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THE USE OF THIN SURFACING FOR OVERLAY
AT HEAVY TRAFFICKED ROAD
THESIS
Arranged by:
AADEL ALI MOHAMED
S941302028
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
2014
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THE USE OF THIN SURFACING FOR OVERLAY
AT HEAVY TRAFFICKED ROAD
Arranged by:
AADEL ALI MOHAMED
S941302028
Has been approved by
Position Name Signature Date
Supervisor I : Ir. Ary Setyawan, M.Sc (Eng)., Ph.D
NIP. 196612041995121001
.................... ....................
Supervisor II: Budi Yulianto, ST., M.Sc., Ph.D
NIP. 197007191997021001
.................... ....................
Known,
Master Program of Civil Engineering Chief
Dr. Ir. MamokSuprapto M. Eng
NIP. 195107101981031003
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THE USE OF THIN SURFACING FOR OVERLAY
AT HEAVY TRAFFICKED ROAD
Submitted by:
AADEL ALI MOHAMED
S941302028
Has been tested in front of the examiners to fulfill ton …….. 2014
Position
Name Signature
Supervisor I Ir. Ary Setyawan, M.Sc (Eng)., Ph.D
NIP. 196612041995121001
Supervisor II Budi Yulianto, ST., M.Sc., Ph.D
NIP. 197007191997021001
Examiner Dr. Ir. Mamok Suprapto. M.Eng.
NIP. 195107101981031003
Examiner Ir. Winny Astuti, M.Sc., Ph.D
NIP. 196407111991032001
Known,
Director of the Graduate program
Prof. Dr. Ir. Ahmad Yunus, M.S
NIP. 19610717 198601 1001
Chairman of The Civil Engineering
Master Degree
Dr. Ir.Mamok Suprapto, M.Eng
NIP. 19510710 198103 1003
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY AND CONTENT
PUBLICATION OF FINAL PROJECT
I declare actually:
1. Thesis by the title: “THE USE OF THIN SURFACING FOR OVERLAY AT
HEAVY TRAFFICKED ROAD” is my own work and has not been submitted for
any degree or other purposes, except has been mentioned on the bibliography as
reference of this paper. If in the future proved there is plagiarism in this paper, I am
willing to accept the sanction appropriate to legislation (Permendiknas No. 17, 2010).
2. Publication of this Thesis on Journal or scientific forum should be permission and
include the counselor as author and PPs UNS as institution. In the period at least one
semester I did not do the publication of part or all of the contents of this thesis, the
Master Civil Engineering Program of UNS reserves the right to publish a scientific
journal published by the Master Civil Engineering Department of UNS. If I am in
violation of the terms of this publication, then I am willing to receive the applicable
academic sanctions.
Surakarta, ………… 2014
Author,
AADEL ALI MOHAMED
S941302028
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FOREWORD
Praise to Allah SWT the lord of the world, who has given mercy and blessing so that this thesis
with a title THE USE OF THIN SURFACING FOR OVERLAY AT HEAVY
TRAFFICKED ROAD can be resolved. This thesis is submitted as a condition for obtaining a
master's degree in Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University.
Respectfully I say many thanks to:
1. Director of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University.
2. Dr. Ir. Mamok Suprapto, M.Eng, as the head of Civil Engineering Master Program of
Sebelas Maret University.
3. Dr. Eng. Syafi’I, M.T, as secretary of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas
Maret University.
4. Ir. Ary Setyawan, as first supervisor.
5. Budi Yulianto, ST., M.Sc., Ph.D as second supervisor.
6. All faculty staff of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University who
have helped during lectures.
7. My brothers and sisters who always support at every condition.
8. Student colleagues of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University
who gave me inspiration and suggestion.
9. All those who helped me in completing this thesis, the author cannot mention one by
one.
I hope this thesis can contribute to the scientific academic community, practitioners in
the field of building materials and benefit the wider community in general. The assistance
that was given may receive just reward from Allah SWT.
Surakarta, October 2014
Writer,
AADEL ALI MOHAMED
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ABSTRACT
A country with an advanced economy always pays close attention for a road.
Heavily trafficked road is a road with huge volume of load from the vehicle that moved
or stays in a road. Thin surfacing is one of thin asphalt overlay surfacing method.
