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The VoyageThe VoyagePublic SpeakingPublic Speaking
Adapted from materials provided by Allyn and Bacon
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Public Speaking Produces Public Speaking Produces Anxiety in Most PeopleAnxiety in Most People
3. Death
2. Snakes
1. Public Speaking
People’s Biggest Fears
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Reducing Anxiety - Reducing Anxiety - Understand...Understand...
The Communication Process
Your Purpose
People Want To Like You
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Overcoming Speech Overcoming Speech AnxietyAnxiety
Acknowledge Your Fear
Act Confident
Channel Nervous Energy
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Overcoming Speech Anxiety Overcoming Speech Anxiety (con’t)(con’t)
Practice, Practice, Practice
Simulate Setting at Home
Ask Friends to Be Practice Audience
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Overcoming Speech Anxiety Overcoming Speech Anxiety (con’t)(con’t)
Visualize Your Success
Use Deep-breathing Techniques
Focus on Message, not Fear
Give Yourself a Mental Pep Talk
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Understand Understand Communication Process Communication Process
and Barriersand BarriersSender/Receiver
Encoder/Decoder
Message
Channel
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MessageMessage&&
ChannelChannel
Receivers/Decoders
Noise
Context
FeedbackFeedback
Frame ofReference
FeedforwardFeedforwardFrames ofReference
Sender/Encoder
Understand Communication Understand Communication Process and BarriersProcess and Barriers
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Understand Audience and Understand Audience and ListeningListening
People Think Faster Than Hear
Have Short Attention Span
Jump to Conclusions
Easily Distracted
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Listening RemediesListening Remedies Keep Speech Focused
Divide Speech into Compact Segments
Analyze Audience Carefully
Adapt to Situation
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Understand Audience Understand Audience MemoryMemory
Time
Amount of SpeechRemembered
+
+
-
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Understand The Speech Understand The Speech ContextContext
AudienceSetting
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Context - The AudienceContext - The AudienceSize
Demographics
Beliefs and Values
Receptive/Antagonistic
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Context - The SettingContext - The Setting Indoor/Outdoor
Size and Shape of Room
Arrangement of Seating
Equipment Available
Lighting
Acoustics
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Understand & Define Your Understand & Define Your PurposePurpose
Inform Persuade Entertain Introduce Eulogize Accept Pay Tribute
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Understand the Speech Understand the Speech Making ProcessMaking Process
Choosing/Narrowing a TopicResearching TopicOrganizing Your SpeechDeveloping an OutlineDeveloping Visual AidsRehearsing SpeechDelivering Speech
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Choosing an Appropriate TopicChoosing an Appropriate Topic
Is It Important to You?Is It Important to Your Audience?Will It Hold Audience’s Attention?Is It Manageable in the Time Available?Is It Appropriate for Oral Presentation?Is It Clear?
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The 4-H Voyage will provide the skills
needed to succeed at DPA and in life .
Develop Central IdeaDevelop Central Idea
Write a one sentence
summary of speech.
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Generate Main IdeaGenerate Main IdeaDoes It Have Logical Divisions?
Are There Reasons Why It Is True?
Can You Support It?
A...B...C...Because...
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Narrowing a Topic - ExampleNarrowing a Topic - Example
Protecting the Environment
Water Quality in My State
Well Water Problems
Utilizing Home Well Assessments to Reduce
Contamination Risk
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Getting Topic FeedbackGetting Topic Feedback From Members of Potential Audience
From Friends
From Family
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Researching Topic and Researching Topic and Finding Supporting MaterialFinding Supporting Material
Sources of Supporting Material
Types of Supporting Material
Tests of Supporting Material
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Sources of Supporting Material Sources of Supporting Material
Libraries– Books
– Periodicals
– Newspapers
– Reference Materials
– CD-ROM Data Bases
– Government Documents
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Sources of Supporting Sources of Supporting Material (con’t)Material (con’t)
The Internet/World Wide Web– Search Engines
Infoseek Yahoo Lycos HotBot Google
– Online Libraries
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Types of Supporting MaterialTypes of Supporting Material
Common Knowledge
Direct Observation
Examples & Illustrations
Explanations & Descriptions
Documents
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Tests of Supporting MaterialTests of Supporting Material
Is Information Specific?
Is Source an Expert?
Is Source Unbiased?
Is Information Timely?
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Tests of Supporting Tests of Supporting Material (con’t)Material (con’t)
Is Information Relevant to Point Made?
Does Information Support the Point?
Is Information Timely?
