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The Fall of New France
By: Ms. Hasan March 6, 2013 Source: Defining Canada, History, Iden@ty and Culture, (2002) McGraw Hill
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Mind on… • The Rise and Fall of New France:
• hKp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdDgnQSpot0
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Overview • A significant event for Canadian History, Culture and Iden@ty • The conquest of New France was one of the concluding events for European Empire Builders • ‘7 years War’-‐ had a large toll on people of Quebec (there were huge food shortages) • Aboriginal fight for their survival • Fall of Louisbourg-‐ Tides began to change in favour of England • Seige of Quebec-‐ BaKle of the Plains of Abraham (Bri@sh defeat France) • French Canadians and Aboriginals fall under Bri@sh Rule
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7-‐Years War • A struggle for survival for the French Canadians and Aboriginals • Britain’s Prime Minister William Pit (1757) focuses on North America to defeat France • If France is gaining ground in Europe, England would gain ground in North America.
• Britain controlled 13 colonies (Land under the Hudson’s Bay Charter)-‐ 1/3 of the territory that makes up Canada and Acadia.
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7-‐Years War • French Expansion-‐ By 1755, French held Mississippi Valley and Gulf of Mexico • Discontent with the Bri@sh rule in the 13 colonies
• Ohio Valley becomes a killing ground, as both sides fight for territory. • Vic@ms were ocen seKlers-‐ Their scalps were taken as proof of the kill
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Aboriginal Position • Some became allies of French and English, but some believed neither French nor English could help protect their land. • ‘Why don’t you fight on your own land and on the sea? Why do you fight on our land?’
• Many s@ll preferred alliances with the French
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Aboriginal Position-‐ Value line
• If you were an aboriginal during the 1700’s, would you have allied with the French, the Bri@sh or neither?
• Be prepared to defend your posi@on!
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Montcalm and Voudreuil • Montcalm-‐ French General • Had contempt for Aboriginals
• Voudreuil-‐ Governer of Quebec (A na@ve French Canadian) • Voudreuil is allies with the Aboriginals • Montcalm and Voudreuil argued over how the baKles should be fought
• July 1758-‐ 15,000 Bri@sh soldiers, largest army amassed in NA at that @me, aKacked Montcalm and French at Fort Carillon
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Fall of Louisbourg (1758) Bri@sh determined they had to capture Louisbourg because: 1. It was a powerful French Fort in the Atlan@c
Region that served as a naval base for the French Navy
2. It protected the entrance of St. Lawrence 3. It was refuge for French Pirates, who
captured New Englanders ships • 39 ships, 12 000 troops were sent by Britain to aKack Louisbourg
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William PiK orders Louisbourg be ‘totally demolished, razed, and all material destroyed’ ‘It seems the Bri;sh inten;on is not to breach the walls, but rather to kill everyone and burn the town’
Augus;ne du Drucour, Governer of Louisbourg
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Effects of the War on People of Quebec • Farms and homes were destroyed • Food shortages widespread • In April 1759, ra@ons were cut to a few ounces of bread a day • Price of food inflated • Some people resorted to ea@ng grass in order to survive
• Small-‐pox epidemic
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Fall of Quebec • 1759-‐ James Wolfe sends 29 warships (heavily armed) and 15,000 soldiers to Quebec • July 12, 1759-‐Bombardment of Quebec (lasted 9 weeks) • Farms and livestock are destroyed within 150 miles along the St. Lawrence • Sept 13, 1759-‐ Fall of Quebec • Sept 8, 1760-‐ Capitula@on of Montreal (Voudreuil surrenders New France to General Amherst) • Ar@cle XXVII of Capitula@on:
1. Free to exercise the Catholic Religion 2. Savages/Indian Allies shall be maintained in the lands they
inhabit.
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Battles with New France
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Fall of New France
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Consequences of the Conquest • February 10, 1763-‐ Treaty of Paris ended the ‘7-‐years war’ • New France became a Bri@sh Colony • Military rule ended • James Murray becomes first governor of the colony • French Canadians could keep religion and its ins@tu@ons including seigneurial • Fur trade remains intact-‐ French Canadians act as ‘guides’ only for the Bri@sh
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Life in Quebec under Murray and Carlton • French Canadian merchants faced many hardships • Mercantalism-‐ s@ll is the main force governing colonial economic policy (But now under England’s rule, not France) • Bri@sh Merchants take over the Fur Trade • French Canadians not allowed to vote/hold public office because of their own religion • Atlan@c Canada-‐ some expelled French Canadians returned • Mainly went to New Brunswick and along St. Lawrence • Acadia flourished with a French community again
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Aboriginals and the Conquest • The conquest was a disaster for the Aboriginals • When English and French were baKling over control of North America, Aboriginals could form alliances or stay neutral-‐ they could pit one colonial power over the other, but now with Bri@sh control, they had lost this strategic posi@on. • Loss of guns/ammuni@on and trade goods. • Were not given ‘gic distribu@ons’ for living on aboriginal land • In the regions to the West of the 13 colonies, the Bri@sh con@nued to move into aboriginal territory
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Pontiac-‐ The War Chief • Confederacy of the 7 fires (7 na@ons) • Pon@ac emerged as a leader • He wanted the aboriginals to rid their dependence on European goods and return to a tradi@onal way of life • He convinced the members of the confederacy to make war against the English • In the summer of 1763-‐ 7 na@ons took 9 Bri@sh Forts
• General Amherst was outraged! • He decided to spread smallpox against the aboriginals by giving them blankets used by those infected with the disease • Pon@ac signed a Peace Treaty in 1765
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Pontiac The War Chief
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Royal Proclamation and Royal Commission • Governers were given power to seKle land which now belonged to the English King-‐ soldiers were to be given land grants. • In 1996-‐ Royal Commission of Canada decided that they needed to examine the past to reveal a cache of secrets. • History has not been wriKen yet from the Indian Perspec@ve • No government had the right to grant lands to seKlers that belonged to the Aboriginal peoples!