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Contents
What this Learners Guide is about........................................ 3Planning your learning ........................................................... 4
Section 1............................................................................................. 5Human Perception and Decision Making............................... 5
Section 2........................................................................................... 18Commentary Aids................................................................. 18
Section 3........................................................................................... 36Low Risk Driving Commentary............................................. 36
Section 3........................................................................................... 50On Road Sub-Models........................................................... 50
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What this Learners Guide is about
Thislearningguideisabouttheskillsandknowledgerequiredtoapplyhigh-levelsafedrivingskillstoenabledriverstoapplysafedrivingbehaviours.Thisincludeshigherorderskills,suchashazardperception,riskcontrolandsafedrivingjudgment,decisionmakingandmulti-tasking.
TheElementsofCompetencyfromtheunitTLIM107ADevelopsafedrivingbehavioursinotherscoveredinthisLearnersGuidearelistedbelow.
Delivertrainingonsafedrivingprinciples
Demonstratelow-riskdrivingstrategiestoclients
Demonstrateapplicablesafedrivingrulesandregulationstoclients
Monitorandmaintainsafedrivingbehavioursofclients
Assessclientsontheirsafedrivingcompetence
Reviewassessmentofclientssafedrivingcompetence
ThisunitofcompetencyisfromtheTransportandLogisticsTrainingPackage(TLI07).
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Planning your learning
ItisimportanttoplanyourlearningbeforeyoustartbecauseyoumayalreadyhavesomeoftheknowledgeandskillsthatarecoveredinthisLearnersGuide.Thismightbebecause:
1. youhavebeenworkingintheindustryforsometime,and/or
2. youhavealreadycompletedtraininginthisarea.
Togetherwithyoursupervisorortrainerusethechecklistsonthefollowingpagestohelpyouplanyourstudyprogram.YouranswerstothequestionsinthechecklistwillhelpyouworkoutwhichsectionsofthisLearnersGuideyouneedtocomplete.
ThisLearnersGuideiswrittenwiththeideathatlearningismademorerelevantwhenyou,thelearner,areactuallyworkingintheindustry.Thismeansthatyouwillhavepeoplewithintheenterprisewhocanshowyouthings,discusshowthingsaredoneandansweranyquestionsyouhave.Alsoyoucanpractisewhatyoulearnandseehowwhatyoulearnisappliedintheenterprise.
IfyouareworkingthroughthisLearnersGuideandhavenotyetfoundajobintheindustry,youwillneedtotalktoyourtraineraboutdoingworkexperienceorworkingandlearninginsomesortofsimulatedworkplace.
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Section 1
Human Perception and DecisionMaking
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Humanperceptionanddecisionmakingisverysubjectiveandhardtomeasure.
Motivationsandattitudesplayamajorroleinhowpeopleperceivewhatis
happeningaroundthemandhowtheybehave.Everyoneinterpretsinformationdifferentlyandthisiswhyinterpretationsaresubjectivewhenevaluatingthecauseofevent,thedegreeofcontrolwefeelwehaveoverasituationandknowledgegainedbypastexperiences.
Peopletendtodrawconclusionsbasedonpreviousexperience.
Driversmustbetrainedtoperceivepotentialdanger,bylearningtoperceivehazardcausingeventsthattheymaynothaveexperiencedbefore.
Perceptionconsistsofthementalprocessingofinformationbythesenses.
Themindobservesandprocessesmakinganinterpretationrelevanttovisualpatterns(templatesorschemers)whichresultsintherecognitionandidentificationofpotentialhazards.
Thesevisualpatternsarestronglyinfluencedbywhatwetendtoexpecttosee.Forexample,aswedrivedowntheroadthingsthatinterestusgrabourattentionlikeaparticularmodelorcolourofcarwemaylikeorwanttobuy.
Perceptionisalsoinfluencedbyothersensesbesidevisionsuchashearing,balanceandmusclesenses.Thesefactorsplayalargepartindetectingproblemsinspecialhazardoussituationsandhigh-performancedriving,butlesssothanvisioninroutinedriving,especiallyfornovices.
Perception limitations
Thedriverisabletoobserveandperceiveonlyasmallfractionoftheinformationavailableintheenvironment.Thislimitationplaysamajorroleinhazardselectionandhowthemindthenstartstoprioritiesandeffectrecognitionofdifferentclosingratesofapproachingvehiclesandpedestrians.
Motivation
Emotions,drivesandappetitesareinternalforcesimposingindividualtosolicitgratificationofindividualrequirements.Itisthismotivationwhichinfluencesbehaviouranddirectchoices.
Whilemotivationcomesfromwithin,itmaybecloselyassociatedwithexternalfactorssuchasindividualincentivesanddisincentives(eg.,Wilde,1994a)aswellasmoreinternalmotivatorssuchaspersonalnorms(Parkeret
al.,1992)oractivecaring(Geller,1991).
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Intermsofhowmotivationrelatestodriving,motivationstendtoinfluencewhatthedriverchoosestodo,asopposedtowhattheyareabletodo.
Skills and experience
Ifyouhaveneverbeentaughtcorrectdrivingskillsfromtheinitialstages,experienceyougainoveraperiodoftimemaynotbeofbenefittoyou.Gooddrivingdoesntcomenaturallyanditisreliantongoodtuitionandguidedexperienceoveraperiodoftime.Inmanyoccasions,novicedriversareextremelyluckytosurviveastheybuildexperiencebothgoodandbadinanexperientialway,relyingheavilyontrialanderrorwhichcanhavemajorconsequencesinhazardoussituations.
Todecreaserisktothenovicedriver,experienceshouldbeassistedby
encouragingthenovicedrivertoprovideasoundmarginforerror",whileenhancingskilllevel.Itisuseful(wise)toencouragethenovicedrivertostrivetomastermoredifficultdrivingtaskssuchasthoserequiredonanextendedtrip,nightdriving,negotiatingdifferentterrainandconditions.
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Information processing
Novicedriverv'stheexperienceddriver
TakenfromDrummond,'AReviewandDiscussionofIssuesRelatedtoTraining.'
SkillPerception Novicedriver Experienceddriver
Perceivesnon-movinghazardsbeingmoredangerous
Analyseseachfeatureseparatelyandindependently,
thereforecannotprocessasmuchinformation
Generallyinterpretsmovinghazardsasbeingmoredangerous
Perceivesrecurrentgeneralpatterns,eg.perceivesa
patternasasinglechunkthereforedoesnothavetosearchandintegrateasmuch
Integration Hasdifficultyinintegratingdiverseinformationintooverallassessmentofhazardoussituations.
Attention Failstoswitchattention
Poorinattendingtorelevantaspectsofthedrivingenvironment
Developseffectiveandflexiblepriortising
Strategiesthereforecanswitchattentionrapidlybetweensub-tasks
Judgement Hasdifficultyinjudginggapclearanceandclosurespeeds
Reactiontimes Slowforcomplextrafficsituations
Fastforcomplextrafficsituations
Search Looksnearthevehicle.Monitorsonlyobviouslydangeroussituations
Monitorsvehiclecontrolsandusesmirrorsfrequently
Turnsheadwhilechanginglanes.
LooksfurtherawayfromthevehicleMonitorspotentiallydangeroussituations
Monitorsvehiclecontrolsinfrequentlyandusesmirrorslessfrequently
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Skill Novicedriver Experienceddriver
Carcontrol Brakingandaccelerationoftenabrupt.
Slowrecoveryafteravoidancemanoeuvres
Smootherbrakingandacceleration
Fastrecoveryafteravoidancemanoeuvres
Speed Averagespeedincreasesduringthefirstyearofdriving.
Failstoslowforpotentiallydangeroussituations.
Showsaconsciouspreferenceforspeedoversafety.
Slowsforpotentiallydangeroussituations.
Confidence Morelikelytoratehimselforherselfasabetter-than-averagedriver.
Mayoverestimatethecrashriskinlowtomediumrisksituationsbutunderestimateriskoflessfrequenthighrisksituations.
Lesslikelytoratehimselforherselfasabetter-than-averagedriver.
Risks Seatbeltusedlessfrequently.
Drivesclosertothevehicleinfront.
Underestimatesrisks.
Characteristicsofdeviantbehaviour
Lackofthoughtaboutpotentialimplications.
Feelingsofrepression.
Rebelliousnessandselfishness.
Lowself-esteemandregardforcivicresponsibility
Decisions
Decision-makingisneverendingindriving,asthedriverestimatestherisksandthendeterminesasuitablecourseofaction.Itisimportanttoestablish
withthenovicedriverthattheyformpartofthetrafficsceneandthatthey
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mustmakechoicesanddecisionsthatmaximisethesafetyofothersandthemselvesandthesechoicesaremadecontinuously.
Itisimportantasatrainer,thatyoumonitorwhetherthenovicedriver,onapproachtohazards,coversthebrakepedalthenslowsdownandstopsif
necessarytohelptheirdecisionmethod.Earlypositionselectionandcoveringthebrakepedalonapproachtohazards,isapracticalwayofassessingifthenovicedriverhasmadeadecisiontoavoidpotentialdanger.
How the brain thinks
Intheconsciousmind,thehumanbrainthinksofapproximately7to10thingsatonce.
Inthesubconsciousmind,thehumanbrainthinksofapproximately100thingsatonce.Thingsthatwearesubconsciouslycompetentat,arebreathing,blinkingandotherthinkswedowithoutthinkingconsciously.
How speed effects vision
Theeyesnormallysend40completenewpicturespersecondtothebrain,yet,weonlyobserve7ofthesepictures.Thisaltersduetothespeedwearetravellingat.
Observationisbestwhenstationary(100%).
At70km/h,visualacuitydeterioratestoabout50%ofstationaryawareness.
At100%km/h,visualacuitydeterioratestoabout25%ofstationaryawareness.
Mental habits
Attentionofthemind
Trainingshoulddevelopthenovicedrivertoautomaticallybecomeunconsciouslycompetentatphysicalandmentaldrivingskills.
Theadvantagesofthisautomationarethatitreducesstressandintenseorprolongedconcentration,aswellasallowsthedrivertoperformmultipletaskssimultaneouslywithoutbeingoutoftheircomfortzone.Thisallowsthenovicedrivertofocusonandplacehazardsinorderofpriority.