However, there is generally a lack of practical examples of thin surfacing applications,
including costs involved, the benefits and in what circumstances they should be used for
best return on investment. The Shell Pavement Design Method (SPDM) is used in this
study for the design of new asphalt roads by calculation of thin surfacing overlay with
high performance at heavily trafficked road with low and high temperature condition.
The method that used in this study is divided into data collection and analysis.
Data collection is given from asphalt data such as material test, indirect tensile
strength, unconfined compressive strength, permeability, indirect tensile stiffness test,
vehicle data and road from Libya. Analysis from data collection is used Shell Pavement
Design Method (SPDM) program to design thin surfacing overlay for heavily trafficked
road.
Retona blend 55 can be the best composition and suitable for thin surfacing on
hot and arid region compared with two others bitumen according to experimental test.
polymer SBS was the better bitumen for thin surfacing overlay for hot arid region. The
result shows that polymer SBS can be used for asphalt and no need to do overlay for
every year. The analysis using SPDM program can be focused more on high
temperature especially at rutting and overlay calculation.
Keyword: SPDM, thin surfacing, bitumen, hot arid region
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ABSTRAK
Sebuah negara dengan perekonomian yang maju selalu memberikan perhatian untuk
jalan. Heavily trafficked road adalah jalan dengan volume beban besar dari kendaraan yang
bergerak atau tetap di jalan. Lapisan tipis merupakan salah satu metode pelapisan
permukaan aspal tipis. Namun, umumnya ada kurangnya contoh-contoh praktis dari aplikasi
permukaan tipis, termasuk biaya yang terlibat, manfaat dan dalam keadaan apa mereka
harus digunakan untuk pengembalian investasi terbaik. The Shell Pavement Metode Desain
(SPDM) digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk desain jalan aspal baru dengan perhitungan
pelapisan tipis permukaan dengan kinerja tinggi pada banyak diperdagangkan jalan dengan
kondisi suhu rendah dan tinggi.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dibagi menjadi pengumpulan data dan
analisis. Pengumpulan data diberikan dari data aspal seperti tes material, kuat tarik tak
langsung, kuat tekan bebas, permeabilitas, tidak langsung uji tarik kekakuan, data kendaraan
dan jalan dari Libya. Analisis dari pengumpulan data menggunakan program Shell
Pavement Desain Metode (SPDM) untuk merancang pelapisan tipis permukaan untuk heavily
trafficked road.
Retona Blend 55 dapat menjadi komposisi terbaik dan cocok untuk permukaan tipis
pada daerah yang panas dan gersang dibandingkan dengan dua aspal lainya menurut uji
eksperimental. polimer SBS adalah aspal yang lebih baik untuk tipis permukaan overlay
untuk wilayah gersang panas. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa polimer SBS dapat digunakan untuk
aspal dan tidak perlu melakukan overlay untuk setiap tahun. Analisis menggunakan program
SPDM dapat lebih terfokus pada suhu tinggi terutama pada rutting dan perhitungan overlay.
