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To familiarize you with Options of MOVE statement Rules for moving fields and literals Printing edit symbols Designing and printing reports
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MOVE identifier-1 TO identifier-2
Copies contents of identifier-1 To identifier-2
identifier-1 is sending field identifier-2 is receiving field
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FORMAT 1
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Move Qty-In To Qty-Out
Contents of Qty-Out replaced by contents of Qty-In
If Qty-In = 253, contents of Qty-Out = 253 after MOVE executed
Qty-In remains unchanged Simple
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Example
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MOVE literal-1 TO identifier-2
Value of literal-1 copied to identifier-2 Data type of literal and identifier should
match◦ Move numeric literals to numeric fields◦ Move nonnumeric literals to alphanumeric fields
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FORMAT 2
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05 Qty-Out Pic 999.05 Color-Out Pic X(4).
Move 100 To Qty-Out Move 'Blue' To Color-Out
Contents of Qty-Out replaced with 100 Contents of Color-Out replaced with 'Blue'
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Examples
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MOVE identifier-1
TO identifier-2 …
literal-1
Move 0 To Total-1, Total-2, Total-3
Move may have multiple receiving fields Contents of all three total fields set to 0
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Full Format
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ZEROS may be moved to numeric or alphanumeric field◦ Moves 0 to every position of receiving field
SPACES moved only to alphanumeric field◦ Moves space or blank to every position of
receiving field Nice initializing feature
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Numeric field or literal is moved to numeric receiving field
Decimal alignment always maintained◦ If 86.52 is moved to a field
86 always treated as integer part of number .52 always treated as decimal part of number
Digits in integer part moved right to left starting at decimal point
Digits in decimal part moved left to right starting at decimal point
Note that the decimal is more important
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Operation: Move Amt-1 To Amt-2
Amt-1 Amt-2 Picture 99V99 Picture 99V99 Contents 12^34 Contents 67^89
Digits in integer part moved so that◦ 2 replaces 7, 1 replaces 6
Digits in decimal part moved so that◦ 3 replaces 8, 4 replaces 9
Very intuitive
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If receiving field has more integer positions than sending field◦ Unfilled high-order (leftmost) integer positions
filled with zeros If receiving field has more decimal positions
than sending field◦ Unfilled low-order (rightmost) decimal positions
filled with zeros
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Operation: Move Amt-3 To Amt-4
Amt-3 Amt-4 Picture 9V9 Picture 99V99 Contents 3^4 Contents 56^78
Digits in integer part moved so that◦ 3 replaces 6, 0 replaces 5
Digits in decimal part moved so that◦ 4 replaces 7, 0 replaces 8
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Operation: Move Amt-3 To Amt-4
Amt-3 Amt-4 Picture 9V9 Picture 99V99 Contents 3^4 Contents 56^78
After MOVE, contents of Amt-4 = 03^40 Note that it takes care of the left over digits
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If receiving field has fewer integer positions than sending field◦ High-order (leftmost) digits truncated
If receiving field has fewer decimal positions than sending field◦ Low-order (rightmost) digits truncated
Mathematically not good, can produce the greatest error.
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Operation: Move Amt-5 To Amt-6
Amt-5 Amt-6 Picture 99V99 Picture 9V9 Contents 12^34 Contents 5^6
Digits in integer part moved so that 2 replaces 5, 1 not moved
Digits in decimal part moved so that 3 replaces 6, 4 not moved
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Operation: Move Amt-5 To Amt-6
Amt-5 Amt-6 Picture 99V99 Picture 9V9 Contents 12^34 Contents 5^6
After MOVE, contents of Amt-6 = 2^3
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Sending field is alphanumeric field or nonnumeric literal
Receiving field is alphanumeric field
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Characters moved from left to right If receiving field longer, low-order
(rightmost) positions replaced with spaces If receiving field shorter, low-order
characters in sending field truncated
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Operation: Move Code-1 To Code-2
Code-1 Code-2 Picture X(3) Picture X(6) Contents abc Contents mnopqr
Characters abc replace mno Remaining three positions in Code-2
replaced with blanks Smart enough to blank out the rest.