Whennewperformanceslevelshavetobeachieved,consciousfocusisswappedtothenewtask.Anexampleofthisis,ifapersoncompetentlydrivesanautomaticvehicleanddecidestolearnhowtodriveamanual
vehicle,thenormalsubconsciouslycompetentobservationskillsanddecision-makingskillsbecomeimpaired.Instead,thedriverisdrivingwithinthe
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consciousrealmwithinthevehiclelearningtousetheclutchandchangegears.Thisiswhyyoumustprovideaphysicallyandemotionallysafeenvironment(comfortzone)thatwilltakethepressureawayfromthedriveruntiltheybecomeunconsciouslycompetent.
Sometimesitisimportanttosegregatephysicalandmentalskillsduringthislearningphase,makingsurethatthenovicedriverhasdevelopedmanyvehiclecontrolskillsinthesubconsciouscompetencebeforeintroducingenhanceddecisionmakingskillsassociatedwithprocessingfromscanning,riskmanagementandcalculatingcrashavoidancespace.
Itisimportantthatyoufocusthelearnerdriver'sattentionontherequiredperformance,assistingthelearnerdriver,whenrequired,withtasksthatarenotautomatic.Itisimportanttointerveneifthelearnerdriverisnotcapableofperformingatasklandingoutsidetheircomfortzone.
Asatrainingstrategy,thelearnerdrivershouldbeshownhowtorationallyandpracticallyselectandfilterinformationsoastheycanswitchtheirconsciousattentioninplentyoftime,todealwithneweventsorproblemsthatrequireacomplexdecision.Thekeyfactorhereistheneedtoselectaspeedatwhichthenovicedrivercanmakenewdecisionsconsciouslywithoutbeingunderpressure.Thisrelatestohazarddensity,wherethemorepotentialhazardsneedtobeobservedanddecisionsmadeandthereforetheslowerthespeedthenovicedrivermustdriveinordertocompensate.
Low-riskdriving(developinganin-builtalarm).
Usuallylow-riskdriverscantalkwithpassengerswhilstdrivingcompetently,havingnotroubleinbeingawarewhentostoptalkingandconcentrateonthetaskathand.Peoplewithsoundexperiencehaveanin-builtalarmwhichalertsthemtoapotentialhazardwhenevertheyareinanewsituationorwhenevertheyconsiderthattheirresponsetimecouldbejeopardisingsafety.
Low-riskdriversaimtocommenceforecastingeventsaminimumof5secondsbeforetheyoccurwhichmaximisetheirobservationanddecisionmakingtime.Iftheirfollowingdistanceisnotsufficienttoallowthemtoforecast
potentialhazardevents,thentheyadjustspeedandpositioninordertoachievethis.
Utilisingthistrainingstrategy,theinstructortrainsthelearnerdrivertocalculatethe"5second"distanceatvaryingspeeds,whichshowshowdistanceincreaseswithspeedandwhyitisimportanttoalternatethinkingbetweenshort,middleandlongrangeobservation.
Thismaybedonefromthepassengersidesoasthenovicedriverisundernopressureorneedstothinkaboutotherfactorsindrivingasthedrivertrainerdemonstratesandthenovicedriververbalisestechnique.
Optimismbias
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Psychologistswhostudytherelationshipbetweenthinkingstylesandbehaviourhavediscoveredthatpeoplewhothinkoptimisticallybehavedifferentlytothosewhothinkpessimistically.Peoplewhoareoptimistictendtobemorepositiveinthewaytheythink,believingthattheyaremoreincontroloftheirlives.Inturn,theybelievethatmorepositiveoutcomeswill
occurthannegativeoutcomesforthemincomparisontotheirpeers.
Normally,whenoptimisticpeopleexperiencenegativeeventstheytendtobrushthemaside,notasfailure,butmoreasatemporarysetback,mostlikelycausedbybadluckorunfortunatecircumstances.
Typically,optimisticpeopledonottakethingspersonallyiftheyfail,instead,theytendtoviewthefailureasjustoneincidentandhadnothingtodowiththeiroverallability.Optimisticpeopledonottendtospendalotoftimeonreflectionafterfailurebecausetheystillfeelthatinthefuturetheywillstillbe
abletoavoidanyfuturenegativeevents.
Psychologistsarguethat,asaresultoftheirthinkinghabits,optimistsarehappierthanpessimistsandtendtomakemuchbetterprogresstowardsachievingtheirgoals.Theyhaveastrongsenseofcontrolanddisregardforfailure.Thenegativesidetothisistheytendtotakemorerisksandinturnthisfactorontheroadcancausehorrificoutcomes.
Optimisticpeoplehaveanexaggeratedsenseofcontrol,believingnothingunfortunatewillhappentothem.Theotherpersongoingthroughastopsignillegallymaybeindangerbutiftheydid,becausetheyhavebetterreflexes
andskillswillbeabletoavoidthecrash.Forthisreasontheydonotbelievethattheyneedtobeascautiousasthosenegativethinkingunskilleddriverswithconservativeviewsanddrivinghabits.
Unrealisticoptimismanddriving
Therearelinksbetweenunrealisticoptimismandrisktakingindriving.Unrealisticoptimismiscommoninmostdrivers.Theresearchofmanyroadsafetyexperts,oftenconcludewithfindingsthatmanyaveragedriversconsiderthemselvestobeofaboveaverageandlesslikelytobeinvolvedina
crashthantheirpeers.
Source:FrameworkofDriverEducation,1997
FollowingareexamplesofthoughtprocessesthatmayfuelthisperceptionTheyprovideaguidetotheteachingapproachneededtoalignthedrivers'thinkingmoreaccurately:
'Ilearnttodriveinonlyeightlessonsandpassedmytestthefirsttime.'
'Ihavegoodreflexesandsolammorelikelytoavoidacrash.'
'I'mtolddrivingisdangerousbutIhaven'tcrashed.'
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'I'vedriveninsomeprettytoughconditionsandmanagedtocontrolthecarOK.'
'IseeinformationwhichsayscrashesarecommonbutIhaven'tcrashed.'
'I'vedriventhousandsofkilometresandmadeveryfewseriousmistakes.'
'Iseeotherdriversmakingmistakesallthetime.'
'Icanguesswhichpeoplearemostlikelytocrashbythestupidthingstheydo.'
'ImustbelesslikelytocrashandifIdocrashit'smovebadluckthanbadmanagement.'
Itisimportantthatpartofyourdrivertrainingstrategyaddressesproblemsassociatedwithpromotingoptimismbiasviewsinthelearnerdriver.Itisalsoimportantthatwhentraininglicenseddriverswhodisplayaoptimisticview
thatyoushowtheirlimitationsbothinvehiclecontrolandthoserelatingtoperceptionandrisktaking.Yourtrainingstrategymustincludetherecognitionoffailureandtheimportanceoflearningtoreflectonthisfailuretominimiseriskinthefuturefromotherdriversandtheirownbehaviour.
Attributiontheory
Source:-FrameworkofDriverEducation,1997
Whenpeopleexplainwhattheythinkcausedanevent,theirdescriptionisbasedonwhatmaybecalledtheirworldview.Aworldviewisconstructedovertime,inresponsetoanswersgiventoaseriesofquestions:'Whydidthathappen?'or'Whatcausedthat?'Suchaprocessstartsveryearlyinlifeandcontinueswheneversomethingneworunexpectedisexperienced.Thisworldviewmayleadpeopletoseethemselvesashavingcausedeitherallorpartofanevent,oritmayleadthemtoseethecauseasbeingoutsidetheircontrol.
Causalattributiontheoryisapsychologicaltheorythatarguesthatpeoplewhoattributethecauseofaneventtofactorsoutsidetheircontrolwillbehavedifferentlytothosewhotakeallorsomeresponsibilityforthecauseofthoseevents.Takingresponsibilityforthecauseofaneventiscalled
internalising.Forsituationsthathaveanundesiredoutcome,internalisingcouldbedescribedashavinga'mymistakeview.Attributingcausetootherfactors,suchasotherpeopleorjustbadluck',iscalledexternalising.
Theattributiontheorysuggeststhatpeoplewitha'mymistake'worldviewwillbemorecautiousinriskysituations.Toavoidcausingproblems,theyanticipateproblematicevents.Whentheymakemistakes,theyrecognisetheparttheyplayandlookforwaystoavoidrepeatingthemistake.
Peoplewhointernalisearemorelikelytogivethemselvesusefulfeedbackon
theirperformancethanpeoplewhoexternalise.However,internalisinginitselfwillnotguaranteeimprovedperformance.Knowledgeisnecessary,
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bothofthespecificcauseandofwhatmayleadtothesolution,otherwisethe''why?'questionsmaybeansweredincorrectly.Hence,withtheappropriateknowledgeandskillandinternalworldview,explanationsmaybeexploredandimprovementsmade.Withanexternalview,knowledgeislargelyusedonlytoprovideexcuses.
Causalattributionanddriving
Source:FrameworkofDriverEducation,1997
Thecausalattributiontheorypresentsitselfasapowerfultoolforimprovingdriverskilland,moreimportantly,drivingbehaviour.Learningexperiencesshouldaimatproducing,instudents,aworldviewthat:-
Recognisesfailurewhenitoccursandsituationsthatcouldhaveresultedinfailure;
AskschallengingandappropriateWhy?'questions;
Seeksexplanationsthatpointtointernalfactors;
Providesachievablesolutions.
Itisimportantthatthenoviceorlicencedrivertakeownershipofalleventsandinternalisestheirworldviewaspartofthisownership.
Asatrainerhowyoucommentonpotentialdangercanhaveaneffectonwhetherthedriverinternalisesorexternalisetheproblem.
'Lookoutforbaddrivers'candevelopanexternalview.
Recognisewheretheotherdrivercanmakemistakesandcrashwithyou,candevelopaninternalview.Thenovicedrivermustlearntorecogniseotherdriversmistakestobeabletointernalise.
Recognise optional responses
Driversshouldlearntodescribeoptionalcoursesofactionandhowmuch
timetheyhavetotakethisactioninresponsetopotentialhazards.Theyshouldalsobeabletoevaluatewhichresponseismoreappropriate,discussingthereasonsbasedonhazardpriortisation.Itisimportantforthemtodiscusstheproblemswithinaction.
