Therapies•Insight Therapies•Relationship Therapies•Behavior Therapies•Cognitive Therapies•Biological Therapies •Evaluating the Therapies•Culture- and Gender- Sensitive Therapies
Why Seek Therapy?
Approaches to Therapy
Therapy Nature of Psycho-pathology
Goal ofTherapy
Psycho-analytic
Humanistic
Maladjustment reflects inadequate conflict resolution and fixation in early development
Pathology re-flects an incongruity between the real self and the potential, desired self. Overdependence on others for gratification and self-esteem
Attainment of maturity, strengthened ego functions, reduced control by unconscious or repressed impulses.
To foster self-determination, release human potential, expand awareness
Role ofTherapist
An investigator, uncovering conflicts and resistances.
An empathetic person in true encounter with client, sharing experiences.
Role of Unconscious Material
Primary in classical psycho-analysis, less emphasis in ego analysis
Emphasis is primarily on conscious experience
Role ofInsight
Includes not solely intellectual understanding but also emotional experiences
Used by many, but there is more emphasis on how and what questions than on why questions
Techniques
Analyst takes an active role in interpreting the dreams and free associations in patients
Client is asked to see the world from a different perspective and is encouraged to focus on current situations rather than past ones
Approaches to Therapy Continued
Therapy Nature of Psycho-pathology
Goal ofTherapy
Behavior
Cognitive
Symptomatic behavior stems from faulty learning. The symptom is the problem; there is no underlying disease.
Maladjustment occurs because of faulty, irrational thought patterns
To relieve symptomatic behavior by suppressing or replacing maladaptive behaviors
To change the way clients think about themselves and the world
Role ofTherapist
A helper, helping client unlearn old behaviors and learn new ones
A trainer and coinvestig-ator helping the client learn new, rational ways to think about the world and self
Role of Unconscious Material
No concern with unconscious processes
Little or no concern with unconscious processes
Role ofInsight
Irrelevant and unnecessary
Irrelevant, but may be used if it does occur
Techniques
Clients learn new responses; purpose is to establish new behaviors and eliminate faulty or undesirable ones
Clients learn to think situations thorough logically and to reconsider many of their irrational assumptions
Psychoanalysis
Insight Therapies
Humanistic therapyGoal is self-actualization. Person-centered therapy (non-directive therapy)
Gestalt therapyEmphasizes experiencing feelings, thoughts, and
actions and then taking responsibility for them.Directive therapy
Relationship Therapies
Interpersonal therapy (IPT)Community PsychotherapyCouple and family therapyGroup therapy
Self-help groupPsychodrama
Behavior Therapies
Based on Operant Conditioning:Behavior modificationToken economies
Based on Classical Conditioning:Systematic desensitizationFloodingExposure and Response preventionAversion therapyParticipant-Modeling
Cognitive Therapies
Rational Emotive Therapy
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
The ABCs of Rational-Emotive Therapy
Harry asked Sally to the concert and was
turned down without a reason
IRRATIONAL BELIEFS“It’s terrible if I get turned down.”
“I’m humiliated.”
RATIONAL BELIEFS“If she doesn’t want to go out
with me, I will take someone else. It’s too bad, but that’s life.”
Harry was shocked, dejected, angry, and depressed.
EMOTIONAL DISTRESSHarry was shocked,
dejected, angry, and depressed.
EMOTIONAL CONSEQUENCE
Harry is somewhat annoyed and disappointed but is looking forward to
the concert anyway.
A causes C
C (Consequence)
C (Consequence)
C (Consequence)
A (Activating Event)
Harry asked Sally to the concert and was
turned down without a reason
A (Activating Event)
Harry believes Sally’s refusal caused his upset.
B (Belief about event)
B (Belief about event)
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
Illogical Ideas
E.g., tendency to overgeneralize setbacks
E.g., tendency to explain away positive outcomes or experiences
E.g., tendency to magnify the importance of negative events
Negativeaffect
Beck’s Therapy focuses on changing this kind of thinking
Negative thoughts, memories, and ideas
Depression
Biological Therapies
Drug TherapyAntipsychotic drugsAntidepressant drugsLithium
Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)Psychosurgery
Dopamine
SSRI’s
Other Considerations in Therapy
Training of therapist Cultural Sensitivity of
therapist Gender of therapist
Listing of therapists:http://www.find-a-therapist.com/
Psychology Today Therapist Finder