Download - Thursday 1500 Lupins in Aquaculture
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International Lupin Conference Fremantle, 14th- 18thSeptember 2008
Dr Brett Glencross Aquaculture Feed Grains Programepartment of Fisheries
O Box 20, North Beach 6020 estern Australia
HARVESTING THEBENEFITS OF LUPINSIN AQUACULTUREFEEDS
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1 in every 2 fish eaten is now farmed
The Rise of Aquaculture
Industrial/Reduction Fisheries
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Feed Resource LimitsProtein Fat - Starch
40 30 - 10
45 20 - 10
50 15 - 10
30 6 - 20
Australia 25 12 63
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Being too dependent on any one ingredient is aRISK due to: Supply issues Price volatility Contaminant issues
Managing Ingredient RISK
Source : IFFO
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The RISK can be reduced by using alternativeingredients to provide nutrients and energy However some types of alternatives introducenew variety of RISKS
Contaminants (e.g. Mycotoxins) Anti-nutritional factors (e.g. Saponins)
Quality variability (e.g. Digestible protein variability)
Fishmeal
Fishoil
Wheat
Alt 1Alt 2
Alt 3High Risk Formulation Low Risk Formulation
Managing Ingredient RISK
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Aquaculture Feed Grains Program
From 1992
2002 Forerunner Fishmeal Replacement
Research Programs undertook studies on a wide range of
ingredients
From 2002 to 2008 a focus of studies was made to understand
Grain processing technology Protein concentrate technology Nutrient and energy digestibility
Growth and feed intake variability Anti-Nutritional Factor assessment Fish Gut health Extrusion processing assessment
Involved a large multidisciplinary research team from 7
different organizations (research and industry) with skills in
grain breeding, grain processing, grain chemistry, animal
nutrition, feed manufacturing and grain marketing
http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/docs/pub/ResAquaNutEnviron
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Grain Species
Rapeseed
Soybeans
Field Peas
Lupins
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Processing Lupins
Lupin seed
Lupin kernels
Lupin Protein
Isolate(LPI)
30% protein40% protein60% protein80% protein
Lupin Protein
Concentrate
(LPC)
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Grain CompositionGrain DM Protein Fat Ash Starch NSP
Soybean
Solevent-extracted 89 48 1 9 1 31
Full-fat 91 42 20 5 1 24
Lupin
L. angustifolius seed 91 32 6 3 1 50
L. angustifolius kernel 90 39 7 3 1 41
L. albuskernel 92 44 11 4 1 33
L. luteus kernel 90 52 7 4 1 27
L. mutabilis kernel 91 52 17 4 1 18
Rapeseed
Expellet-extracted 90 34 12 4 1 39
Solevent-extracted 90 39 2 6 1 43
Field Pea
Whole seed 90 23 1 3 32 33
Kernel meal 91 26 2 2 45 17
All samples are expressed as % as received basis
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300320340360380400420440460480500
Quilinock
Mand
elup
T
anjil
Wa
rrah
Moonah
Illy
arrie
K
alya
Be
lara
Y
orrel
D
anja
Ch
ittick
WALAN2173
Yandee
Myallie
Gung
urru
M
errit
Talle
rack
Marri
Wo
nga
Unicrop
Geeb
ung
Uniw
hite
Uniharvest
Protein (g/kg DM)
All samples are dehulled (kernel) Lupinus angustifoliuscultivars
produced in same year from same site
Variability in Composition
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Assessing Effects of Grains
Feed Intake
Utilisation
(Growth/Retention)Digestibility
Pathology
Blood chemistry
Gene / ProteinExpression
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Grain Variability
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
N P Energy OM
L. albus
L. angustifolius
L. luteus
Soybean
Apparent Digestibility Coefficients
Glencross, B.D., Hawkins, W.E. (2004). Aquaculture Nutrition. 10, 65-73.