Riskacceptance
Thedrivershouldbeabletojustifythefactorswhichshapetheirownpersonallevelofriskacceptance,discussingwhatlevelofrisktheyjudgedecisionmakingby.
Retry/abort
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Ifthedriversfirstchoiceisnotappropriate,thentheymustbeabletoquicklyreassesspotentialdangerandre-altercourseappropriatetopreventdangerofcollision.
Motorskills
Thedriversmusthavecompetentpsychomotorskillsinordertoproperlyexecutetheintendedactionwhilstthevehicleisundertotalcontrol.Theyshouldbeabletoverbalisetheirdecisionbasedonwhatcouldeffectvehiclecontrol.
Novicedriversriskacceptance
Jonah(1986)providesagoodsummaryofresearchonthepositiveandnegativevalue(ordisutility)ofriskforyoungdrivers.Hesummarisessuggestedpositiveutilitiessuchas:outletforstress,impressingothers,increasingstimulationorarousal,takingcontrolandactingindependently,opposingadultauthority,frustration,fearoffailureatschool,andpeeracceptance.
BasedonFinnishdata,Summalasuggeststhatittakesabout50,000kilometres(30,000miles)ofdrivingbeforeayoungdriverhassatisfiedhisstrongestextramotivesandlearnttousethecarrationallyorasrationallyastheolderexperienceddriver:
The value of safety
Acompetentdriverwhovaluessafety,basesthissafetyonmotivationsthatencompassesthefollowing:
Theyhighlyvaluelife,boththeirownandothersaswellaspropertyinoursociety.
Theyunderstandandapplytheroadrulestominimiseconfusionbytheirownbehaviourwithothersontheroad.
Theyunderstandwhatariskisandhowtoprioritiesandprotect
themselvesontheapproachtothem.
Isawareofthepotentialconsequencesofaccidents.
How to promote safe driving behaviour
Thebehaviourofdriversisseldomgovernedbyaltruisticmotives(ie.unselfishregardforothers).Trainingshouldpreparedriverswithanattitudetopreservetheirownsafety.
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Humanbehaviourisgenerallymotivatedmorepowerfullybyself-preservation.Therefore,youshouldaimtomakereducedrisk-drivingstrategiesapersonalmotivationforsurvival(defensivedriving).
Theworldviewattitudestoroadsense
Attitude
Attitudedetermineshowknowledgeandskillswillbeused.Itdetermineswhetheradriverwillbecooperativeorcompetitiveintraffic,whetherheorshewillacceptahighlevelofriskorputintopracticetheconceptstaughtindefensivedrivingcourses.
Asapracticeyourbiggestcontributiontoyourchild'ssafetyandeffectivenessbehindthewheelwillbefromyourexample.Patience,courtesyanda
willingnesstoimprovewillbeyourgreatestassets.
Thesafetyeffectsofgooddrivingskillsappeartobeoffsetbyoverconfidenceandincreasedexposuretorisk.Welltrainednovicedriversbecomelicensedsooneranddrivemore,inpartbecauseoftheirownincreasedconfidence,butalsobecausetheirparentsoftengivethemmorefreedomtodrive.
Hazard perception, risk evaluation, and riskacceptance
Whatdriversareabletodoandwhattheychoosetodoaretwodifferentthings.Knowledgeofhowtocontrolacarisnotascriticaltosafetyasindividualmotivation.Strongmotivationmakesupforweakskillsmoresothanstrongskillsmakeupforweakmotivation.Withoutstrongmotivationtoreducerisk,advanceddrivingskillscanleadtomorecrashes,notfewer.
Riskacceptanceisnotthesamethingascrashacceptance.Fewdriverswilltakeariskiftheyknowitwillresultinacrash.Instead,riskychoicesresultfrompoorriskperceptionandtheinabilitytodetecthazardsoftencoupledwithoverconfidence.Goodriskdetection,goodriskevaluationandstrongmotivationmaysupporteachother.However,ifdrivereducationistoproducesaferdriversitmustreinforcetheindividualandcommunityfactorsthatpositivelyinfluencepersonalmotivationandsocialresponsibility.
Attention
Attentionismeanttoincludealertness,arousal,andvigilancethatareessentially'internal'predispositionsinrespondtotheenvironment.Attentiondrivesthesearching,scanning,andnoticingthatthedriverdoes.Itisassumedthatattentionisbothautomaticandcontrollablebydeliberateactionofthe
driver,andthatthequalityofthiscontrolcanimprovethroughexperience.Criticalfactorsincontrolofattentionaredividingitoverthemanydriving
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tasksandswitchingtheallocationofattention.Attentionmustbedistributedamongdifferentareas(eg.,aheadv's.behind)anddifferentcategoriesofobjectsorinformation(eg.,objectsintheroadv's.instruments)
Itispossibletobe'payingattention'andstillmissimportantinformationin
theenvironmentbecauseofscanningorotherdetectionorperceptionfailures.Ourmodelassumesthatattentionisnecessarybutnotsufficientforthedetectionofvisualtargetsandotherinformationinput.
Alertness
Recogniseeffectsofimpairedstatesonalertness
Alertnessisfundamentaltoattentionandnovicesshouldunderstandthe
rangeofpossiblelevelsofalertnessandbeabletoidentifytheinternalstatesandexternalfactorsthatcaneffectit.Theyshouldbeabletoassessandrecognisesymptomsoffatigue,preoccupation,andsubstanceeffects.
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Section 2
Commentary Aids
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Driving when visibility is poor
Keepasafedistancebetweenyourselfandthevehicleinfront.
Donotstopunlessyouhaveto.
Ifyouhaveto,stopthenpullofftheroadtotheleftsideandswitchonyourhazardwarninglightsoryourleftindicatortowarnothers.
Putyourheadlightsonlowbeam.
Highbeamwillnothelpyoutoseefurtherbecausethelightwillreflectbackandmaydazzleyou.
Infoggyconditionsusefoglights.
Managingspaceandtime
Thedrivermusthavespacetomanoeuvreandtimetoreact.
The3-secondrule
Chooseafixedpointontheroadwayaheadandcountthreeseconds.Thedistancetravelledisthedistanceyouarerequiredtomaintainwhenfollowinganothervehicle.
Onethousandandone,onethousandandtwo,onethousandandthree.
Youmustnotletanythingcomeintoyourfollowingdistance.Ifthishappensreducespeedtocompensate.
Ifthefollowingvehicledoesnotkeepthreesecondsbehindyou,thenyouaddthedesireddistancetoyourownfollowingdistance.
The4secondstoppingrule
Thisisanapproximateguidetoenablethetraineetounderstandhowmuchdistanceisneededtosafelystopthevehicleontheapproachtohazardsandwhentheyshouldcovertheirbrake.
4secondsistheminimumdistancerequiredontheapproachtoahazardandalsorelevanttohowcloselyanyfollowingvehiclemaybe.Thecloserthefollowingvehicleisontheapproachtoahazard,thegreaterthebrakingdistancerequired.Therealsomaybeaneedtoincreasetoa6secondbrakingdistanceontheapproachtoahazard.Similarly,increasingthebrakingdistancemaybenecessarywhentravellingdownhillasapposedtodecreasingthebrakingdistanceuphill.
The12secondvisualleadtime
Within12secondsofforwardmovement,thedrivershouldscanthescene,includingthepathsandmakeadjustmentstospeedandpositionasnecessary.
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Giveacommentaryofhazardsthatcollidewithyouoryoumaycollidewithoverthedistanceyouwouldcoverin12seconds.
Onceyouhaveidentifiedthehazards,youmustprioritisetheminorderofimpactzones
Thesmithsystem
TheSmithSystemisoneofthemostwidelyusedmethodsforimprovingdefensivedriving.Itprovidesfiverulesfortrainingtheeyestoseewhatisimportantindriving.Incommentaryyoumustuse'theSmithsystem'relevanttoitspurpose,explaininghowitappliestothetask.
Aimhigh(lookingasfarasyoucanuptheroadtoimprovelongrangeplanning).
Keepyoureyesmoving(dontfixyoureyesonanyonething)
Analysethebigpicture(describealltheroadscene)
Leaveyourselfan'out'(haveyougotanescaperoute).
Makesureothersseeyou(arethereanyfactorswhichcouldpreventothersfromseeingyou).
Professional driver trainer
Stayalert
Aprofessionaldrivertraineranticipateproblemsandalwaysbereadytoreactbecausesomedriversmaygivetheimpressionofbeingconfidentandincontrolbutbetotallyunpreparedtodealwithanysuddenchangeinconditions.Mostnovicedriversarereliantonthedrivertrainerforguidanceandassistance.
Communicateclearly
Directionsshouldbegivenwellinadvanceandexpressedinsimilarterms.Itis
importantthatdrivertrainersarenotmisinterpretedasadangeroussituationmayresult.
Teachsmallmanageablechunks
Arightturninvolvesseveralstepssuchascheckingmirrors,signalling,checkingblindspots,braking,vehiclepositioning,checkingfortrafficbeforetheturn,steering,andrecovery.Toexpectabeginnertofollowallofthesestepscorrectlyduringtheearlysessionsisaskingtoomuchandtheywouldbeworkingoutoftheircomfortzone.Learningtodrivedependsonhavinga
strongfoundation,followedbyaddingsmallbuildingblockswhichcanbeeasilyunderstoodandpreformedsoasconfidenceisbuiltandsound
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techniquesdevelopedthroughouttheprocess.Itisimportantnottotakethenovicedrivertomainroadstooearlywithoutthefoundationandconfidence.
Cool,calmandcollectiveduringpracticesessions.
Ifthedrivetraineractsinarelaxedmannerandincontrolofthesession,itcreatesasoundsupportbasetoenablethenovicedrivertogoontomorecomplextaskswithoutfeelingunsupported.
Informationoverload:
Adrivertraineriscontinuallyremindingthelearnertochecktraffic,tosignalandtobringattentiontopotentialhazards.Itisimportanttofocusoncoreinformation.Commentsshouldbefewandassistalearnerdriverinavoidingsituationsthatarehardtohandle,whichmaydeveloplearningbarriersand
whichmaybedetrimentaltoconfidence.