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Operation: Move Code-3 To Code-4
Code-3 Code-4 Picture X(5) Picture X(3) Contents vwxyz Contents efg
Characters vwx replace efg y and z are not moved since all positions in
Code-4 are filled
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When receiving field is group item, alphanumeric MOVE rules followed
If subfields are numeric, invalid data may be stored in subfields
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Operation: Move "ABCD" To WS-Code 01 WS-Code.
05 WS-Part-1 Pic XX. 05 WS-Part-2 Pic 99.
After MOVE, value of WS-Part-1 is AB, WS-Part-2 is CD
Causes error if WS-Part-2 then used in arithmetic operation
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Asked about in Class If same name is used in 2 different Records Use OF or IN Example
ADD AMT OF IN-REC TO TOTAL Can use OF or IN referring to a group or
record
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Avoid using sending field with different data type than receiving field
Move numeric fields, numeric literals or ZEROS to numeric fields
Move alphanumeric fields, nonnumeric literals, ZEROS or SPACES to alphanumeric fields
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Edit symbols used to make data fields more readable◦ Display 001495 as $14.95
Use spacing between lines and page margins for readability
Space fields across page or screen Heading and footing lines added to improve
clarity of output
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Create a new Record for output only Report-item - elementary item that contains
edit symbols in its PIC clause Editing occurs when elementary item
moved to report-item PIC clause of report-item determines editing
performed
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Implied decimal points (V) do not print Move field with V in Picture to report-item
field with actual decimal point for printing or displaying
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Operation: Move In-Amt To Out-Amt
Field Picture Contents PositionsIn-Amt 99V99 12^34 4Out-Amt 99.99 12.34 5
Actual decimal point◦ Replaces implied one◦ Uses a storage position
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Zeros in leftmost position of number usually suppressed ◦ Value of number not affected
00025 and 25 have same value◦ Improves readability
Edit symbol Z in PIC clause suppresses leading zeros, replaces with blanks
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Use Z for each position where leading zero should be replaced by blank
In-Qty Out-Qty Pic 999 Pic ZZZ 018 b18
003 bb3 100 100 000 bbb
b denotes a blank (space) in the print out
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Examples
100 has no leading zeros so zeros not suppressed
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To suppress only some leading zeros◦ Use Z's and 9's in same report-item
Z's must precede 9's
In-Qty Out-Qty Pic 999 Pic ZZ9 003 bb3 000 bb0
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Examples
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Zeros to right of decimal point are significant so they are not suppressed
In-Cost Out-Cost Pic 99V99 Pic ZZ.99 05^08 b5.08 00^02 bb.02 00^00 bb.00
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Examples
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$ and , often used in PICTURE clause with Z and decimal point
Comma suppressed if only zeros precede it Holds the location of $ sign
In-Cost Out-Cost Pic 9(4)V99 Pic $Z,ZZZ.99 1027^40 $1,027.40 0051^06 $bbb51.06 0000^04 $bbbbb.04
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Examples
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Check protection symbol Used in place of Z to replace leading zeros
with * instead of space Prevents blanks from being filled in with
numbers to change amount of check◦ $ 51.06 could be changed to $3,951.06◦ $***51.06 not easily changed
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WS-Chk-Amt Out-Chk-Amt Pic 9(4)V99 Pic $*,***.99 2345^15 $2,345.15 0072^08 $***72.08 0000^06 $*****.06
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Examples
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PIC clause with 9’s is unsigned field◦ Value assumed to be positive
Use S with 9’s in PIC clause of sending field to define signed field◦ Use PIC of S9(3) to store -425
Report-item field must include + or - editing symbol to print or display a sign
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Use - (minus) symbol to display minus sign if sending field is negative◦ Displays - for negative values◦ Displays blank (no sign) for positive or unsigned
values Use + (plus) symbol to display sign for both
positive and negative values◦ Displays - for negative values◦ Displays + for positive or unsigned values
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Assume a PICTURE of S9(3) for WS-Amt
Out-Amt WS-Amt PICTURE Contents 007- -ZZZ -bb7 218+ ZZZ- 218b 082+ +ZZ9 +b82 030- $ZZZ+ $b30-
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Examples
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For accounting applications replace - (minus) sign with◦ DB to debit an account when negative◦ CR to credit an account when negative
Always specified to right of report-item Print only when value moved to report item
