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Livestock Management Options During
Dry Times
Tiffany Bennett
Livestock Consultant
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Livestock Decisions
•Feed
•Sell
•Agist
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Feeding Considerations
• Costly to feed particularly for long periods of time
• Can still earn some income
• Restocking costs
• Time consuming and mentally taxing
• Potential to introduce weed seeds and damage
paddocks
• Maintain genetic base and breeding cycle
• Must feed stock to requirements particularly young
animals
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Agistment Considerations
• Digestive upsets/nutritional disorders from rapid
change in diet
• Toxicity issues
• Transport and agistment can be costly but often
cheaper than hand feeding
• Biosecurity risks
• Stock theft
• Retain genetics
• Protect soils and pasture
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Agistment Considerations
• Less taxing mentally than feeding
• Written agreement
• Difficult transporting late pregnant and lactating
females
• Check your stock regularly
• Inadequate handling facilities
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Selling Considerations
• No cash outlay and provides cash
• Free up conserved fodder for remaining livestock
• Young animals can be the most expensive to feed in a
drought but often have the best genetics
• Reduce pressure on soils and pastures
• Costly to restock and if a widespread drought difficult
to source
• Loss of income
• Tax liability
• Disease and weed issues from replacement stock
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Feed/Sell/Agist Calculations
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Why Confinement Feed
• Degradation of pastures from over grazing
• Importation of weeds from purchased fodder
• Reduced soil fertility due to erosion
• Sacrifice paddock/area can be used instead
• Areas recover more quickly if some ground
cover is maintained
• Re-establishment of pastures is costly and
results in ‘lost’ grazing whilst paddocks are
being reestablished
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Why Confinement Feed
• What little energy is gained by overgrazing
paddocks is soon utilised by the animals
search for feed
• Purpose built facilities may be utilised later
to opportunity feedlot (Need council
approval if facilities become a fully stocked
permanent feedlot)
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Site Selection
• Ideally located near yards, silos, hay sheds and
water
• Located away from water ways to prevent pollution
(500 meters)
• A slope of 3-4% to aid run off
• Ideally clay clay/loam type soils that will compact
and reduce dust issues
• Existing shade structures should be incorporated if
possible (trees may need to be protected)
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Mob Size/Stocking Density
• Lambs (up to 41 kg) – 1 m2 per head
• Adult Sheep – 1.3 m2 per head
• Weaner Calves – 9-10 m2 per head
• Yearling Cattle – 12-14 m2 per head
• Dry Cows – 15-25 m2 per head
• Late pregnant and lactating females should be
fed in sacrifice paddocks
• Maximum 500 sheep per mob
• Maximum 250 cattle per mob
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Feed Troughing Cattle
• 25-30 cm/head weaners
• 30-40 cm per head yearlings
• 40-60 cm per head adult stock
• Cable or pipe placed 45-50 cm above trough will prevent
stock pushing through
• Troughs should be 45-60 cm wide and 60 cm from the
ground
• Advantage to have troughs 8-15 cm higher at the back
• Self feeders are less suitable for maintenance rations
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Feed Troughing Sheep
• 10-15 cm per lamb
• 15-20 cm per adult sheep
• In sheep with wool longer than 2 cm use the
upper end of the scale
• Edge of the trough should be 40 cm from the
ground
• Concerte, gravel or timber aprons 2-3 meters
wide help prevent bogging or erosion
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Water Requirements
• Locate water at least 10 m from feed troughing
to reduce contamination
• Water troughs should allow for at least 10% of
the animals confined to drink at any one time
• Allow 3 cm space for every head of cattle
• Allow 1.5 cm per sheep for one sided trough
access
• Ensure adequate flow rate
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Water Troughing
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Returning to the Paddock
• Pasture may be lacking in fibre
• Ensure sufficient paddock feed is available
• Limited grazing each day to acclimatise
rumen
• Supplement hay when released into
paddocks
• Never release hungry stock into a paddock
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Feeding Guidelines
• Frequency of feeding is determined by the type of animal
• Dry stock and pregnant stock up to 6 weeks prior to lambing/calving may be fed every second to third day
• Feed roughage source first in situations where hay is not fed everyday
• Stock in late pregnancy, with lambs/calves at foot or young growing animals should be fed daily and ideally in a sacrifice paddock.