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0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
0 20 40 60 80 100
Lupin dehulling efficinecy (%)ApparntdigestibilityCoefficient
Dehulling Lupins -
igestibilityProtein
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0 20 40 60 80 100
Lupin dehulling efficiency (%)
ApparentDigestibilityCoefficient
Energy
L. angustifoliuscv. Coromup
L. angustifoliuscv. Coromup
Glencross et al. (2004) Aquaculture Nutrition 13, 462-470
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Differences among Species
Response of each species to ingredient energy
digestibilities of a range of ingredients.Glencross 2008. Unpublished.
y = 0.641x + 0.311
R2 = 0.925, P = 0.0001
0.750
0.800
0.850
0.900
0.950
0.750 0.800 0.850 0.900 0.950
Trout - ADC
Barramundi-ADC
y = 0.467x + 0.387
R2 = 0.619, P = 0.0119
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200
Trout - ADC
B
arramundi-ADC
Diet Energy Ingredient Energy
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Myallie-R
E
F
Belara
Dan
ja
Gungurru
Jindale
e
Kaly
a
Mandelu
p
Merrit
Moona
h
Myallie
Quilinoc
k
Tallerac
k
Tan
jil
W217
3
Wong
a
Yorrel
Crude Protein Digestible Protein
Digestibility Complexity
L. angustifoliusvarieties (kernel meals)Glencross et al. (2008) Aquaculture 277, 251-262.
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Influence of Composition
Digestible protein level is positively affected by kernel mealprotein content and negatively affected by the kernel meal
Non Starch Polysaccharide (NSP) content.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Crude Protein (% DM)
DigesitblePro
tein(%DM)
R2=0.7429, P=0.0001, n=135
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Crude NSP (% DM)
DigesitblePro
tein(%DM)
R2=0.5495, P=0.0001, n=75
Glencross et al. (2008) Aquaculture 277, 220-230.
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Grain Structure
LigninHemicellulose
Pectin
Cellulose
PrimaryCell Wall
PlasmaMembrane
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0.10.4
0.71.0
1.31.6
1.930
3336
3942
4548
0
5
10
15
2025
30
35
40
45
50
45-50
40-45
35-40
30-35
25-30
20-25
15-20
10-15
5-10
0-5
Lignin (%) Protein (%)
Digestible Protein (%)
Glencross et al. (2008) Aquaculture 277, 220-230.
Digestibility Complexity
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Lupin kernel meal NIRS spectra DPV DEV
Reference Mean (%) 41.3 11.5
Reference SD (%) 3.64 0.52
Population Range (%) 20.4 4.4
Population SD (%) 4.3 1.0
SECV 2.7 0.75
R2
0.472 0.355
DPV Digestible Protein ValueDEV Digestible Energy Value
n=75 samples
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Comparative Growth Value
Glencross et al. (2008) Unpublished.
All diets were formulated to the same digestibleprotein (38%) and energy (18.0 MJ/kg) levels
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
Meal Inclusion Level (%)
Fi
nalWeight(g
/fish)
Narrow-Leaf Lupin
Yellow
lupin
Soybean
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Comparative Feed Intake
Glencross et al. (2008) Unpublished.
All diets were formulated to the same digestibleprotein (38%) and energy (18.0 MJ/kg) levels
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
5960
0 10 20 30 40 50
Meal Inclusion Level (%)
FeedIntake(g/fish)
Narrow-
Leaf Lupin
Yellow
lupin
Soybean
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Anti-Nutritional Factors
All values are mg/kg of dry matter unless otherwise detailed
Plant anti-nutritional factors are natural chemical
defense mechanism evolved by plants to protect
them against being eaten
All values mg/kg DM Alkaloids Phytate TanninsTrypisin
InhibitorOligosaccharides
L. angustifolius cv Mandelup KM 33 5,222 0 9,222 85,556L. angustifolius cv Myallie KM 43 4,839 0 5,161 62,366L. angustifolius cv Merrit KM 11 5,761 0 1,957 64,130L. angustifolius cv Belara KM 11 5,889 0 6,444 88,889L. luteus cv Wodjil KM 143 7,253 0 2,857 102,198L. albus cv Kiev mutant KM 231 4,545 568 6,250 78,409Whole Soybean 292 8,202 0 22,247 40,449
Solvent Extracted Soybean meal 44 8,889 0 10,000 62,222Solvent Extracted Canola Meal 22 12,043 1,505 10,860 11,828Whole Canola (Surpass 501TT) 22 10,440 549 9,451 12,088Whole Field Pea (Laura-Dunwa) 11 5,435 7,826 8,152 33,696Dehulled Field Pea (Laura-Dunwa) 11 6,154 989 10,989 36,264
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Alkaloids
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
3540
45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0
100
500
1000
10000
Intake (g) / tank of 20 fish (n=4)
Days Post Treatment Allocation
Gramine (mg/kg)
Glencross, et al., (2005). Aquaculture 253, 512-522.