Reviewontheroadside:
Aftermakingamistakethelearnermaynotunderstandwhatyouwhataccuratelywentwrong.Stopassoonaspossiblewhilethemistakeisstillfreshinthedriver'smemoryanddiscusstheproblem.Itisimportantthatminormistakebetoleratedsothatconfidenceandconcentrationisnotimpaired,alsowhenstoppingatthesideoftheroadtooaddresstheseissues,minimisethetimeasmuchaspossible.
Planning escape route
Peripheralvisionusedforobservingvehicleweave.
Positiondetectionandspeedselectionshouldbeobservedbytheuseofperipheralvision,freeingupcentralvisionforhazardresponse.
Display'innersense'consciousnessforinitiallossofcontrol
Vehiclemovementthroughslidingandorunusualchangesinroadsurfacesshouldbeidentifiedbothvisuallyandauditory.
Risk assessment
Safegapacceptance
Estimateandverify'timetoimpact'(closingrate)
1.Oncomingvehiclesundervariousconditions
2. Vehiclesfromeithersideatintersections
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3. Followingvehicles
4.Overtaking
Estimateandverify'timetocompletion'ofmanoeuvresinvariousconditions.
1. Rightturn.
2. Leftandrightturnsatintersections.
3. Overtaking(completion).
High-riskcollisionevaluation
Novicedriversneedtobeawareofthehigh-riskcategorytheyareinandbeawareofthesecircumstancesontheroad.Theabilitytoprioritiesthecontext,situationandactiongatheredfromcrashstatisticsshouldbeusedtoenhance
decision-making.
Individualisingriskassessment
Novicedriversneedtoknowhowoverconfidencedevelops.Beingawareoftheirindividuallimitations,particularlyintheevaluationofrisk,isdifferentfromdrivertodriver,soasoundknowledgeofonesowncapabilitiesisrequired.
Novicedriversshouldbeabletoidentifythepersonalcausesandeffectsof
underestimatinghazardsandoverestimatingtheirownabilities.
Othersroadusers'expectationsandperspective's
Differingpointsofview
Topredictthelikelyactionsofothers,drivershavetoconsiderwhatcanbeseenfromtheirposition,andwhattheyaretryingtodo.Manydecisionsdependonwhetherthechosenbehaviourwillcauseconflictsbyviolatingtheexpectationsofotherdrivers,pedestrians,andcyclists.Theyshouldfullyappreciatewhatothersexpectfromthem.
Causalattribution/optimismbias
Situationalcontributionstodrivererror
Novicedriversshouldunderstandcausalattributionandshowinsightintonegativeemotionaleffectsresultingfrombias.Theyshouldrecognisetheeffectsofdistractions,emotionsandconditionseffectingtheirowndrivingwhichcauseserrorandbeawarethatothersmightperformthesameerrorsgoingthroughastopsignathighspeed,withoutevenconsideringthe
potentialoutcomes,isaprimeexample.
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Thecommentaryshouldfocusonthemistakesofotherdrivers,bringthesemistakestotheattentionofthenovicedriversothattheymaybeawareofandhopefullylearntoprotectthemselvesintheprocess.
Optionmatchingcommentary
Recognitionofoptionalresponses
Thenovicedrivershouldbeabletodemonstratetheabilitytochooseoptionalcoursesofactionandtiminginresponsetohazardidentification,relevanttotheirexperienceandability.
Thecommentary
Thenovicedrivershouldbeabletodescribetwopossiblecourseoptionsandthepotentialproblemassociatedwitheach,aswellasdetermineswhichisthe
mostappropriatecourse.
Responseselection
Novicedriversshouldbeabletodiscusswhethertheyhaveapproachedandexitedthehazardappropriately.
Thenovicedrivershouldbeabletoverbalisethepositivesandnegativesoftheiractions.
Riskacceptance
Justifylevelofrisk
Novicedriversshouldrecognisefactorsthatinfluencetheirownandothersriskacceptance.
Motor skills
Acceleration
Vehiclehandlingskillscanbeinfluencedbyadriver'sposturalandpositioningchoiceinthevehicle.Novicedriversshouldbeabletoadoptaneffectivefootpositionforthrottlecontrol.Theyshouldbeawareofthebenefitsofsmoothaccelerationandsteadycruisingspeeds.
Deceleration
Novicedriversshouldbeawareofthebenefitsofearlyandgradualdecelerationwithregardsoftheexpectationsoffollowingdrivers.Theyshouldbeabletoaccentuatesteadylightbrakinganddisplaysmoothstops.
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Thenovicedrivershouldnotbraketoolateorheavilycausingthefollowingvehicletobrakeinthesamemanner.
Brakingwithinatimeframe
Novicedriversshouldbeabletousethebrakewithdifferentandappropriatelevelsofdeliberatebrakepedalimpact,stoppingatadesiredpoint.
Optimalbraking
Anappropriateseatingpositionisimportantforapplicationofheavybrakepressure.Thenovicedrivershouldbeabletopreformthresholdbrakingandunderstandthelogicforitsuse.Theyshouldunderstandhowtosqueezethebrakepedalwithoutbangingitandifbreaklockupoccurs,knowhowtoremoveenoughbrakepressuretoencouragewheelrotationwithoutpicking
upmomentumagain.IfthevehicleisfittedwithABSthentheyshouldbeabletosqueezethebraketotheappropriatepressureandallowthecomputertopreformitstasktokeepbrakingpotentialatthethresholdpointoftraction.
OncethedrivercanpreformthresholdandmanualABSbrakingthentheyshouldbeabletodemonstratetheirabilitytobrakeandsteeraroundanobject.
Steering
Novicedriversshoulddevelopconsistentseatingandhandpositionstylesthat
allowforquickandprecisesteeringcontrol.Theyshouldbeabletodemonstratesmoothsteeringresponseswithoutunderoroversteeringandhavetheabilitytoturnacornerusingeitherpullpushorhandoverhandsteeringandstraightenupusingpullpushsteeringonly.
Displaysteadylanetracking
Novicedriversshouldrecognisethebestlanepositionsrelativetotheirsituationandbeabletoholdasteadylinewithminimaldeviation.
Errorcorrection
Novicedriversshouldbeabletodefinethe"pointofnoreturn"inaskidandrelatereasonsforlockupasalastresortwhencorrectionattemptshavefailed.
Demonstrateevasionskills
Novicedriversshouldrecogniseerrorcorrectionsituationswhichrequireemergencyevasionmanoeuvres.Theyshouldunderstandtheprinciplesofandbeabletodemonstrate,wheels-off-road,bitumentogravelandback
recovery,head-oncollisionavoidanceandrearendcollisionavoidance.
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Safetymargin
Choosingasafetymargininvolvesmanagingthetimeandspaceavailablefordetection,perception,evaluation,decision,andresponse.Safetymarginiscontrolledprimarilythroughchoiceofdrivingspeedandplacementofthe
vehicle.
Speedchoice
Modelspeedchoicethatprovidessafetymargins
Novicedriversmustcommittoproperandmoderatespeedchoice,relevanttohazarddensity.Todothistheyhavetorecognisetheeffectsofexcessivetravellingspeedsonerrorcorrectiontime(theirownandothers'errors),whichcanbecriticalevenwhenthetravellingspeedseemsacceptable.
Separation
Safeheadways
Tocommittoproperfollowingdistanceinallconditions,includingspeednovicedriversmustbeabletoidentifywhentheyaretooclosetothevehicleaheadandreadjusttheirownfollowingdistanceaccordinglywhilegivingconsiderationtoanyfollowingvehicle.
Peerpressureonsafetymargins
Manysituations:-distractions,emotions,otherroadusers'errors.Thesefactorscanleadtocompromisingsafetymargins.Fornovicedrivers,passengersseemtobeamajorriskfactorandnovicedriversshouldrecognisetheeffectpassengershaveontheirdrivingandtakestepstothese.Theyshouldbeabletomanagetheeffectsoftimepressuresandotheremotions(grouppressure)ontheirmaintenanceofsafetymargins.
Externalconditions
Novicedriversshouldrecogniseexternalconditionsthatleadtocompromised
safetymarginsandadapttotraffic,roadway,andweatherconditions.
Basicdrivingtips
Drivedefensively.
Concentrateonyourdriving.
Obeyalltrafficcontroldevicesandtrafficlaws.
Becourteoustoothers.
Communicateyourintentionstoothers.
Beawareandkeepalert.Eventhoughyoufollowthelaws,realiseothersmaynot.
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Recognisethatyousharetheroadwithotherswhethertheyarewalking,bicyclingordriving.
Avoidlookingatanyonethingformorethanafewseconds.
Watchforvehiclescomingfromlanesorparkingplaceswhendrivingina
businessdistrict.
Alwaysgiveyourselfenoughtimeandspacetodowhatyouneedtodosafely.
Neverfollowanothervehicletooclosely.
Bemorecarefulandincreaseyourfollowingdistanceatnight,duringbadweatherconditions,peakhourandduringmanoeuvressuchaslanechangesandwhenapproachingintersections.
Donotdrivewhenyouaretired.
Alwaysobeyapoliceofficersordersordirections.Theirdirectionstakepriorityoveratrafficlightorstopsign.
Signalling
Signallingisalegalrequirementandacourtesy.Youarecommittedlegallytocommunicatetootherdriversyourintentionsbygivingtherequiredsignalatleast30metresaheadofwhereyouplantoturn,diverge,slowdownorstop.Beforestopping,turningordivergingmakesureitissafe.Inheavytrafficoronfreeways,signalsoonersodriversbehindyouhavetimetoadjusttheirspeedorposition.Makesureyourturnsignallightstopsflashingbythe
completionoftheturnordivergences.
Passingparkedvehicles
Whendrivingpastparkedvehicles,watchforvehiclesthatmaypulloutinfrontofyou.Lookforcluessuchasapersoninthedriver'sseat,exhaustcomingfromatailpipe,illuminatedbrakelights,aflashingturnsignal,illuminatedreversinglightsor,atparallelparkingareas,avehicle'sfrontwheelsturningout.Watchforavehicledoorbeingopenedinfrontofyou.Also,watchforpedestriansorbicycliststryingtocrosstheroadbetween
parkedvehicles.
Freewaydriving
Whenmergingselectanappropriatespeedsimilartothespeedsbeingtravelledonthefreewayprovideditislegal.Checkappropriatemirrors,signalaminimumof30metreswhileevaluatingtrafficflow.Youmightdecidetoleanforwardwhileglancingbetweenthefrontandsidemirrorssoastowidentheangleofthesidemirror.Whenyouthinkitissafetoproceed,doaheadchecktoremoveanyblindspot.Rememberitisimportanttotravelinlanesthatarenoteffectedbyenteringorleavingtraffic,providedthatitissafeto
doso.