• Avoid sudden changes to the ration
• Ideally supply a mineral pellet with a buffer to dry rations or mineral loose with a buffer mix to wet rations
• Offer a 50/50 mix of salt and limestone in a tub at a minimum if not offering a mineral pellet/mix
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Returning to the Paddock
• Pasture may be lacking in fibre
• Ensure sufficient paddock feed is available (minimum of 500kg DM/ha)
• Limited grazing each day to acclimatise rumen
• Supplement hay when released into paddocks
• Never release hungry stock into a paddock
• If not done properly will result in a large break in the wool
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500 kg/DM/ha
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Stock Health
• All animals entering a droughtlot/containment feeding situation should be vaccinated against colstridial diseases particularly entrotoxaemia/pulpy kidney
• Vaccinate animals three weeks before entering the containment area
• Animals that have not been vaccinated before require two vaccinations 4 weeks apart
• All animals should be drenched upon entering and exiting a containment area.
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Health Issues After
Confinement • Highly digestible young pasture can trigger the
onset of pulpy kidney ensure stock are fully
vaccinated
• Rapidly growing phalaris can induce phalaris
staggers
• Rapid growth of improved pastures, grasses,
cereals and broadleaf weeds can lead to
nitrate/nitrite poisoning
• Legume dominate pastures can cause bloat
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Lesson’s Learnt from Previous
Droughts • Acidosis is the biggest killer next to shy feeders
• Animals must be introduced to grain slowly and
adequate fibre provided
• Take care when releasing animals back into the
paddock because of rapid diet changes
• Shy feeders should be removed from mobs
• Incorporate existing facilities where possible
• Feed Limestone
• Dust is an issue
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Lessons Learnt
• Mob sizes that are too large suffer high mortality
rates and decreased production/ability to maintain
weight
• Must have adequate trough space/access to feed
• Changing from one feed type to another during
confinement feeding caused problems
• Disease can spread very quickly e.g. pink eye
• Weaners are the most difficult to manage
• Most people who have confine fed before would do
it again (AWI survey found 98%)
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Benefits Early Weaning
• Sale value of ewes/cows is potentially
better due to selling females earlier than
other producers
• Weaners quieter
• Weaners potentially do better if weren’t
receiving adequate milk from mothers
anyway
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Age for Early Weaning
• Lambs and calves can be weaned at 8 weeks
• Rumen developed enough
• By 8 weeks pasture is a major component of the diet and milk contributes around 10% nutrients
• Calves should ideally be 100 kg and no less than 80 kg
• Lambs should ideally be 15 kg and no less than 10 kg
• If weaners are to be used as replacements management decisions will impact on lifetime productive capacity
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Efficient Feeding
• Ewes and cows benefit by converting the additional
energy available to maintaining bodyweight and
maximising joining for the following year.
• A ewe and lamb or cow and calf fed separately
require less feed than if fed as a unit.
• Feed does not need to be processed through
mother into milk for the lamb or calf.
• Ewes or cows that are not required can be sold or
sent away on agistment
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Requirements
Class of Stock MJ ME Required
per day
DSE Rating Totals
Cow and Calf
(450 kg)
119 13.2 DSE 13.2
MJ ME 119
Dry Cow
(450 kg)
54 6
Weaner Calf 34 3.8 DSE 9.8
MJ ME 88
Ewe and Lamb
(45 kg)
14 2.4 DSE 2.4
MJ ME 14
Dry Ewe
(45 kg)
7 0.9
Weaner Lamb 5 0.8 DSE 1.7
MJ ME 12
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Diet Requirements
• Need high protein and energy diet – 18% min protein and 11 MJ ME min
• At least one third of the ration needs to have a legume grain
• Hay and silage alone are often inadequate to reach requirements
• Introduce calves and lambs to grain whilst on their mother (3 weeks prior to weaning) to train weaners and start adapting rumen
• Feeding lambs at least four times with their mothers before weaning (imprint feeding).