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Intestinal Pathology
Refstie et al., (2006). Aquaculture 261, 1382-1395.
Normal mucosa
Severe histopathological changes
typical soybean meal-induced
enteritis
Diet Normal Moderate Severe
Fishmeal 3 2 1
L. luteus KM 6L. angustifolius KM 4 1 1
Soybean Meal 1 4
Degree of Intestinal Damage
with Atlantic salmon
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Functional/Technical Aspects Ingredients need to be made into pellets with key physical
attributes, including:
Binding strength
Oil absorption
Durability
Sinkability
Water stability
Extrusion followed by tests on various physical parameters is
the best way to test ingredient influence on feed production
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Grain Inclusion EffectsBulk Density - Precoated (g/L)
400
450
500
550
600
650
0 100 200 300 400
Soybean
Myallie-C
Wodjil
Vacuum oil uptake (g/kg)
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
0 100 200 300 400
Soybean
Myallie-REF
Wodjil
Hardness (force (g) to split)
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
0 100 200 300 400
Soybean
Myallie-REF
Wodjil
Inclusion level (g/kg) Inclusion level (g/kg)
L. angustifolius
L. luteus
L. angustifolius
L. luteus
L. angustifolius
L. luteus
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
0 100 200 300 400
Soybean
L. angustifolius
L. lutues
Sink rate (cm/s)
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?
Most Australian
fish feeds nowcontain a lupincomponent
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Tonnes p.a. Global Lupin Use in Aquafeeds
?
Industry Development2000 -
0 tonnes @ $350 = $0
2004
38kT @ $350 = $13.3M2005 44kT @ $350 = $15.4M
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Market Values
Based on kernel meal value of $350 / tonne andhull value of $100 / tonneDehulling yields of 70%
All values are FOB basis.All values are NON drought year basis.
MarketSeed
EquivalentKernel Meal Hulls
Human ? ? ?Aqua + Feedlot $275 $350 $100Aqua $245 $350 -Feedlot $220 - -
Market Price $200 - -Pigs $190 - -Poultry $180 - -Feedlot $30 - $100
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Industry Development
Commenced commercial kernel mealproduction in 2007
Capacity for 200,000 tonnes
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Summary A variety of lupin products exist with promising potentialfor the aquaculture feeds sector.
The kernel meals of several varieties are already beingused in salmonid and marine fish diets throughout theworld.
Lupins show excellent nutritional attributes for use in
fish diets
Use of lupins can improve the physical properties of fishfeeds in which they are included
Adoption of lupin kernel meal use by the aquaculture
feed sector, has been steady, but limited by volatileworld grain prices.
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http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/docs/pub/ResAquaNutEnviron/
Acknowledgements
Wayne Hawkins, Sofia Sipsas, Mark Sweetingham, Max Karopoulos,Bevan Buirchell, Shandell Pursell
Peter McCafferty, Ken Dods, David Harris, Lincoln Morton
David Smith, Kevin Williams, Simon Tabrett, Margaret Barclay
Neil Rutherford, David Evans, Brian Jones
Chris Carter, Keith Irwin, Louise Ward
Mark Tucek, Jason Craig, Peter Portmann, Ros Jettner
Mirjana Prica, Cathy Fryirs, Sherry Duckworth, Peter Schultz
Rhys Hauler, Craig Foster, Wolfgang Koppe, Gunvor Baardsen
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AlkaloidsTeo Wodjil
Gramine 691 6Epinine 155 279
Spartine 12 18
Multiflorine 23 26
TOTAL 881 329
L. Luteuskernel meals
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-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0 10 100 500 1000 1500 10000 Neg -1 Neg -2 Wodjil Teo Blend
Growth Rate (g/d)
Growth Rate
Gramine Content (mg/kg Diet)
30% AustralianVariety
30% EuropeanVariety
Glencross, et al., (2005). Aquaculture 253, 512-522.
Gramine
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-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 100 200 300 400
Digestible Energy Intake / kg0.8
/ d
EnergyG
ain/
kg0
.8/d
FISHMEAL
MKM 15%
MKM 30%
Efficiency of Energy Use
Glencross et al. (2008) Aquaculture Nutrition, 14, 129-138.
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Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy Development of technology to rapidly assessthe composition and nutritional value of lupinsfor aquafeeds
Widely used by industry