific lamprey in the Columbia River, USA. Enviro Biol Fishes 85:253-264
Testing adult Pacific lamprey performance at structural challenges in fishways. N Am J Fish Manage 30:376-385
Behavior of adult Pacific lamprey in near-field flow and fishway design experiments. Fish Manage & Ecol (in press)
Development of Pacific lamprey fishways at a hydropower dam. Fish Manage & Ecol (in press)
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From release past dams
Dam
BO TD JD MN IH PR
Per
cen
t p
ast
(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
2007200820092010
Reach escapement: radio-tagged fish
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Transmitter and HDX PIT specs
32 mm HDX
Radio tag: NTC-4-2L
1997-2002 43 mm 11.0 mm
2002-2007
MCFT-3BM
NTC-6-2 29-30 mm 9.1 mm
2008-2009 NTC-4-2L 18 mm 8.3 mm
7.7 g
4.5 g
2.1 g
2005-2009 23 mm 4.0 mm 0.6 gHDX PIT
Radio
2005-2009 32 mm 4.0 mm 0.8 g
Year Model Length Diameter Weight
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BON TDA
JDAMCN
IHR
PRD
Radiotelemetry
HDX-PIT
Monitoring systems: Hydrosystem scale
Radiotelemetry HDX PIT tag
Ladder exits
Tailraces
Fishways (limited JDA, PRD)
Ladder exits
LPS systems (BON)
Tributaries / Reservoirs
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Fishway sites (BON, MCN, IHR)
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