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Tidal Resource Characterization from Acoustic Doppler Currentfrom Acoustic Doppler Current
Profilers
Jeffrey EplerMasters Thesis DefenseMasters Thesis Defense
May 28th, 2010
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Outline• Motivation & Background• Stationary Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler y pp
Analysis• Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current ProfilerShipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
Analysis• Conclusion• Conclusion
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Why Tidal Energy?Washington State Net Electricity
Generation, Feb 20109%4% Natural Gas
9%
10%
CoalNuclearHydroOther Renewables
11%
* WA St t I iti ti 937
66%
* WA State Initiative 937
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Tides and Currents
• Gravitational interactions of Earth, Moon, & Sun system
• Spring / Neap Tidal Cycle: 14.76 days
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
Source: http://www.oc.nps.edu/nom/day1/partc.html, May 1, 2010
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Tides and Currents
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy CenterSource: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/tides/media/supp_tide07a.html
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U.S. Tidal Current Resources
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
Source: http://depts.washington.edu/nnmrec/workshop/docs/Tidal_energy_briefing_paper.pdf
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Puget Sound & Admiralty Inlet
Port Townsend
Admiralty Inlet
Seattle
Objective: How do we characterize the strongest tidal currents for device
siting?
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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OpenHydro Tidal Turbine
3
21 P
Kinetic Power Density
2
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
Source: http://www.snopud.com/Site/Content/Documents/tidal/ai/11-ExhibitF_LargeFormat.pdf
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Data Collection300 kHz ADCP (velocity)Acoustic Release & Buoy (2)
T-POD (porpoise clicks))
VEMCO Materials
Testing (tagged fish)Testing
Hydrophone (noise)CTDO (conductivity, temperature,
depth, oxygen)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
depth, oxygen)
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ADCP BasicsTeledyne RDI Workhorse Monitor-
300 kHz
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
Source: web.vims.edu/physical/research/TCTutorial/currentmeasure_files/image002.gif Source: Gordon, Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler: Principles of Operation A Practical Primer
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ADCP DeploymentsD
eepth (m)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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ADCP DeploymentsD
eepth (m)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Outline• Motivation & Background• Stationary Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler y pp
Analysis• Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current ProfilerShipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
Analysis• Conclusion• Conclusion
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Stationary ADCP Analysis- Overview• Harmonic Analysis (H.A.) of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
resolving the data as a superposition of sine waves due to tidal constituentsconstituents
)cos()( iii tAtu
• Godin (1972) Foreman (1977) Foreman (1978) Pawlowicz (2002)Fi d h l fi h l i d• Finds the least-squares fit to the current velocity data
• Generate tidal current predictions
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Tidal Constituents• Representations of the periodic variations of
the Earth-Moon-Sun system y– 45 Astronomical Constituents– 343 Shallow Water Constituents343 Shallow Water Constituents
Constituent Name Period
M2 Main Lunar Semidiurnal 12.42 hours
S2 Main Solar Semidiurnal 12.00 hours
N2 Larger Lunar Elliptical Semidiurnal 12.66 hours
K1 Lunar-Solar Declinational Diurnal 23.93 hours
O1 Lunar Declinational Diurnal 25 82 hours
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
O1 Lunar Declinational Diurnal 25.82 hours
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Rayleigh Criterion• A methodology developed by Foreman (1977) to determine which
tidal constituents can be resolved with harmonic analysis
RT RT 12
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Rayleigh Criterion
Ex. Resolving the K1 vs. P1 Tidal Constituents
K1 Lunar solar declinational diurnal const = 0 041780 cyc / hrK1, Lunar-solar declinational diurnal const., = 0.041780 cyc / hr
P1, Solar diurnal constituent, = 0.041552 cyc / hr
182111 TTPK days
For T < 182 days K1 contains P1 informationFor T < 182 days, K1 contains P1 information
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Inference• Inclusion of constituents which are important to the
location but left out by the Rayleigh Criterion
Tidal Height
• Long records from the
Tidal Current
• Long records from the• Long records from the specific location
L d f
• Long records from the specific location
L d f• Long records from a nearby location
• Long records from a nearby location
• Tidal Potential Theory
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Current Velocity RepresentationsP i V t 2 D • Progressive Vector- 2 D
• Principal Axis Current- 1 D
• Signed Speed ( + Flood & - Ebb)- 1 D9/18/2009, 10:30-22:40
