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Fluke Thermal Imaging Company Confidential 1
Thermography and Industrial Applications
Presented by:
Reed Buell Fluke Corporation
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Agenda
• Thermography – What, Why and Where
• Applications • Understanding spot size & resolution
– Resolving detail and capturing a good image
• Choosing an Imager • Additional training & support • Questions?
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What is Thermography? Measurement of temperature remotely and assignment of colors based on temperature.
Very effective to inspect: Electrical equipment Electrical circuits Mechanical equipment Heating/cooling equipment Building envelope Electronics Thermal imagers measure apparent surface temperatures.
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– Look for relative hot or cold spots – qualitative inspection – Fix equipment before failure – Keep equipment operating efficiently
Heat (or absence of) is a key indicator of equipment failure
Excessive loading in motor control center
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What represents a “red alert”?
• Equipment conditions posing safety risk receive priority • Transformers operating above max. ambient temperature
– Typical max. operating ambient temp is 40°C (104°F) – Typical temp rise at full load: 80°C for dry type and 55°C for liquid-filled – A 10°C (18°F) rise above max. operating temp reduces xfmr life by half
• NETA* guidelines on equipment and connections: – ∆T exceeding 15°C (27°F) should receive immediate attention
• For similar components and loading conditions – ∆T between components and ambient air exceeding 40°C (72°F)
*InterNational Electrical Testing Association
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Thermal applications
Motors & Pumps
Process
Electrical
Building Envelope
Transportation
Manufacturing
Utility
HVAC
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Some cooling tubes appear to be plugged
Transformer Cooling
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Substation regulators
Note temperature difference
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Hot bushing
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Utility transformer Note temp difference ~30°F
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Vault phase conductors
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Loose connection and overloaded circuit
Overloaded circuit fuse hot on both ends
Loose connection, fuse hot on one end only
• Courtesy of Snell Infrared
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Motors & Bearings
• Over-heating due to: - reduced cooling airflow - under sized - insulation degradation in
windings • Bearing wear due to:
- poor lubrication - miss alignment - excess belt tension
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Tank fill levels
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Evaporative cooling tower
• Calcium carbonate build-up • Restricted airflow • Reduced evaporative cooling
• Normal airflow
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Steam traps
Normal operation – steam is trapped allowing only condensate through.
Faulty trap allowing steam to pass through.
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Solar panel defects
Poor connection
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Building envelope
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Infrared Radiation
• Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than microwaves
• Infrared radiation is radiated heat that cannot be seen by our eyes but can be sensed by our skin
• All objects, whatever their temperature, emit infrared radiation
• The intensity of infrared radiation depends on the temperature and a surface property termed “emissivity”
• When an object reaches approximately 644°C(1200°F) visible light is emitted
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Infrared spectrum
IR atmospheric transmission bands
Long-wave 8-14µ Mid-wave 2-6µ
Infrared µwave Radio Ultra- violet X-rays Gamma-
rays Visible light
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Radiometric measurements
0.03 Reflected
0.97 Re-Emitted
T=0
0.60 Reflected
0.40 Re-Emitted
T=0
• The camera sensor detects infrared radiation
• Only the emitted radiation tells us about surface temperature.
• Different surfaces absorb and emit radiation differently – this is called “emissivity”
• Adjusting emissivity value and background temp improves accuracy.
• R+E+T=1 and R+A+T=1 (A=E)
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Thermal imagers vs. Spot radiometer It’s like having Thousands of infrared thermometers in one instrument
When a thermal imager captures an image, all the background data is also saved along with the picture allowing in-depth post processing analysis.
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Distance to Spot Ratio D:S
Distance-to-Spot Ratio is distance from instrument to the object compared to the size of the spot being measured
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Imager IFOV (or Instantaneous Field of View)
• Spatial resolution or smallest detail seen by imager. • Determined by imager’s optics and detector. • Specified in milliradians or mRad (1 mRad = 0.0573°) • D:S ratio = 1/IFoV
Example: IFoV= 1.25 mRad (0.072°)
30’
0.45”
800:1
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FOV, IFOV, IFOVmeas
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Qualitative vs. Quantitative Inspections
Qualitative • You don’t need to know the
temperature to see there is a problem • Very intuitive • Easy to see variations from the norm
Quantitative • Requires radiometric (temperature
reading) • Ability to compare to established
limits • Track even slight variations • Must measure under known loading
conditions
• Courtesy of Snell Infrared
• Courtesy of Snell Infrared
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Choosing an IR Camera
• Where will it be used? • How will it be used? • Considerations:
– Thermal Sensitivity (NETD) – Detector Size (Pixels) – Ease of Use – Ruggedness & reliability – IR Fusion Technology – Screen Size – Software – Total Cost of Ownership
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Thermal Imagers for Industrial Applications
Performance
Ti32
Ti27
Ti29
Ti125
Ti110
Ti100 (160x120)
(240x180)
(320x240)
(280x210)
(160x120)
(160x120)
Pric
e
$2k
$8k
Ti105 160x120
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Software documents findings
• Generate reports • Save images and track temperatures over time. • Compare baseline images to later images. • Validate corrective actions with additional scans.
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Additional training and information
• Fluke Thermal Imaging Training Center – www.fluke.com/titraining
• Hands-On Seminars • The Snell Group:
– Online Training – Level 1, 2 & 3 Thermography Training – Application Specific Training – www.snellgroup.com
• Application Notes
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Thanks for attending!
Questions?