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Windscreen:
Cleancondition.
Noscratchesorcracks.
Windscreenwipers
Nonicksinrubberblade
Operation(wetwindowonly)
Lights
(head,park,stop,reverse,indicator,hazard,no/plate).
Operation.
Cleancondition
Cracks(whitelightshowingbehindlens)
Emergencyequipment
(Tools,jack,jackhandle,wheelbrace,sparetyre)
Location.
Operation.
Condition.
Bodydamage
Checkforanyseriousbodydamageorrust.
Fluidlevels
Checkfluidlevelsof:water,oil,brakereservoirandbattery.
Hoses&belts
Checkforcondition&serviceabilityofradiatorhoses&fan,alternator,airconditioner&powersteeringbelts.
Location&descriptionofinstruments&controls
Dashboard
Lefttorightorrighttoleft
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Fuelgauge
Fuelremainingintank
Temperaturegauge
Temperatureofwaterthatpassesthroughtheradiatortocooltheengine(shouldreadnormal).
Speedometer
InformstheroadspeedinKm/h.
Tachometer
Informsusoftheenginespeedinrevolutionsperminute.(RPMs):-wherefitted
Oilpressure
Alertsusifoilisnotreachingthemovingpartsoftheengine.Seriousdamagewillresultiftheengineremainsrunning(lightshouldbeoutwhileengineisrunning).
Charginglight
Informsifthereisafaultintheelectricalchargingsystem(batterywillrunflatifwarninglightremainsonwhileengineisrunning)
Handbrake
Warninglight:Informsusifparkingbrakeisnotfullyreleased(mustbeoutwhilevehicleisinmotion).
Ignitionswitch
Locksthesteeringwheel(whenkeyisremoved).
Isolatesignitionsystemtoallowaccessoriestooperate(accessoryposition).
Activatestheelectricalsystemtoallowoperationofthevehicle.(onposition).
Startsengine.
Hazardwarning
Lightswitch:Activatessignallightfrontandrear(tobeusedwhenvehicleis
inahazardouspositionwhilestationary).
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Directionalsignal
Lights(left&right)Toinformusifcorrectsignalhasbeenactivatedorcancelled.
HornWarningdevicetoalertmotoristsorpedestriansofimpendingdanger.
NOTE:WhenIgnitionswitchisactivatedallinstrument-warninglightswillbeactivated.Oilpressure&charginglightsmustbeoutwhentheengineisrunning.Parkingbrakewarninglightmustbeoutwhenvehicleisinmotion.
Head&taillightswitch(includingdippingdevice).
Windscreenwiper(includingwashers).
Controls
Accelerator
Toincreaseordecreasetheenginespeed.
Addsfueltoenginewhenpedalisdepressed(increasingspeed)andwhenpedalisreleaseditreducesfuelflow(decreasingspeed).
Operatedwithrightfoot.
Brake
Todecreasethespeedoforstopthevehicle.
Hydraulicallyoperatedonallfourwheels,itadjuststherateofspeedreductiondependingonthepressureappliedtobrakepedal.
Operatedwithrightfoot.
Clutch
Toengageanddisengagethegearboxdrivefromtheengine.
Whendepressed,allowstheenginetoremainrunningifthevehicleisstationary.
Whendepressed,allowsageartobeselectedwhiletheengineandgearboxaredisengaged.
Whenreleased,allowsthevehicletobedrivensmoothlyfromastationaryposition(withoutjerks)."FRICTIONPOINT"iscalledclutch1inmodernterms.
Allowssmoothchangingofthegearsifoperatedcorrectly.
Operatedwithleftfoot.
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Gears
Toallowthevehicletoproceedfasterorslower,withmorepower.
Toallowaneutralgearwheretheclutchcanbeengagedwithoutstallingtheenginewhenvehicleisstationary.
Toallowareversedirection.
Standard"H"pattern.
Palm on top of the gearshift to be used in direction of push.
1stgear-slowestgearbutstrongest.
5thgear-fastestgearbutweakest.
Handbrake
Appliesthebrakesbycabletotherearwheelsofthevehicletopreventrolling(effectivenessdependentuponleverageapplied).
Consistsoflever,lockingbutton&releasebutton.
Buttonmustbedepressedduringoperationtoavoidwearonlockingmechanism.
Tobeusedwhenvehicleisatrestandfootbrakeisnotapplied.
Steeringwheel
Todirectvehicleintherequireddirection.
Handspositionedat10to2or9to3.
Handstoremainontheoutsideofsteeringwheel.
Guide to instructive commentary
Whenverbalising,itisimportanttocreatesomeformofordertothecommentary.Whenapproachingapotentialhazardthefirstthoughtinmindistodevelopasystematicapproachthatplaceshazardsinpriorityofpotential
danger.Iftimeislimitedandyouareunabletoexplaineverything,deletetheleastimportantinformation.
Itwouldbeadvisabletousethesameterminologyconsistentlysoastoavoidanyconfusion.Keepinstructionsshortandtothepointandaboveallcommunicateinsimplisticterms.
Belowyouwillfindtypicalwording,whichmaybeofuseininstructivecommentaryforbothaleft-handturnandarighthandturn.
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Righthandturns
Checkmirrors(interiorandside)signalnotlessthan30metres,headcheckandmovewhensafetowardthecentrelineorislandandcancelsignal.Checkmirrors,signalnotlessthan30metres,brake,select2ndgear,clutchupbefore
theintersection.
Thisisastandardcommentaryfordivergingandpositioningwhennegotiatingarighthand.Thenextstepistoinstructthenovicedriverofwhatshouldbedonewhenconfrontedbyindividualsituations.
Redlight
Stopbeforestopline.
Greenlight
Moveintointersection1/3ofthewayandkeepwheelsstraight,givewaytotrafficfromoppositedirectionproceedingstraightandturningleft,bicyclestravellingineitherdirectionwhereappropriateandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.
Stopsign
Stopbeforethestopline,givewaytovehiclestravellingalongorturningfromtheintersectingcarriageway,oncomingvehiclesproceedingstraightand
turningleft,bicyclestravellingineitherdirectionwhereappropriateandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.
Givewaysign
Givewaytovehiclesontherightandleft,vehiclesfromtheoppositedirection,bicyclestravellingineitherdirectionwherethereisabicyclepath,sharedorsegregatedfootwayandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.
Uncontrolledintersection
Givewaytovehiclesfromtheright,vehiclesfromoppositedirectionproceedingstraightandturningleftandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.Checkleftfordanger.
Aroundabout
Approachatasafespeed,positionleftofthecentreofthecarriageway(two-waycarriageway).Mirrorandsignalnolessthan30metresbeforetheroundabout.
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Givewaytovehiclewithintheroundaboutandapproachingfromtherightandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.
Passthroughtotheleftofthecentralislandandpositionthevehicletotheleftofcentreofthestreetbeingentering.
Ifturningataroundaboutwheretherearelaneswithin,thelanewhereyoustarttheturnisthelanewhereyoufinishtheturn.
Keeptorightlaneofroundaboutandexitintotherightlaneofthestreetyouareentering,mirror,signalforatleast30metres,headcheckandmovetotheleftifsafetodoso.
NOTE
Althoughitisnotlegallyrequired,itwouldbeadvantageoustosignalLEFT
uponexitingfromLARGERroundaboutsifyouareinfactcrossingalane/lanestodoso.
Lefthandturns
Keepleft,mirror,signalfornotlessthan30metres,brake,select2ndgearandclutchupbeforetheintersection.
Redlight
Stopbeforestopline.
Greenlight
Commityourselftotheintersectionandgivewaytopedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.
Stopsign
Stopbeforestoplineandgivewaytotraffictravellingalongorturningfromtheintersectingroadandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.
Givewaysign
Approachataspeedrelevanttotheamountofvisionblockout.
Givewaytovehiclestravellingalongorturningfromtheintersectingroadandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.
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Pointstobeconsideredduringcommentary
Keep1.5metresawayfromparkedvehicles,soastoavoidopeningdoors,vehiclesmovingoutandtoallowformaximumvisibilityofpedestriansstepping.
Scanfrombuildinglinetobuildinglineandwatchforpedestrians,animalsandothervehicles.
Scanintersections,coverthebrakeifnecessaryandensureothervehiclesaregivingwaytoyou.
Reducespeedonapproachinghazardsandapproachataspeedthatwillenableyoutostop,ifrequiredcoverbrake.
Reducespeedthroughshoppingcentres,watchoutforextrapedestrianactivityandvehiclesmovinginandoutfromthekerb.Keepwellbackfromslowmovingvehicles.Coverthebrakeifnecessary.
Keepaspacecushionaroundyourvehicle.Thefurtheryoukeepawayfromothervehiclesthelesslikelihoodyouhaveofhavinganaccident.
Keepa3-secondgapawayfromthevehicleaheadsoastomaintainasafestoppingdistance.(4secinthewet).
Makesureyoucanseetherearwheelsofthecarwhenstoppingbehinditwhileintraffic.
Driveentirelywithinlanes,wherepossible.
Stopontheapproachsideofstoplines.
Keepleftwherepossible.
Keepintersectionsandcrossingsclear,whenstopping.
Checkmirrorsregularly(approximatelyevery7secs).
Observewellahead.Thefurtheraheadyousee,themoretimeyouhavetoplanyourcourseandtakeevasiveactionifnecessary.
Checkyourgaugesandspeedregularly.
Observespeedsignsandadaptyourspeedtosuit.
Observeadvisoryandtemporarysignsandadjustyourdrivingtosuit.
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Badhabitslist
Theitemslistedbelowarecommondrivinghabitsthataredisplayedbydriverswhohavenothadprofessionalguidanceintheirdrivereducation
programs.Perhapsthesefaultshavedevelopedbecauseoflazinessorpoorattitude.Howeverifyourlearnerdriverdisplaysanyofthefollowingbadhabitsyoushouldimmediatelyattempttorectifythem.
Armsrestingonrestsorsillswhilethecarinmotion.
Handsnotatapproximatelythe10to2positiononthesteeringwheel.