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Grain Supplementation
• Increase grain slowly: 50gms every couple
of days for lambs and 100 gms every
couple of days for calves
• Ensure mineral and vitamin
supplementation especially calcium
• Buffers to prevent acidosis is important
• Monitor dung daily and aim to have 50% of
calves/lambs chewing cud
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Growth Targets
• Extended joining periods may require two
weanings. Weaners that are too young or too
light will do poorly and have increased deaths
rates.
• Weigh a sample of identified individuals
regularly and access condition score.
• Lambs should gain 200 gm per day until they
reach 30 kg and calves should gain 600 gms
until they reach 250 kg
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Water Savings
• Access to clean, fresh water at all times
essential.
• Overall water consumption can be saved
e.g Cow and Calf unit will drink 80-100
litres of water plus 10 litres for calf vs
weaner calf drinking 15 litres and dry cow
drinking 45 litres (110 litres vs 60 litres)
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Trough and Yard Space
• Allow 4m2 for small calves (80-100 kg)
and 8 m2 for larger calves (150 kg)
• Allow 1.5m2 (10-15 kg) for small lambs
• Provide 30 cm trough space for calves and
10cm trough space for lambs
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Early Weaner Health
• Do not combine marking with early weaning as
increases susceptibility to disease and reduced
weight gain as a result of stress
• Ensure mulesing is carried out at least 4 weeks
prior to early weaning to allow recovery and
wounds to heal.
• Vaccinate with a 3 in 1 avoid pulpy kidney a big
threat when high amounts of grain fed.
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Early Weaning
• If not confident to do will all lambs/calves
do it with a portion of the herd eg. maidens
or oldest animals
• First calve heifers and maiden ewes are
often the most difficult to get back in calf or
lamb and should hold the best genetics.
• Worm control can be provided early and
weaners will not be grazing pasture
contaminated by their mothers.
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Delay Joining Ewes
• If autumn lambing you may delay lambing
if:
– Feed reserves are tight and you will not have
adequate feed in March/April
– Move joining from Nov/Dec to January
– Lamb in June rather than April/May
– Lambs born to ewes with adequate nutrition
will always be better lambs
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Delay Joining Ewes
• There are some pitfalls and points to consider if you
are going to delay lambing:
– Grass Seeds
– Over fat ewes at lambing if there is an early break
– Ewes are normally in better condition in Nov/Dec
than in January
– Weaners may be weaned onto dry feed instead of
green feed
– More lamb losses due to cold weather
– Feed wrinkle
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Delay Joining Ewes
• More pitfalls to consider:
– If green feed and stubbles are limited for weaners
other options for finishing lambs may need to be
considered i.e. Fodder Crops, Irrigation, Feedlotting
– Selling lambs as stores
– Higher incidence of flystike on lambs at
mulesing/marking
– Change crutching/shearing times
– More foot abscesses in fatter ewes during wet
winters
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Mating in Confinement
• Excellent results can be achieved
• Response to better nutrition and access by rams to
ewes particularly maidens
• Must manage heat stress to prevent infertility issues
and providing shade is recommended
• Carefully introduce rams to grain ration to avoid
acidosis and fertility issues
• General principles of joining still apply
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Health Concerns in a Drought
• Acidosis
• Pulpy Kidney/Entrotoxaemia
• Salmonella
• Urea posioning/urea toxicity
• Pinkeye
• Coccidiosis
• E. Coli
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Health Concerns in a Drought
• Pneumonia
• Worms
• Water belly/Urinary Calculi
• Pregnancy Toxaemia
• Milk Fever/Hypocalcaemia
• Sand Impaction
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Heat Stress
• Animals in confinement suffer greater heat
stress due to radiant heat, less shade and
less air movement
• Highly digestible and high energy diets
reduce the metabolic heat load
• Sheep and cattle will reduce dry matter intake
on hot days which may increase the risk of
acidosis in confinement feeding situations
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Heat Stress
• Avoid transport of movement in extreme heat
• Provide cool clean drinking water at all times
• Do not over crowd confinement feeding pens
• Obstacles can cause restricted air movement
• Use of sprinklers in pens??
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Welfare of Animals
• Moral and legal responsibility
• Must be fit to load if going to be
transported
• If confinement feeding follow guidelines
• Monitor condition and health
• Destroy humanely
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Questions or Further
Disscussion?
Connecting people in the business of sheep