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Themes of Biology Lecture Outline
• Defining life by properties of being alive (7)
• Order of structural hierarchy levels of the living world
– Ascending/up & descending/down
– emergent properties
• Unifying themes
– Form and function
– Cell Theory & types of cells
– Genetic material- DNA
– Scientific Method and approaches
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Biological Themes Learning Objectives & Major concepts
• Identify the properties of living things – Learn and explain
• The structural level of organization of the living world • Emergent properties, homeostasis, feedback regulation • Interaction of living organisms within the ecosystem & flow of energy
and recycling of matter • Evolution as a central theme of biology (Natural selection leads to
adaptation of populations and evolution of new species)
• Understand and explain the unifying themes of Biology : – Form or structure dictates function at all levels of the biological
hierarchy – Cell theory & two types of cells: Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic – DNA as the genetic material (information) of all living cells on earth – The Scientific Method and approaches to studying of biology:
reductionism & systems biology
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Properties of Living Organisms (1) Order
(2) Reproduction
(3) Growth and development
(4) Energy processing
(7) Evolutionary adaptation
(6) Regulation
(5) Interact with the environment
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Properties of Living Organisms • Order • Reproduction • Growth and development • Energy processing or transformation • Interaction with environment • Regulation of internal conditions –Homeostasis • Evolutionary adaptation
• Ordered organization of the living world o Levels of structural hierarchy o ascending vs. descending- o emergent properties
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Regulation of internal conditions- Homeostasis
Biological processes are self-regulating by feedback mechanisms
1. Negative feedback
2. Positive feedback
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Living organisms interact with their environment transforming energy
Decomposers
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Living organisms interact with their environment transforming energy
Ecosystem
Sunlight Producers (such as plants)
Consumers (such as animals)
Heat
O2 O2
CO2
Chemical energy (food)
CO2
Water and minerals taken up by tree roots
Cycling of chemical nutrients
Decomposers (in soil)
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Figure 1.4 Ecosystem
Sunlight
CO2
Heat
Chemical energy (food)
Producers (such as plants)
Water and minerals taken up by tree roots
Cycling of chemical nutrients
Decomposers (in soil)
Consumers (such as animals)
CO2
O2 O2
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Sperm cell
Nuclei containing DNA
Egg cell
Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents
Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA
Offspring with traits inherited from both parents
Growth & Development
Unspecialized cells
Different specialized
cells
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Evolutionary Adaptation of populations Populations: groups of organisms belonging to the
same species
Populations • Genetic diversity • Under influence of external factors • Differential reproductive success (Natural Selection)
Populations adapt to their surrounding and evolve
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Evolutionary Adaptation – Charles Darwin
How evolution really works http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evoluti
on/library/11/2/e_s_4.html
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Levels of Order in the Living World
– Organized into structural hierarchical levels
– Ascending vs. Descending
– Each level builds on the level below it
– Interaction between components of each
level of the structural hierarchy leads to the
emergence of new properties
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Atoms/Elements
Molecules
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Chemical world
Biological World
Non-living
Living
Ascending
Descending
Viruses: organized structure of biomolecules
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Figure 1.2_1
Biosphere
Madagascar
Ecosystem: Forest in
Madagascar
Community: All organisms in
the forest
Population: Group of ring-tailed
lemurs
Organism: Ring-tailed lemur
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Figure 1.2_2
Organism: Ring-tailed lemur
Organ system: Nervous system
Organ: Brain
Tissue: Nervous tissue
Nerve
Spinal cord
Brain
Organelle: Nucleus
Cell: Nerve cell
Nucleus
Atom
Molecule: DNA
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Emergent Properties
Biological systems are much more than the sum of their parts
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Biological Themes
• Form/structure and Function • The Cell Theory & Types of cells • Genetic Material- DNA
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Structure or form fits function at all levels of the biological organization
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Atoms/Elements
Molecules
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Chemical world
Biological World
Non-living
Living
Ascending
Descending
Viruses: organized structure of biomolecules
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Biological Themes/ The cell Theory
• A cell is the basic unit of biological structure and function
• All cells arise from preexisting cells
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Two Types of cells on earth differ in size and complexity
– Prokaryotic cells: DNA is not surrounded by a membrane
– Eukaryotic cells: membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA-containing nucleus
Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell
Cytoplasm
DNA (no nucleus)
Membrane
Nucleus (membrane- enclosed)
Membrane
Membrane- enclosed organelles
DNA (throughout nucleus) 1 µm
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Nucleus
DNA
Cell
Genetic Material/DNA
- DNA directs all cell’s activities
- Genetic information must be duplicated before any cell divides
Nucleotide
A
C
T
A
T
A
C
C
G
G
T
A
T
A
DNA
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Electronic information
recognized by Player
Music is produced
Analogy
Genetic information
recognized by Cell machinery
Protein is produced