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CONTENT
THESIS .................................................................................................................................................... i
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ....................................................................................................... iv
FOREWORD .......................................................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... vi
CONTENT ........................................................................................................................................... viii
TABLE LIST .......................................................................................................................................... x
FIGURE LIST ........................................................................................................................................ xi
ABBREVIATION................................................................................................................................. xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem Formulation .............................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Problem Limitation ................................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Objective of Research ............................................................................................................. 2
1.5 Benefit ..................................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND BASIC THEORY ......................................................... 3
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) ................................................................................................. 3
2.1.2 Asphalt Thickness ........................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Heavily Trafficked Road ................................................................................................. 4
2.1.4 Shell Pavement Design Method ...................................................................................... 5
2.2 BASIC THEORY .................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1. Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Preventive Maintenance ......................................................... 6
2.2.2. Asphalt Thickness ........................................................................................................... 8
2.2.3. Heavily Trafficked Road ................................................................................................. 8
2.2.4. Shell Pavement Design Method .................................................................................... 10
2.3 HYPOTHESIS ...................................................................................................................... 13
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ............................................................................................... 14
3.1 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.1. Modulus Test ................................................................................................................ 14
3.1.2. Permanent Deformation ................................................................................................ 15
3.1.3. Indirect Tensile Stiffness Test ....................................................................................... 15
3.1.4. Asphalt Test .................................................................................................................. 15
3.1.5. Vehicle Data .................................................................................................................. 15
3.2 ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 16
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3.2.1 Shell Pavement Design Method .................................................................................... 16
3.2.2 Thickness Design .......................................................................................................... 16
3.2.3 Rutting calculation ........................................................................................................ 17
3.2.4 Overlay Design ............................................................................................................. 17
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 19
4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 19
4.2 DATA COLLECTION ......................................................................................................... 19
4.2.1 Subgrade Data ............................................................................................................... 19
4.2.2 Traffic Data ................................................................................................................... 20
4.2.3 Temperature Data .......................................................................................................... 22
4.2.4 Bitumen ......................................................................................................................... 23
4.3 SPDM ANALYSIS ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3.1 The Effect of Bitumen Type on the Thickness of Pavement ........................................ 25
4.3.2 The Effect of Subbase Thickness on The Thickness of Pavement ............................... 26
4.3.3 The Effect of Volume Percentage Bitumen on The Thickness of Pavement ................ 27
4.3.4 The Effect of Volume Percentage Aggregate on The Thickness of Pavement ............. 28
4.3.5 The Effect of Subbase Stiffness on the Thickness of Pavement ................................... 30
4.3.6 The Effect of Porosity on The Thickness of Pavement ................................................. 31
4.3.7 The Effect of Temperature on The Thickness of Pavement .......................................... 32
4.3.8 The Effect of Mix Stiffness on The Thickness of Pavement ........................................ 33
4.4 RUTTING DESIGN ............................................................................................................. 36
4.4.1 Asphalt Penetration 60/70 ............................................................................................. 36
4.4.2 Retona Blend 55 ............................................................................................................ 37
4.4.3 Polymer SBS ................................................................................................................. 38
4.5 OVERLAY DESIGN ............................................................................................................ 40
4.5.1 Asphalt Penetration 60/70 ............................................................................................. 40