Handsplacedinsidetherimofthesteeringwheel.
Watchthatthelefthanddoesnotremainonthegearselectorafterthecompletionofagearchange.
Watchthatclutchpedaldoesnotremaindepressedtoolongafterthegearisengaged,ieclutchinaroundcorners.
Watchthattheclutchisnotdepressedtooearlywhenstoppingatapproximately15-20kph.
Watchforthefootrestingontheclutchpedalandperhapsunnecessarilydepressingtheclutch.
Rearviewmirrorincorrectlyadjusted,causingexcessivemovementofthehead.
Watchforcorrectseatingpositioneg,slouching,leaning,stretchingoflegs,crampedlegspaceandarmdistancefromsteeringwheel.
Theabovehabitsshouldberectifiedasearlyaspossibleintheprocessofthedrivingprogram.
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Section 3
Low Risk Driving Commentary
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Commentary technique 1
Position selection and gap selection around thevehicle
Twocommentarytechniques(groupedtogether)
1. Earlypositionplanning.
2. Frontandrearfollowingdistanceandsideclearance.
Keycommentaryelements(bothtechniques):
Positioningonroadwithregardtothelegalandsafetyrequirements.
Followingdistance(3-secondrule).
Increasingfollowingdistancewhenavehiclebehindistravellingtoclose.
Sideclearance.
Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryonforward,rearandsidegapselectionwithina5kilometrezoneorovera5minuteperiod.
Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryonselectingthesafestroadpositiononapproachtohazardsataminimumof12secondsbeforethehazard.
Commentary technique 2
Hazard approach (4 second brake approach)
Onecommentarytechnique
Keycommentaryelements:
Coveringthebrakeapproximately4secondsbeforeahazardonaflatroad.Coveringthebrakeapproximately4to6secondsbeforeahazardwhen
goingdownhill.
Coveringthebrakeapproximately2secondsbeforeahazardwhengoinguphill.
Explainwhyyouorthelearnerneedstocoverthebrakeontheapproachtothehazard.
Thetrainermustgiveacommentary,instructingwhenthelearnerdrivermust
coverthebrakeandwhy,ontheapproachtohazardsina5kilometrezoneor
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over5foraminuteperiod(itisnotnecessarytocoverthebrakeatspeedslessthan25km/h).
Commentary technique 3
12 second visual lead time
Onecommentarytechnique
Keycommentaryelements:prioritise
Evaluatingifpotentialdangerofacollisionwithothervehiclesorpedestrians.
Identifyinghazardsandpriortisingimpactorderduringa12secondvisualleadtime
Explainingthemandinvalidatingthepotentialdangerofthehazardidentified(traineeortrainer).
Thetrainermustgiveacommentary,identifyingandpriortisinghazardsinimpactorder.Commentarymustbeover5differentonekilometrezones.
Commentary technique 4
Observation
Threecommentarytechniques(groupedtogether)
1. Highaimsteering.
2. Leaveyourselfanout.
3.Beingseen.
Keycommentaryelements:
Planningoverashort,mediumandlongrange.
Creatingpotentialescaperoutesandevaluatingtheoutcomeofevasiveaction.
Evaluatingproblemsassociatedwithotherdriversorpedestriansnotseeingyourvehicle.
Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryonallthreeobservationareas.Commentarymustbeover5differentonekilometrezonesora5-minuteperiod.
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Commentary technique 5
Observation at intersections
Twocommentarytechniques(groupedtogether)
1. 180degreescanning.
2. Visionblockout.
Keycommentaryelements:
Scanningatintersections,two180degreescans.
Removingvisionblockout.
Thetrainermustgivetwocommentariesoneachofthefollowingsituations;
Proceedingstraightaheadafterstoppingatstopsign.
Proceedingstraightaheadatgivewaysigns.
Proceedingstraightaheadatroundabouts.
Rightturnatacrossroads.
Rightturnatgreenlights.
Rightturnfromthebottomofa't'intersection.
Leftturnatacrossintersection.
Leftturnatasliplane.
Commentary technique 6
Driving in a systematic way
Twocommentarytechniques(groupedtogether)1. Systemofvehiclecontrol.
2. Systemofdecisionmaking.
Keycommentaryelements:
Usingthesystemofvehiclecontrol(sixfeatures).(Foreachstep,statethefeature,whatitmeansandwhatyouneedtodo.EgfeatureonCourse,whichmightmeanthatyouneedtodivergetoadifferentpositionontheroadbycheckingmirrors,signalling,headcheckingandmovingwhenitssafetodoso.)
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Usingthesystemofdecisionmaking(threefeatures).(Foreachstep,statethefeature,whatitmeansandwhatyouneedtodo.Eg.FeatureoneLegal,whatisthelegalrequirementof.FeaturetwoRisk,whatistheriskandFeaturethreeLogic,whatdoIneedtodotofollowthelegalrequirementandatthesametimehowdoIavoidtherisk?
Thetrainermustgiveacommentary,usingthesystemofdecisionmakingovera2-kilometrezoneandonthreeoccasions.Commentarymustbecompletedatleast5secondspriortoahazard.
Thetrainermustgiveacommentary,usingthesystemofvehiclecontrolovera2-kilometrezoneandonthreeoccasions.Commentarymustbecompletedatleast5secondspriortoahazard.
Commentarytechnique7
Risk assessment
Onecommentarytechnique
1. Riskassessment.
Keycommentaryelements:
SelectingtheGap
JustifyRisk
Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryovera10minuteperiodwithaminimumof5leftand5rightturnsonwhatisanappropriategapselectionandhowitcanbejustifyacceptanceofthatgap.
Commentary technique 8
Causal attribution
Onecommentarytechnique
1. Attributiontheory.
Keycommentaryelements:
Evaluatingwhattheothervehiclesorpedestrianscoulddowrongandwhichmayaffectthesafetyofyourvehicleandothers.
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Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryovera5-kilometrezoneonthepotentialmistakesofotherdriversandhowthelearnerdrivercanprotectthemselvesandothers.
Commentary technique 9
Speed selection
Onecommentarytechniques
Speedselectionrelevanttohazarddensity.
Keycommentaryelements:
Justifyingspeed
Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryovera5-kilometrezoneoncorrectspeedselectionrelevanttohazarddensity.
Commentary technique 10
Driving at night
Onecommentarytechnique
Speedselectionrelevanttohazarddensity.
Keycommentaryelements:
Usingheadlightsandhazardperception.
Speedselectionaccordingtovisibility.
Keepinglightsonhighbeamuntilallhazardsareidentifiedbetweentwovehicles.
Usingeyetechniquetoavoidhighbeamdazzle.
Thetrainermustgiveacommentaryovera5-kilometrezoneonskillsappropriatetonightdrivingandvision.
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Givewaysigns
TESTSITUATION
MAJORPOINTS
ProceedingSTRAIGHTAHEAD
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
GIVE WAY to vehicles travelling along or turning from anyintersecting road.
TurningRIGHT
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
SignalRIGHTnotlessthan30metresbeforetheintersection.
PositiontoLEFTofCENTREifa2wayroad.
PositiontoRIGHTBOUNDARYifa1wayroad.
GIVEWAYtovehiclestravellingalongorturningfromanyintersectingroad,bicyclepath,sharedorsegregatedfootway.
Ifatacrossroad,GIVEWAYtovehiclesfromtheoppositedirectionandleftturningvehicles.
GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingtheroadyouare
tuninginto. GIVEWAYtobicyclestravellinginthesameoropposite
directiononabicyclepath,sharedorsegregatedfootway.
TurnRIGHTofCENTREoftheintersection
Completeturnto:LEFTofCENTREifa2wayroad
CompleteturntoRIGHTBOUNDARYifa1wayroad.
TurningLEFT
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
SignalLEFTnotlessthan30metresbeforetheintersection.
PositionasnearaspracticabletotheLEFT.
GIVEWAYtovehiclestravellingalongorturningfromanyintersectingroadandpedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.
Complete turn to the left.
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Roundabout
TESTSITUATION
MAJORPOINTS
ProceedingSTRAIGHTAHEAD
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
GIVEWAYtovehicleswithintheroundaboutapproachingfromtheright
Pass through to the LEFT of central island.
TurningRIGHT
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
SignalRIGHTnotlessthan30metresbeforethe
intersection PositionLEFTofCENTREifa2wayroad.
Positiontotherightofcentreifa1wayroad.
GIVEWAYtovehicleswithintheroundaboutandapproachingfromtheright.
GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingtheroadyouaretuninginto.
PassthroughtotheLEFTofcentralisland.
CompletetheturnLEFTofCENTREtotherightboundaryofthecarriagewayyouareenteringifitis1way.
TurningLEFT
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
SignalLEFTnotlessthan30metresbeforetheintersection.
PositionasnearaspracticabletotheLEFT.
GIVEWAYtovehicleswithintheroundaboutandapproachfromtheright.
GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingtheroadyouareturninginto.
Complete turn to the LEFT.
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Terminatingintersections
TESTSITUATION
MAJORPOINTS
TurningRIGHT
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
SignalRIGHTnotlessthan30metresbeforetheintersection.
PositiontoLEFTofCENTREifa2wayroad.
PositiontoRIGHTBOUNDARYifa1wayroad.
GIVEWAYtovehiclestravellingalongorturningfromanyintersectingroad,bicyclesonabikepath,
segregatedfootwayandsharedfootway. GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingroadyouaretuning
into.
TurnRIGHTofCENTREoftheintersection.
CompleteturntoLEFTofCENTRE2wayroad.
CompleteturntoRIGHTBOUNDARYifa1wayroad.
TurningLEFT
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
SignalLEFTnotlessthan30metres
PositionasnearaspracticabletotheLEFT
GIVEWAYtovehiclestravellingalongorturningfromanyintersectingroad,bicyclesonabikepath,segregatedfootwayandsharedfootway.
GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingroadyourtuninginto
Complete turn to the left
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Trafficlights
TESTSITUATION
MAJORPOINTS
ProceedingSTRAIGHT
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
PROCEEDonaGREENLIGHT.
STOPbeforestoplineiflightisAMBERandifsafetodoso.
STOP before stop line if LIGHT is RED.
TurningRIGHT
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopif
necessary. SignalRIGHTnotlessthan30metresbeforethe
intersection.