is negative
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Assume a PICTURE of S9(3) for WS-AmtNotice it only prints if value is negative
Out-Amt WS-Amt PICTURE Contents 123- 999CR 123CR 123- 999DB 123DB 123+ 999CR 123bb 123+ 999DB 123bb
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Examples
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B (space or blank), 0 (zero) or / (slash) may be inserted in report-item PIC as separator
Used to edit either nonnumeric or numeric fields
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Assume PIC 9(3) for WS-Amt PIC X(3) for WS-Name
Report-Item Contents PICTURE Contents
WS-Amt 528 99BB9 52bb8WS-Amt 218 999,000 218,000WS-Name RAY XBXBX RbAbY WS-Name JAN X/X/X J/A/N
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Examples
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Editing performed when ◦ Sending field moved to report-item◦ Result of arithmetic operations stored in report-
item PICTURE of report-item determines type of
editing
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All items used in arithmetic operation must be numeric
Error if report-item used in calculation of result
This statement invalid if Total-Out is report-item
Add WS-Total To Total-Out Report-item may be used after GIVING
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Used to place $, + or - directly preceding first significant digit
For example, 000516 becomes $5.16 instead of $ 5.16
In edit string, replace all Z’s with floating character ($, + or -)
Suppresses leading zeros, commas
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Assume a PICTURE of S9(4)V99 for WS-Amt
Out-Amt WS-Amt PICTURE Contents 0002^29- $$,$$$.99 bbbb$2.29- 0036^62+ ++,+++.99 bbb+36.62 0007^05- ---99.99 bb-07.05
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Examples
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To print spaces when sending field is all zeros rather than $.00 or -0
For the report-item
05 Qty-Out Pic +++ Blank When Zero.
035 will print as +35000 will print as bbb (all spaces)
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Define each type of output line as separate 01-level record in WORKING-STORAGE
May include 01-level records for heading, detail, total, footing lines, etc.
Establishes separate storage area for each record
All constants and blanks may be preassigned with VALUE clauses
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To transfer data from storage to print area and then print
Replaces MOVE and WRITE
Write Print-Rec From Heading-1
instead of
Move Heading-1 to Print-RecWrite Print-Rec
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01 HEADING-105 HL-LITERAL-1 PIC X(76) JUSTIFIED RIGHT.
05 PIC X(76) VALUE SPACES.
MOVE ‘MONTHLY TRANSACTIONS’ TO HL-LITERAL-1
It will be placed in positions 57-76
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Single spacing for WRITE is default Use AFTER or BEFORE ADVANCING to obtain
any number of blank lines between each print line
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WRITE record-name-1 [FROM identifier-1]
AFTER integer-1 LINE BEFORE identifier-2 LINES
◦ integer-1 or identifier-2 must be non-negative integer value
◦ AFTER ADVANCING prints line after paper is spaced
◦ BEFORE ADVANCING prints line before spacing occurs
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FORMAT
ADVANCING
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Write Print-Rec From Heading-Line-1 After Advancing 2 Lines ◦ Causes paper to advance two lines◦ Heading-Line-1 printed on second line◦ Creates double spacing - one blank line followed
by printed line
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Write Print-Rec From Heading-Line-1 Before Advancing 2 Lines ◦ Heading-Line-1 printed first, then spaces two lines◦ Results in overprinting if first line already contains
printed output◦ As a rule, use either BEFORE or AFTER in program
consistantly but not both
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Word PAGE after ADVANCING causes paper to advance to next page
To advance paper to top of new page and print a heading, code
Write Print-Rec From Heading-Line-1 After Advancing Page
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When page is full, need to advance to next page and print headings again
Define WORKING-STORAGE field for line counter
Initialize line counter to zero and increment it each time a line is printed
When line counter equals or exceeds line limit for page, advance to next page
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Define WORKING-STORAGE field for page number
Initialize and then increment page number each time new page begins
Move page number to report-item in heading line before printing it at top of a new page
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To get current date in program, access reserved word DATE
Stores date as six-digit field, two digits each for year, month and day
January 25, 2003 stored as 030125
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ACCEPT identifier-1 FROM DATE
For older compilers identifier must be defined as numeric field to hold 6 digits
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FORMAT
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Accept WS-Date From Date
Where WS-Date defined as:01 WS-Date.