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Special Considerations for Special Considerations for Online InformationOnline Information
In Physical Print, Quality Is Controlled by Experts– Journals - Peer Review– Periodicals - Editors– Published Texts - Editors, Librarians
Online, Must Do Own Quality Control– Beware! Everything On the Web Is Not ALL True
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Organizing Your SpeechOrganizing Your Speech
Chronological
Topical
Spatial
Cause-Effect
Problem-Solution
Comparison- Contrast
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Types of OutlinesTypes of OutlinesPreliminary Outline
(Rough-Draft)– Main points to
research
Preparation Outline
Title & TopicPurposeIntroductionMain and Sub-PointsTransitionsConclusionSupport/Evidence
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Types of OutlinesTypes of Outlines Speaker’s Outline
– Introduction
– Main Point
– Support
– Transitions
– Conclusion
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Ethics in Speech Preparation Ethics in Speech Preparation - Researching- Researching
Take Accurate Notes When Researching
Record Complete Source Citations
Credit Source of Ideas
When in Doubt, Cite Source
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Don’t Use Someone Else’s Don’t Use Someone Else’s Speech!Speech!
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IntroductionsIntroductions
Types
Functions
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Types of IntroductionsTypes of Introductions Identification with Audience
Reference to Situation
Statement of Purpose
Statement of Importance of Topic
Surprise Audience with Claim or Statistic
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Types of Introductions (con’t)Types of Introductions (con’t) Anecdotal Story
Rhetorical Question
Quotation
Humor
““So there I was at the summit of So there I was at the summit of Mt. Killimanjaro, and I turned to Mt. Killimanjaro, and I turned to the guide and said…”the guide and said…”
““So there I was at the summit of So there I was at the summit of Mt. Killimanjaro, and I turned to Mt. Killimanjaro, and I turned to the guide and said…”the guide and said…”
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Functions of IntroductionsFunctions of IntroductionsGet Attention
Introduce Topic
Provide Motivation
Establish Credibility
Preview Speech
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ConclusionsConclusions
Types
Functions
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Types of ConclusionsTypes of ConclusionsSummary
Quotation
Personal Reference
Challenge to Audience
Offer Vision of the Future
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Types of ConclusionsTypes of ConclusionsAnecdotal Story
Rhetorical Question
Quotation
Humor Remember what Dwight D. Eisenhower once said, “Things are more like they are now, than they have ever been before.”
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Functions of ConclusionsFunctions of ConclusionsSummarize Speech
Reemphasize Main Idea
Motivate Response
Provide Closure
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Using Visual AidsUsing Visual AidsWhat are the benefits?
How will they effect attention?
How will they effect memory?
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Memory and Visual AidsMemory and Visual Aids
Percent of Speech Remembered After...
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
VerbalOnly
VisualOnly
Verbal &Visual
Pe
rce
nt
3 Hours
3 Days
Zayas-Baya, 1977
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Guidelines for Using Visual Guidelines for Using Visual AidsAids
Make It Easy to See
Keep It Simple
Make It Consistent with Objective
Maintain Eye Contact
Talk about Visual Aid
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More Guidelines for Using More Guidelines for Using Visual AidsVisual Aids
Don’t Pass Items Around
No Dangerous or Illegal Aids
Avoid Using Live Animals
Prepare for Problems (Have Backups)
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Types of Visual AidsTypes of Visual Aids
Slides
Posters
Objects
Models
Handouts
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Design Rules for Visual Aids Design Rules for Visual Aids - Size- Size
72 PT60 PT44 PT36 PT32 PT28 PT24 PT18 PT14 PT
Relative
Type Sizes in
Points
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Design Rules for Visual Aids - Design Rules for Visual Aids - ColorColor
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Design Rules for Visual Aids Design Rules for Visual Aids - Typeface- Typeface
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Design Rules for Visual Aids -Design Rules for Visual Aids -Alignment & ProximityAlignment & Proximity
Proximity Aids OrganizationProximity Aids Organization
Links main pointsLinks main points
Connects sub-pointsConnects sub-points
Links text to graphicsLinks text to graphics
Frees up “white space”
Establishes visual units
Provides powerful image
Frees up “white space”Frees up “white space”
Establishes visual unitsEstablishes visual units
Provides powerful imageProvides powerful image
Proximity Aids OrganizationProximity Aids Organization
Links main pointsLinks main points
Connects sub-pointsConnects sub-points
Links text to graphicsLinks text to graphics
Frees up “white space”
Establishes visual units
Provides powerful image
Frees up “white space”Frees up “white space”
Establishes visual unitsEstablishes visual units
Provides powerful imageProvides powerful image
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Design Rules for Visual Design Rules for Visual Aids - ContrastAids - Contrast