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Current Velocity RepresentationsP i V t 2 D
• Progressive Vector- 2 D
• Principal Axis Current- 1 D
August November 2009, P.A.V. = 97.4 %
• Signed Speed ( + Flood & - Ebb)- 1 D
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Current Velocity RepresentationsP i V t 2 D• Progressive Vector- 2 D
• Principal Axis Current- 1 D
• Signed Speed ( + Flood & - Ebb)- 1 D
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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H. A. - Determining Inference• Record Length 172 days• Distance 140 m • Water Depth 63 m • Parameters
– Rayleigh Criterion < 1
• Allowed resolving of tidal constituents:– P1 from K1
f
Aug.-Nov. 2009 Nov.-Feb. 201063.4 m 62.7 m
– K2 from S2 98.8 days 72.6 days
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Feb. 2010 Sea Spider Deployment
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Inference Results
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Harmonic Analysis w/ Inference
• Apply inference to from a long term record analysis to improve shorter nearby recordsanalysis to improve shorter nearby records
A l I f f A 09 F b 10• Apply Inference from Aug. 09 Feb. 10 combined record to individual records: A N 09 & N 09 F b 10Aug. Nov. 09 & Nov. 09 Feb. 10
• Comparison of velocity representations at water depth 10 m (OpenHydro hub height)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
p ( p y g )
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Harmonic Analysis Goodness of Fit
iy ii yy 2ˆ
Coefficient of Multiple Determination
- velocity data point in time series
y
ii
i
yyR 2
2 1 iy - harmonic fit to each data point in time series
- mean velocity of the time series
ADCP Stationary Deployment
Principal Axis Current Prog. Vector- 2D Signed Speed
R-squaredDeployment R squared
August-November 2009 0.94 0.95 0.94
November-February 2010 0.95 0.96 0.95
R-squared above cut-in speed of 1 m / s
August-November 2009 0.97 0.97 0.97
N b F b 2010 0 97 0 98 0 98
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
November-February 2010 0.97 0.98 0.98
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Data vs. Harmonic AnalysisS
peed
Raw Data-Aug-Nov
09 d (m/s)
Harmonic Fit Signed S
peed (m/s
Fit- Signed Speed
Analysis
s)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Data vs. Harmonic Analysis
*I f d f P1 d K2 tit t t d th (10 )
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
*Inference used for P1 and K2 constituents, water depth (10 m)
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M2- Amplitude MapD
eepth (m)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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M2- Phase MapD
eepth (m)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Outline• Motivation & Background• Stationary Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler y pp
Analysis• Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current ProfilerShipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
Analysis• Conclusion• Conclusion
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Design of Survey TrackEbb Survey-August 2009
Deepth (m
)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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August 2009 Ebb Survey
Volumetric Binning:
100m x 100m x 5m
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Volumetric Averaging
34 ADCP Velocity ProfilesProfiles
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Velocity PDFMean = 1.95 m/s
Max = 3.21 m/s
Min = 1 24 m/sMin = 1.24 m/s
Data Std. Dev. = 0.33 m/s
ADCP Std. Dev. = 0.2 m/s
Ensemble Size = 167
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Sinusoidal Fit to Averaged Data
t2
TtAtu 2sin
Amplitude = 2.10 m / s
Period / 2 = 6.54 hours
R2 = 0.99
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Ebb Survey Amplitude VariationN
ormalizzed Peak A
mpllitude
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Ebb Survey Phase VariationM
inutes
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Flood Survey Amplitude VariationN
ormalizzed Peak A
mpllitude
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Flood Survey Phase VariationM
inutes
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Outline• Motivation & Background• Stationary Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler y pp
Analysis• Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current ProfilerShipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
Analysis• Conclusion• Conclusion
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Future Work
• Use ¼ Sine Wave Fits for Shipboard Analysis
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Future Work
• Survey Ebb Flood Transition (Slack Water)
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Conclusions
• Stationary ADCP analysis– Identification of spatial variationIdentification of spatial variation– Harmonic analysis residual
• Shipboard ADCP analysisEffi i i l h i i– Efficient spatial characterization
– Quantitative use of shipboard ADCP surveys– Integration of stationary analysis with shipboard
surveys
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Acknowledgements
• Dr. Brian Polagye• Dr Jim Thomson• Dr. Jim Thomson• Dr. Phil Malte• Joe Talbert• Captain Andy Reay-Ellers p y y• Dr. Roy Martin• Snohomish County PUD & DOE• Snohomish County PUD & DOE• My family & friends
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
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Questions?
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center