THE VICTORIAN AGE(1837 - 1900)

Our Group : 1. Ahmad Murtaqi J 2. ‘Izza Muttaqien

3. Januar Rachmad A.

IntroductionThere was a revolution in commercial enterprise, due to the great increase of available markets, and, as a result of this, an immense advance in the use of mechanical devices.During Victorian Age, England travelled a path to progress and prosperity. It was a time of vigor and variety, of stability and power.In this era we can see the appalling social conditions of the new industrial cities, the squalid slums, and the exploitation of cheap labour the painful fight by the enlightened few to introduce social legislation

Literary features of the age

1. The morality2. The revolt3. Intelectual development4. The new education5. International influence

Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895)

His Works are : 1. Evidence on Man's Place in Nature

2. Brave New World

He reflects the tremendous growth of interest in science during the Victorian age. Huxley did great service in making science understandable to the masses. At the time

when England was split into two camps over the theory of evolution, Huxley

become the great defender and popularizer of Darwin’s The origin of species. Huxley

argued for greater freedom of research and education so that truth could be known.

ALFRED LORD TENNYSON (1809-18920)

He began to have personal and religious doubts. In a series of poems which,

during seventeen years, recorded the stages of his grief, doubt, resignation, and finally faith. He wrote his masterpiece published in 1850 as in memoriam. The immediate success of

his work and his award of a pension and appointment

as poet laureate.

His Work are : In Memoriam , The

Princess, The Passing of Arthur,

Ulysses and Tithonus

ELIZABETH BARRET BROWNING (1806-1861) AND ROBERT BROWNING (1812-1889)

The browning are perhaps the most famous couple in English literature. Robert browning is now recognized as the greater poet of the two, but before Elizabeth and Robert met, she was better known than he. His first work of any importance is Pauline(1833), an introspective poem, which shows very strongly the influence of Shelley, whom, at this period, browning held in great reverence. Paracelsus (1835), the story of the hero’s unquenchable thirst for that breadth of knowledge which is beyond the grasp of one man, brings to the fore browning’s predominant ideas—that a life without love must be a failure, and that god is working all things to end beyond human divining.

CHARLES DICKENS (1812-1870)He lived to enjoy a reputation that was unexampled, surpassing even than that of Scottish novelist. He varied his work with much travelling—among other places to America (1842), to Italy (1844), to Switzerland (1846), and again to America (1859). His popularity was exploited in journalism, for he edited the daily news (1846), and founded household word (1849) and all the year round (1859). His famous literary work are Oliver twist (1837),Nicholas nickleby (1838), a christmas carol (1843) and Dombey and son (1846), bleak house (1852), hard times (1854) a tale of two cities (1859) and great expectations (1860).

Novelists of Victorian Age1. Charles Dickens2. William Makepeace

Thackeray3. Emily Brontë's4. George Eliot5. George Meredith6. Anthony Trollope7. Thomas Hardy8. Samuel Butler9. Lewis Carroll10. Benjamin Disraeli

11. George Gissing12. Elizabeth Gaskell13. Wilkie Collins

Masters of Nonfiction1. Thomas Macaulay2. Thomas Carlyle3. John Stuart Mill4. Thomas Henry

Huxley5. Cardinal Newman6. John Ruskin7. Karl Marx8. Friedrich Engels9. Matthew Arnold

The Poets of Victorian Age

1. Alfred, Lord Tennyson2. Robert Browning3. Elizabeth Barrett

Browning4. Rudyard Kipling5. Francis Thompson6. Alice Meynell7. Christina Rossetti8. Lionel Johnson9. Dante Gabriel Rossetti10. William Morris

11. Coventry Patmore12. Algernon Charles

Swinburne13. Gerard Manley Hopkins14. A. E. Housman15. Thomas Hardy

Summary The age of Victoria (1837-1901) approaches our own so closely that it is still

difficult to form an accurate judgment of its history or literature. In a review of the history of the age we noted three factors, democracy, science, imperialism, which have profoundly influenced English letters from 1850 to the present time.

Victorian literature includes :1. The life and works of the two greater poets of the age, Tennyson and

Browning. 2. The work of Elizabeth Barrett, Matthew Arnold, Rossetti, Morris and

Swinburne, who were selected from the two hundred representive poets of the period.

3. The life and the chief works of the major novelists, Dickens, Thackeray and George Eliot.

4. A review of some other novelists of the age, the Brontë Sisters, Mrs. Gaskell, Anthony Trollope, Blackmore, Kingsley, Meredith, Hardy and Stevenson.

5. The typical essayists and historians, Macaulay, Carlyle, Ruskin, with a review of other typical groups of writers in the fields of religion, history and science.

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