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Design Rules for Visual Design Rules for Visual Aids - RepetitionAids - Repetition
Repeat SymbolsRepeat Symbols
Unique bulletsUnique bullets
Repeated clip artRepeated clip art
Consistent typefaceConsistent typeface
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Design Rules for Visual Aids - Design Rules for Visual Aids - Repetition (con’t)Repetition (con’t)
Repeat ColorsRepeat Colors
Title colors
Text colors
Background colors
Title colorsTitle colors
Text colorsText colors
Background colorsBackground colors
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Design Rules for Visual Aids Design Rules for Visual Aids - Repetition (con’t)- Repetition (con’t)
Repeat SpacingRepeat Spacing
Title spaced consistently
Text spaced consistently
Elements grouped
Title spaced consistentlyTitle spaced consistently
Text spaced consistentlyText spaced consistently
Elements groupedElements grouped
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Design Rules for Visual Aids Design Rules for Visual Aids - Information- Information
Too
Little
Graphics ProgramsGraphics Programs
BeginBegin
DevelopDevelop
EnterEnter
DesignDesign
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Design Rules for Visual Aids Design Rules for Visual Aids - Information- Information
Too
Much
How to Use Microsoft’s PowerPointTM
Graphics ProgramHow to Use Microsoft’s PowerPointHow to Use Microsoft’s PowerPointTMTM
Graphics ProgramGraphics Program
Begin with an idea which will form thebasis of your presentation
Develop an outline of all The main pointsand subpoints
Enter the outline in the program’soutlining feature
Design “slides” with either custom or stockbackgrounds, clip art, and text color
Begin with an idea which will form theBegin with an idea which will form thebasis of your presentationbasis of your presentation
Develop an outline of all The main pointsDevelop an outline of all The main pointsand subpointsand subpoints
Enter the outline in the program’sEnter the outline in the program’soutlining featureoutlining feature
Design “slides” with either custom or stockDesign “slides” with either custom or stockbackgrounds, clip art, and text colorbackgrounds, clip art, and text color
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Design Rules for Visual Aids Design Rules for Visual Aids - Information- Information
Enough
Using Microsoft’s PowerPointTMUsing Microsoft’s PowerPointUsing Microsoft’s PowerPointTMTM
Begin with an idea
Develop an outline
Enter outline in the program
Design “slides”
Begin with an ideaBegin with an idea
Develop an outlineDevelop an outline
Enter outline in the programEnter outline in the program
Design “slides”Design “slides”
“Putting thepieces
together”
“Putting the“Putting thepiecespieces
together”together”
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Methods of DeliveryMethods of Delivery
Manuscript Reading
Memorized
Impromptu
Extemporaneous
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Delivering Speech - Delivering Speech - BeginningBeginning
Walk Calmly with Confidence to
Front
Establish Eye Contact
Smile Naturally
Deliver Introduction
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Delivering Speech - DuringDelivering Speech - DuringUse Effective Eye Contact
Use Effective Language
Use Effective Gestures
Be Enthusiastic
Use Conversational Style
Use Notes As Needed
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Delivering Speech - EndingDelivering Speech - Ending“Frame” the Speech
Pause before Returning to Seat
– But Don’t Ask for Questions
Accept Applause Graciously
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Using Visual Aids During Using Visual Aids During the Speechthe Speech
Reveal Only When Needed
Talk to Audience-Not Visual Aid
Refer to Visual Aid
Keep Visual Aid Visible As Needed
Use Handouts with Caution
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Elements of Vocal DeliveryElements of Vocal DeliverySpeech Rate and Pauses
Volume
Inflection and Pitch
Quality of Voice
Pronunciation and Articulation
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Elements of Physical Elements of Physical Delivery or Body LanguageDelivery or Body Language Appearance
Posture
Facial Expression
Eye Contact
Movement
Gestures
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Rehearsing SpeechRehearsing SpeechRecreate Setting
Practice with Visual Aids
Practice Without Memorizing
Time Speech
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Rehearsing SpeechRehearsing Speech
Practice Out Loud
Practice Standing Up
Watch Yourself
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Rehearsing SpeechRehearsing Speech
Practice Gestures
Practice Eye Contact
Practice Volume
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PLAN, PREPARE, POLISH, PLAN, PREPARE, POLISH, PRACTICE, PRESENTPRACTICE, PRESENT
The better you know your material the less anxious you’ll be about presenting it.
Smile and act natural. Don’t apologize for being nervous. No one will know you’re nervous unless you call attention to it.
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REMEMBER!!!!REMEMBER!!!!
Your Demonstration Is Only 50% of Your Total DPA Score
Portfolio Score Counts 50 % Also– Make a portfolio plan– Use a calendar – Be ACTIVE in 4-H, school and community
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SO…SO…
Becoming a Master 4-H’er or succeeding in business or in life is a process.
Know where you are coming from, set your goals, plan to succeed, use your skills and GO FOR IT!