PositiontoLEFTofCENTREifa2wayroad.
PositiontoRIGHTBOUNDARYifa1wayroad.
IfaGREENLIGHT,GIVEWAYtovehiclesfromtheoppositetravellingstraightaheadandleftturningvehiclesandbicyclestravellingintheoppositeorthesamedirectionifapplicable.
GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingtheroadyouareturninginto.
IfanAMBERLIGHTstopbeforestoplineifsafetodoso.
IfaREDLIGHT,stopbeforethestopline.
TurnRIGHTofCENTREoftheintersection.
CompleteturntoLEFTofCENTREifa2wayroad.
CompleteturntoRIGHTBOUNDARYifa1wayroad.
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TurningLEFT
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
SignalLEFTnotlessthan30metresbeforetheintersection.
PositionasnearaspracticabletotheLEFT.
IfaGREENLIGHT,GIVEWAYtopedestrianscrossingthestreetyouareturninginto.
IfanAMBERLIGHT,stopbeforestoplineifsafetodoso.
IfaREDLIGHT,stopbeforestopline.
Completeturntotheleft.
Where a SLIP LANE is provided, give way to all other vehicles
and pedestrians crossing the slip lane.
Pedestriancrossing
TESTSITUATION
MAJORPOINTS
RealSituation
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
Stopbeforethecrossingifnecessary.
GIVE WAY to any pedestrians on the crossing.
Hypotheticalsituation
(Introductionofanothervehiclestoppedatthecrossing)
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
Stopbeforethecrossingifnecessary.
GIVEWAYtoanypedestriansonthecrossing.
Donotproceedifanothervehicleisstationaryatthecrossingandheadedinthesamedirection.
Do not proceed until pedestrians are safely clear of yourvehicle.
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Schoolcrossing
TESTSITUATION
MAJORPOINTS
RealSituation
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
Stopatthestoplineifany,orbeforethecrossinganddonotcrossifanypedestrianisonthecrossing.
Proceed only when crossing is completely clear of pedestrians
Hypotheticalsituation
(Introductionofanother
vehiclestoppedatthecrossingand/orsupervisoroncrossing)
Approachatasafespeedthatwillenableyoutostopifnecessary.
Stopatstoplineifany,orbeforereachingthecrossinganddonotentercrossingif:-
Anypedestrianisonthecrossing.
Anyothervehicleisstationaryatthecrossingandheadedinthesamedirection
Astopsignisdisplayedfacingyou(supervisor).
Proceed only when the crossing is clear of pedestrians andstop sign has been removed.
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Teaching a driving skill
Themostimportantthingwhenteachingadrivingskillistomakethewholeprocess
tangible,inordertolinkintoeitherthetrainee'spreviousexperienceortocreatethedesiredexperiencesbyutilisingasmanysensesaspossibleinyourtraining.Rememberitisimpossibletotransferyourthinking,mentalschemersandyourexperiencetothetraineemindbyusingwordsonly.
Thedefinitionoftangibleistomakeyourteaching:
Real
Clearlyintelligible(thatcanbeclearlyunderstood)
Definite(havingexactlimits,distinct,preciseandnotvague)
Perceptiblebytouch
Notelusiveorvisionary(impractical,puzzling,unreal,insubstantial,misjudgingandimaginary)
Stage1 Pre-sessionexplanation
1. Informthetraineewhattheobjectiveofthesessionis.
2. Informthemoftherelevanceintermsoflicensingorsurvival.
3. Explainthetypeofteachingmethodyouareusingandtheadvantagestothem.
Stage2 Modelling/demonstration
Modellingcanbedoneintwowaysdependingonthetraineespreferredlearningstyle.
1. Demonstratingthefinishproductwhichiscallednormaldemonstration(demonstratingtheskilltoitscorrectassessmentstandardtobecompetent)
2. Demonstratingthekeycomponents,whichiscalledslowdemonstrationinwhichyouwillneedtoexplainkeyfeatures,asyouareabouttoperformthem.
3. Thedrivertrainerdrivesthevehicleandquestionsthetraineewhattodonextonkeycomponentsofthedemonstration.Thisiscalledthequestioningphase.
Stage3 Sub-modelling
1. Learnerdrivesthevehicle.
2. Createtheexperience-How,why,when.
3. Seesub-modelguidelines.
Stage4 Theory
Explainandusetrainingaidsonthekeytheorypoints,basedonwhatyouhavemodelled.
Rememberyouwillneedtoaskrelevantopenquestionstoevaluatetheeffectivenessofyourmodellingandthetheoryfollowingit.
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Stage5 Transferoflearning/Practice
Thisiswherethetraineeissupportedintheearlystagesofdoingthenewskillbyassistingthem,relevanttotheirneeds.
1. Itisveryimportanttoquestioningthemwhattodonext,inordertoworkoutifthere
hasbeenanytransferoflearningbetweenstage2to4.
Stage6 Assessment
Thetraineeisnowinformedthattheywillbedoingtheskillwithoutyourassistancetoevaluatetheirunderstanding.Thisisassessmenttimeforyou.Youmustdecidewhetheryouaredoingaformativeassessmentorsummativeassessment.
Note:Ifapersonhasdrivenbeforeandyouneedtoestablishcurrentcompetency,thenyouwouldconductadiagnosticassessment.
Stage7 FeedbackTherearetwoformsoffeedback,positiveornegative.Positivefeedbackiswhenthetraineehasperformedtheskilltothedesiredstandardandyouwillneedtoreinforcethisbehaviour.Negativefeedbackiswhenthetraineedidnotperformtheskilltothedesiredlevel,sotheyneedcorrectivefeedbackthatcoverscorrectandincorrecttechnique.Ifusingnegativefeedback,itisimportantthatstagetwoofthemodelisrevisited,startingatmodellingandfinishingoncemorewithfeedback.Whenremodellingitisimportanttodemonstratewhattheyarecurrentlydoingagainstthedesiredassessmentperformance.
Stage8 Evaluation
Atthecompletionofthepracticalsession,youwillneedtoevaluatetheeffectivenessof;
thesessionplan.
yourtrainingperformance.
thetrainingenvironmentselected.
improvementlevelsofthetrainee.
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'Teaching a driving skill' model
Pre-session
ObjectivesMotivation
Structureo session
InexperienceTrainees
Sub-modelThetraineeexperiences
1. Why2. How
. When
Transfer of learning / Practice
Useofleadingandopenquestion.Practiceusingoverleaning
techniques
Demonstration1. Normal2. Slow
. uestionin
TheoryKeyprimacyandrecency
messagesexplained
Correction
Correctanyweaknessutilisingasmanysensesaspossible.
Sub-modelsorDemonstrationwillbeusedaspartofthecorrectionalfeedback.(Tangible)
Evaluation
Thesessionplan.Trainersperformance.Thetrainingenvironment
Improvementlevelsofthetrainee.
Feedback
Positivefeedbacktoreinforcedesiredbehaviour
Negativefeedback(CorrectionPhase)
Assessment
DiagnosticorFormative
orSummative
assessment
Experience
Trainees(RPL)
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Driver training sub-models
Topic1 TakeOffs
Why
Submodel1.1
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencestallingbybringingclutchoutslowlywithoutholdingatclutch1.
Submodel1.2
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencehowwecreatemomentumbyholdingateachclutchpoint.Holdeachclutchpointtodiscoverclutch1to4andhowweneedtowitheachclutchpointbyholdingclutch1to3forapproximately2metres.
Submodel1.3
Applystartingpoweronly,approximately1200RPMandholdclutch1,2,3andthen4showinghowthemotordies.
How
Submodel1.4
Clutchtechnique1.
Gasapproximately1200RPMandholdclutchonefor1to2metres.
Reapplygasto1200RPMandholdclutchtwofor1to2metres.
Reapplygasto1200RPMandholdclutchthreefor1to2metres.
Reapplygasto1200RPMandreleaseclutchtoclutchfourposition.
Clutchtechnique2.
Gasapproximately1200RPMandholdclutchonefor1to2metres.
Reapplygasto1200RPMandholdclutchtwofor3to4metres.
Reapplygasto1200RPMandreleaseclutchtoclutchfourposition.
Clutchtechnique3.
Gasapproximately1200RPMandholdclutchonefor4to5metres.
Releaseclutchfullytotheclutchfourposition.
Handbrakestarts
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Gasapproximately1200RPMandholdclutchoneor2dependingonthesizeofthehill.
Releasethehandbrakeandthevehiclewillbalanceonthespot.
Reapplygasto1200RPMandholdclutchtwofor2to3metres.
Reapplygasto1200RPMandholdclutchthreefor1to2metres.
Reapplygasto1200RPMandreleaseclutchtoclutchfourposition.
When
Submodel1.5
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencewhichclutchtechniquewillneedtobeusedinthefollowinglocation:
Takeofinastraightline
Takeoffaroundacorner
Movingapproximately2the3metresforward.
Topic2 ChangingUp
Why
Submodel2.1
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethatthereisonlysofarthemotorwillrevtooandby
changingtoahighergear,itreducestheamounttheenginerev'sattheequivalentspeeds.
Exercise1and2
Moveoffin1stgearandacceleratetoapproximately4000RPMlisteningtothesoundofThengineandatthesametimecheckingthetachometerevery1to2seconds.
Dothesamethingasexercise1butthistimechangetoahighergearandseehowtherevsdropdownatthesamespeed.
Submodel2.2
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencewhatisaweakandstronggear.
Thetraineewillexperiencetakingofin1stgearandthentryingtotakeoffin2ndor3rdgear.
Submodel2.3
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowtousethegearstickwhilethevehicleisparkedonthesideoftheroadandthemotoristurnedoff.Thekeyhereishowthepalmispositiontochangethegearsandtheroleneutralplaysinselectinggears.
How
Submodel2.4
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Thetraineeneedstolearnhowtochangegearsinanenvironmentthatislowriskandsimulatestherealthingwithoutthedistractionsofothervehiclesandpedestrians.
Whileonthesideoftheroadthetraineewillexperiencethetrianglepositionforpreparationstageofthegearchange.(Righthandonthesteeringwheel,leftfoot
abovetheclutchandthepalmonthegearstick).
Submodel2.5
Thetraineeneedstolearnhowtochangegearsinanenvironmentthatislowriskandsimulatestherealthingwithoutthedistractionsofothervehiclesandpedestrians.