4.5.2 Retona Blend 55 ............................................................................................................ 41
4.5.3 Polymer SBS ................................................................................................................. 42
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .......................................................................... 44
5.1 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 44
5.2 SUGGESTION ..................................................................................................................... 45
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TABLE LIST
Table 3.1 Parameters ............................................................................................................................. 14
Table 3.2 Variable ................................................................................................................................. 14
Table 3.3 ITS and UCS Test (Kabbash, 2014) ...................................................................................... 14
Table 3.4 ITSM data result (Kabbash, 2014) ........................................................................................ 15
Table 3.5 Asphalt test data (Kabbash, 2014) ........................................................................................ 15
Table 3.6 Data of vehicle in Libya (2005-2009)(General Authory For Information of Libya, 2009) .. 16
Table 4. 1 Load application determinations from radial tensile strain at bottom of surface layer and
vertical compressive strains at top of subgrade (Fatani, 1980). 19
Table 4. 2 Population registered vehicles and road traffic accident on 1995 to 2010 (Traffic Office and
Licensing of Tripoli 2011). 20
Table 4. 3 Traffic growth factor using linear regresion 21
Table 4. 4 the latest vehicles statistic until the thirty first of October 2009 (in Tripoli) 22
Table 4.5 Monthly average of minimum temperature °C (Libya Statistic Book 2009) 22
Table 4. 6 Monthly average of maximum temperature 0C (Libya Statistic Book 2009) 22
Table 4. 7 Asphalt test 23
Table 4.8 Optimum bitumen content for three types of asphalt 23
Table 4.9 ITS test of Optimum Bitumen Content 24
Table 4.10 UCS data for three types of asphalt 24
Table 4.11 Permeability data for three types of asphalt 24
Table 4.12 ITSM data for three types of asphalt 25
Table 4.13 Thickness report due to optimum bitumen content with porosity of 3% 25
Table 4.14 Thickness report due to sub base thickness of asphalt with porosity of 3% 26
Table 4.15 thickness report due to bitumen percentage of asphalt with porosity of 3% 27
Table 4. 16 thickness report due to aggregate percentage of asphalt with porosity of 3% 29
Table 4.17 Thickness report due to sub base (MPa) of asphalt with porosity of 3% 30
Table 4. 18 Thickness report due to porosity of asphalt 31
Table 4.19 Thickness report due to temperature of asphalt 32
Table 4.20 Thickness report due to low temperature of asphalt mix stiffness 33
Table 4.21 Thickness report due to high temperature of asphalt mix stiffness 34
Table 4. 22 Rutting design data of asphalt penetration 60/70 at low and high temperature 36
Table 4. 23 Rutting design data of retona blend 55 at low and high temperature 37
Table 4. 24 Rutting design data of polymer SBS at low and high temperature 38
Table 4. 25 Overlay design data of asphalt penetration 60/70 with 3 different mix stiffness 40
Table 4.26 Overlay design data of retona blend 55 with 3 different mix stiffness 41
Table 4.27 Overlay design data of polymer SBS with 3 different mix stiffness 42
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FIGURE LIST
Figure 2.1 Classification of axis and type for vehicle ............................................................................. 9
Figure 2.2 Example of traffic volume calculation of asphalt penetration 60/70 ................................... 11
Figure 2.3 Example of bitumen calculation of asphalt penetration 60/70 ............................................ 11
Figure 2.4 Example of air temperature calculation of asphalt penetration 60/70 ................................. 12
Figure 2.5 Example of SPDM result of asphalt penetration 60/70 ....................................................... 12
Figure 3.1 Flowchart diagram of thin surfacing overlay at heavily trafficked road 18
Figure 4.1 Effect of OBC on the asphalt thickness 25
Figure 4. 2 Effect of sub base thickness at low temperature (15.9 °C) 26
Figure 4. 3 Effect of sub base thickness at high temperature (34.8 °C) 27
Figure 4. 4 Effect of bitumen percentage at low temperature (15.9 °C) 28
Figure 4.5 Effect of bitumen percentage at high temperature (34.8 °C) 28
Figure 4. 6 Effect of aggregate percentage at low temperature (15.9 °C) 29
Figure 4. 7 Effect of aggregate percentage at high temperature (34.8 °C) 29
Figure 4. 8 Effect of sub base (MPa) at low temperature (15.9 °C) 30
Figure 4. 9 Effect of sub base (MPa) at high temperature (34.8 °C) 31
Figure 4. 10 Effect of porosity at low temperature (15.9 °C) by sub base thickness of 25.4 m 32
Figure 4. 11 Effect of porosity at high temperature (34.8 °C) by sub base thickness of 38.1 m 32
Figure 4. 12 Effect of temperature on asphalt thickness 33
Figure 4. 13 Effect of mix stiffness at low temperature (15.9 °C) 34
Figure 4. 14 Effect of mix stiffness at high temperature (34.8 °C) 35
Figure 4.15 Rutting calculation of asphalt penetration 60/70 at low and high temperature 36
Figure 4.16 Rutting calculation of retona blend 55 at low and high temperature 37
Figure 4.17 Rutting calculation of polymer SBS at low and high temperature 38
Figure 4.18 Rutting calculation of asphalt penetration 60/70, retona blend 55 and polymer SBS at low
temperature. 39
Figure 4.19 Rutting calculation of asphalt penetration 60/70, retona blend 55 and polymer SBS at high
temperature. 39
Figure 4.20 Overlay design of asphalt penetration 60/70 at low temperature 41
Figure 4.21 Overlay design of retona blend 55 at low temperature 41
Figure 4.22 Overlay design of polymer SBS at low temperature 42
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ABBREVIATION
CBR = California Bearing Ratio
CIR = Cold In-place Recycling
ESA = Equivalent Standard Axles
HMA = Hot mix asphalt
HOR = Hot In-place Recycling
ITS = Indirect Tensile Strength
ITSM = Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus
JCP = Jointed concrete pavement
MAAT = Mean Annual Air Temperature
LTT = Laboratory Test Track
OBC = Optimum Bitumen Content
PPC = Portland cement concrete
SNI = Standard Nasional Indonesia
SPDM = Shell Pavement Design Method
UCS = Unconfined Compressive Strength
VMA = Void in the Mineral Aggregate
VDF = Vehicle Damage Factor
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APPENDIX
Appendix A Thickness Design Ap-A1
Appendix B Rutting Calculation Ap-B1
Appendix C Overlay Design Ap-C1