05 Run-Year Pic 99.05 Run-Month Pic 99.05 Run-Day Pic 99.
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EXAMPLE
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WS-Date fields typically reformatted for printing
Moved to report-item fields listed in month, day, year order with slashes between them
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1. Include heading to identify report2. Include date, page number3. Include column headings to identify fields
printed4. Place most significant fields where they
are most visible5. Edit numeric fields for readability
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6. Include totals at end of page or report7. Use *’s to identify level of total
Dept Total is $33,266.25*Final total is $167,267.53**
8. Include page footings at end of each page, report footings at end of report
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EXAMPLE
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No COBOL standard for interactive processing
Two techniques used by compilers to add interactivity◦ ACCEPT, DISPLAY enhancements with options to
define appearance of data on screen◦ SCREEN SECTION added in DATA DIVISON to
define screen’s format
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Display "Enter date of birth"At Line 13 Column 1
With Blank ScreenForeground-Color 1Background-Color 7
Displays prompt at specific position on screen after clearing screen, using one color for characters and another for background
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EXAMPLE
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Specify formats, options for screen Follows WORKING-STORAGE Define each screen with 01 level entry
followed by subordinate entries DISPLAY screen-name displays all
prompts described in entries for screen ACCEPT screen-name captures all data
typed by user for that screen There is much more than what is in these
notes, like colors, reverse, sound, etc. Page 227 has nice summary box.
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01 Screen-1.05 Blank Screen.05 Line 3 Column 1 Value 'City'.05 Column 17 Pic X(13) To City-In.
Display Screen-1 blanks screen and displays City in first column of line 3
Accept Screen-1 moves 13 characters user enters starting in line 3, column 17 to City-In
Let’s do a lab on this.
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EXAMPLE
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• Will be able to use report-items in arithmetic operations
• Will be able to combine or concatenate nonnumeric literals in MOVE statement
Move 'Stu-Name Credits' & ' Tuition Scholarship' To Column-Heading-Line
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• Numeric MOVE Rules• Decimal alignment maintained• Integer and decimal portion digits moved from
decimal point out• Nonfilled high-, low-order positions replaced
with zeros• Truncation of high-, low-order digits occurs if
receiving field not large enough
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• Nonnumeric MOVE Rules• Movement from left to right• Low-order nonfilled positions replaced with spaces• Low-order characters truncated if receiving field
not large enough
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Format of receiving field determines type of MOVE operation
See Table 6.3 in text for summary of edit symbols
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Rules for Printing Output◦ Use Printer Spacing Chart to determine print
positions to be used ◦ Define all printed output in WORKING-STORAGE
so VALUE clause can be used◦ Use appropriate editing symbols in report-items
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WRITE statement clauses◦ Move records to print area in FILE SECTION with
WRITE … FROM ◦ Use BEFORE or AFTER ADVANCING to control
spacing between lines ◦ Use AFTER ADVANCING PAGE to go to beginning
of next page
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Interactive Input/Output◦ Use SCREEN SECTION or enhanced ACCEPT,
DISPLAY verbs to make screen displays more user friendly
◦ Options available to Describe exact line, column for item Add color, sounds Highlight, blink, underline, reverse video item Clear all or part of screen
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