Thetraineewillexperiencechanginggearsusingthecorrecttechniquewiththemotorturnoff.
Clutchinoffthegas.
Changegear.
Clutch1,thenaddgaswhileslowlyreleasingtheclutchfullyout.
Submodel2.6
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencechanginggearswillmovingalong,1stto2nd,2ndto3rd,3rdto4th.
When
Submodel2.7
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowmuchthevehicleneedstoberevvedto
beforechangingintohighergearsondifferentinclinesandtheamountofrev'sthatarelostbetweeneachgear.
Thefollowingisapproximatelyhowmanyrevsarerequiredbeforechangingintohighergears.
Flatroad25003000RPM
UpHill3000to4000RPM
Downhill2500to3000RPM
Topic3 Braking
Why
Submodel3.1
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencethedifferencebetweenjabbingthebrakeandsqueezingthebrakefromapproximately40km/hinsecondgear.
Submodel3.2
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencewhatslowsthevehicledown.
Thefollowingare3exercisesthatthetraineeneedstoexperience.
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Thetraineetravelsalongatapproximately40km/hinsecondgearandthrowstheclutchintoseeiftheclutchslowsthevehicledown.
Thetraineetravelsalongatapproximately40km/handtakestheirfeetawayfromallpedalstoexperiencehowthemotorslowsthevehicledown.
Thetraineetravelsalongat40km/handbrakestoexperiencehowthebrakesandthemotorworktogethertoslowthevehicledowninthemosteffectway.
Submodel3.3
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencewhatcausesstalling.
Thetraineetravelsalongat20km/handtakestheirfeetawayfromallpedalstoexperienceifthevehiclewillstall.
Thetraineetravelsalongat20km/handbrakesthevehicledownto10kmp/hand
stabilisesthespeedtoexperienceifthevehiclewillstall.Thetraineetravelsalongat20km/handbrakesthevehicledownastopwithout
depressingtheclutchtoexperiencesstalling.
How
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowtobrakefromdifferentspeeds.
Submodel3.4
Brakemethod1
Theclutchisbetweenclutch13andthevehicleistravellingbelow10kmp/h.Tostoptheclutchisdepressedfullytothefloorbeforebraking.
Submodel3.5
Brakemethod2
Thevehicleistravellingbetween10and20kmp/handthebrakeiscoveredorslightlysqueezeduntilthespeedisbelow10kmp/h,depressingtheclutchfullybeforestopping.
Submodel3.6
Brakemethod3
Thevehicleistravellingover20kmp/handthevehicleisbrakedhinahighgearbelow20kmp/h,whentheclutchisdepressedbeforestopping.
When
Submodel3.7
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowtostopequalwithobjectssuchastree,poles,stoplinesorparkedvehiclesfromdifferentspeeds.Thekeylearningrequirementistoexperiencewhentobrakeearlyfromhigherspeeds.
Brakingatobjectsformspeedsrangingbetween20kmp/hto60kmp/h.
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Topic4 Steering
Why
Submodel4.1
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencetheproblemswithturningthesteeringwheelfromthebottomofwheelandlookingattheirhandswhenturning.Theyalsoneedtoexperiencetheproblemswithstraighteningupwithcrossedhandsquickly.
Submodel4.2
Thetraineeneedstoexperienceturningwithouttheuseofcentralvisionandtheproblemswithtryingtojudgeweretheirgoing.
Submodel4.3
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencehowthemoreyouturntheearlieryouneedtostraightenthesteeringwheel.
How
Submodel4.4
Thetraineeneedtoexperiencehowthehandsworkoperateforeitherpullpushorhandoverhandsteeringwhilestationary(drysteeringwherepractical).
Submodel4.5
Thedrivertrainerneedstooperatethecontrolpedalswhilethetraineeexperiencesturninglefttorightandrighttoleftwiththeireyesclosedinordertofeelhowtheir
handswork.Submodel4.6
Thetraineesneedtoexperiencehowtolookatanobjectwiththeircentralvisionwhiletheyturnandstraightenuptowardsthatobject,stillwiththetraineroperatingthepedals.
When
Submodel4.7
Thetraineesneedtoexperienceturning90degreesandthenstraighteningup.
Topic5 LeftTurns
Why
Submodel5.1
Thetraineesneedtoexperiencetheproblemswithwideturnsandthendefinewhatnearaspracticaltotheleftmeansintermsofsafedistance.
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowwidetheycanapproachacornerandatthesametimepreventavehiclefromcominguptheinsideleft.
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Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencestartingtocloseandturningtoearlyandhowtheywillneedtoturnwidetomissthekerbexperiencingthepotentialproblemsofaheadoncollision.
Submodel5.2
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencetheproblemswithturningandnotusingthecentralvision.
How
Submodel5.3
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowtopositionthevehicletoturncorrectly.
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethestartingpositionwhichisapproximately1to1.5metresoutfromthekerb.
Thetraineewillselecttheturningposition,whenthecentreofthepassengerdoorislevelwiththepointthekerbstartstorotate.
Thetraineewillturnthewheelasmuchasthekerbturnssoastheyfollowtherotationofthekerb.
Thetraineewillfinishtheturnthesamedistanceoutfromthekerbastheystartedtheturn
Submodel5.4
Thetraineewillneedtoexperienceeyesshouldbeusedwhenturningleft:
Onapproachtothecornerthecentraleyessightwillbescanninghighonapproachtotheintersection.
Onapproachtotheturningpointofthecornerthecentraleyesightwilllookdownforwhenthekerbstartstorotateandassessingwhethertheyarefollowingthekerbwiththesamerotation.
Approximatelyonequarteraroundthecornersthecentraleyesightlooks50metresuptheroadtheyareturningintotowardstheintendedfinishingposition.
When
Submodel5.5
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencedifferentleftturnsfromtighttowideapproachangles.
Topic6 RightTurns
Why
Submodel6.1
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Thetraineesneedtoexperiencetheproblemswithwideturnsandthendefinewhatnearaspracticaltoleftofcentremeansinordertopreventvehiclesfromcominguptheinsiderightwhenturning.
Submodel6.2
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencetheproblemswithcuttingthecornerorturningfromtheleftsideofthecentreoftheintersection.
Submodel6.3
Traineesneedtoexperiencetheproblemswithnotscanningbetweenoncomingvehiclesandtheirfinishingposition,inordertominimisethepotentialofanheadonaccident.
How
Submodel6.4
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowtopositionthevehicleinordertoturncorrectly.
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethestartingposition,whichisleftofthecentreofthecarriageway.
Selectthecorrectturningpositionwhichisapproximatelyonethirdintotheintersection,atthesametimekeepingthewheelsstraightwerepractical.
Finishingpositionleftofthecentreofthecarriageway.
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Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencetheproblemwithsignallingtoolateandtheeffectonthefollowingvehicle.
HowandWhen
Submodel8.3
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowspeedeffectsdistancewhenthetraineeshouldsignaltomaximisesafetyfrombehindwithoutcausingconfusion.
Thetrainershouldasthetraineetostopwhentheywouldsignalanddiscusssafetyoutcomes.
Topic9 ChangingDownGears
Why
Submodel9.1
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencewhatlabouringis.
Thetraineewillslowdownin3rdgeartoapproximately15to20kmp/handacceleratingupto50kmp/h,experiencingthedifferentenginesoundsandaccelerationresponse.
Submodel9.2
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethespeedrangeineachgearfromthelowestspeedrangetothehighestspeedrange.
1st
gear0-30kmp/h
2ndgear10kmp/hto50kmp/h
3rdgear35kmp/hupwards
4thgear50kmp/hupwards
5thgear70kmp/hupwards
How
Submodel9.3
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencehowtocontrolthespeedwiththefootbrake.
Flatroadatapproximately20kmp/h
Uphillatapproximately20kmp/h
Downhillatapproximately20kmp/h
Submodel9.4
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethechangingbacktechnique,controllingthespeedatthesamespeedtheywouldgoaroundacornerandchangingback,still
controllingthespeedwiththebrakeifpracticalandreleasingtheclutchsmoothly.
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When
Submodel9.5
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethedistancefromthehazardtheymustreducespeedandchangebacktoappropriategear.
Exampleat60kmp/h
Startbrakingapproximately100metresfromthecorner.
30metresbeforethecornerthevehiclewillbedoingthesamespeedasthetraineewillnegotiatethecorner.
Changebackthegearandreleasetheclutchfullynolessthan10metresbeforethecorner.
Topic10 UnlanedRoundaboutsWhy
Submodel10.1
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencetheproblemswithenteringtheroundaboutkeepingthewheelsstraightandenteringtheroundabouttogainabetterviewontheright,whichpreventsthevehicleontherightfromproceedingthroughtheroundabout.
Enteringtheroundaboutkeepingthewheelsstraight.
Submodel10.2
Stopinginsidetheroundabouttogainmaximumobservationontheright.
How
Submodel10.3
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencethecorrecttechniqueforentering,travellingthroughandexitingtheroundabout.
1. Proceedstraight
2. Turningright
3. TurningleftSubmodel10.4
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencewhotheymustgivewaytoo.
Submodel10.5
Thetraineeneedstoexperiencehowtomaximiseobservationwhenproceedingstraight,rightturnandleftturnataroundabout.
Whentravellingstraightaheadattheroundabout,thetraineewillpreformtwo90degreescansfromtherighttotheoncomingvehiclesturningrightandfinallytothe
entrypointoftheroundabout.Oncetheyhaveenteredtheroundabouttheywillpreformone90-degreescanfromthelefttotheexitpointoftheroundabout.
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Whenturningrightattheroundabout,thetraineewillpreformtwo90degreescansfromtherighttotheoncomingvehiclesturningrightandfinallytotheentrypointoftheroundabout.Oncetheyhaveenteredtheroundabouttheywillpreformone180-degreescanfromthelefttotheoncomingvehicleandthentotheexitpointoftheroundabout.
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When
Submodel10.6
Thetraineeneedtoexperiencewhatspeedshouldbeselectedrelevanttothefollowingvehicleandvisionblockout.
Thetraineewillneedtoexperiencethebrakingdistancebetween:
1. 10kmp/h
2. 15kmp/h
3. 20kmp/h
4. 25kmp/h
Topic11 Gear