Download - TOEFL Presentation
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KELOMPOK 3
• Junior Arthur S (22074276)• Joshua Andre (22064093)• Wiasta Guna (22084516)• Allan F. (22084568)• Felix F. S. S. (22084540)
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PROBLEMS WITH SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT
SKILL 20: Make Verbs Agree After Prepositional Phrases
Clue:When a prepositional phrases comes between
subject and the verb, be sure that the verb agrees with the subject
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EXAMPLE
The key (to the doors) are* in the drawer singular pluralThe keys (to the doors) is* in the drawer plural singular
* Indicates error
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SKILL 21: Make Verbs Agree After Expressions of Quantity
Clue:
AllMost of the object VSomeHalf
When an expression of quantity is the subject, the verbs agrees with the object
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EXAMPLE
All (of the book) was interesting singularAll (of the books) were interesting pluralAll (of the information) was interesting uncountable
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SKILL 22: Make Inverted Verbs AgreeClue:QuestionNegativePlace V SCondition (no if)Comparison
After question words, negative, place, conditions without if, and comparison, the verbs agrees with the subject, which may be the verb.
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EXAMPLE
(Behind the house) was* the bicycles I wanted(Behind the houses) were* the bicycle I wanted
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SKILL 23: Make Verbs Agree After Certain WordsClue:
The words must be in singular verbsAnybodyAnyoneAnything, etcExample:Everybody are going* to the theater
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Problem With Parallel Structure
Skill 24 : Use Parallel Structure with Coordinate Conjuctions
(Same Structure) |and/but/or | (Same Structure)
(Same Structure), (Same Structure) |and/but/or | (Same Structure)
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Example
Two nouns joined by a coordinate conjungtion :She is not a teacher but a lawyer
Two verbs joined by a coordinate conjungtion :He eats and sleeps only when he takes a
vocation
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Two adjectives joined by a coordinate conjungtion :
Class can be interesting or boring
Two phrases joined by a coordinate conjungtion :
The papers are on my desk or in the drawer
Two clauses joined by a coordinate conjungtion :They are not interested in what you say or what
you do
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Problem With Parallel Structure
• Skill 25 : Use Parallel Structure with paired Conjuctions
Both, either, neither, not only | (Same Structure) and, or, nor, but also | (Same Structure)
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Example
The paired conjuctions both...and, either...or, neither...nor, and not only...but also :
Either mark or sue has the book
The following is not parallel and must be correct :
He wants either to go by train or by plane
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Problem With Parallel Structure
• Skill 26 : Use Parallel Structure with comparisons
(Same Structure) | more...than, -er...than, less...than, as...as, the same...as, similar...to | (Same Structure)
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Example
My school is farther than your school
Their car is as big as small house
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Problem With Comparatives and Superlatives
• Skill 27 : Form Comparatives and Superlatives Correctly
Comparative : more (long adjectives) (short adjectives) + er |
thanSuperlatives :The | most (long adjectives) (short adjectives) +
est | maybe in, of, that
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Example
Bobby is taller than RonSally is the most beautiful of all the woman at
the partyThe fastest runner wins the race
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Problem With Comparatives and Superlatives
• Skill 28 : Use Comparatives and Superlatives Correctly
Comparative is used to compare two equal things
Superlatives is used to show which one of many is in some way the most outstanding
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Example
• The history class is larger than the math class• Mary is more intelligent than Sue
• The history class is the largest in the school• Mary is the most intteligent of all the student
in the class
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Problem With Comparatives and Superlatives
• Skill 29 : Use The Irregular –er, -er structure correctly
The | -er/more | (same structure), The | er/more | (same structure)
This type of sentences may or may not include a verb
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Example
• The harder he tried, the further he fell behind• The more children you have, the bigger the
house you need
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Skill 30: After Have, Use The Past Participle
Base form Present Present participle
Past Past Participle
Walk Walk(s) Walking Walked Walked
Hea Hear(s) Hearing Heard heard
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Skill 30: After Have, Use The Past Participle
• Verb Forms After Have Have + past participle
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Skill 30: After Have, Use The Past Participle
• Incorrect example1.They had walk to school2.We have see the show
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Skill 30: After Have, Use The Past Participle
• Correct example1.They had walked to school2.We have seen the show
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Skill 30: After Have, Use The Past Participle
• Exercise 30
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Skill 31: After Be, Use The Present Participle Or The Past Participle
• Verb Forms After Be Be + (1) present participle (2) past participle
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Skill 31: After Be, Use The Present Participle Or The Past Participle
• Incorrect example 1.We are do our homework 2.The homework was do early
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Skill 31: After Be, Use The Present Participle Or The Past Participle
• Correct example1.We are doing our homework2.The homework was done early
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Skill 31: After Be, Use The Present Participle Or The Past Participle
• Exercise 31
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Skill 32: After Will Would Or Other Modals, Use The base Form Of the verb
• Verbs Forms After ModalsModal + main form of the verb
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Skill 32: After Will Would Or Other Modals, Use The base Form Of the verb
• Incorrect example 1.The boat will leaving at 3:002.The doctor may arrives soon3.The students must taken the exam
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Skill 32: After Will Would Or Other Modals, Use The base Form Of the verb
• Correct example1.The boat will leave at 3:002.The doctors may arrive soon3.The students must take the exam
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Skill 33: Know When To Use The Past With Present
Using The Past With The Present1. If you see a sentence with one verb in the past
and one verb in the present, the sentence is probably incorrect.
2. However, it is possible for a correct sentence to have both past and present together.
3. If you see the past and present together, you must check the meaning to determine whether or not the sentence is correct. (particular reason)
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Skill 33: Know When To Use The Past With Present
• Incorrect ExampleHe took the money when he wants* it
• Correct ExampleI know that he took the money yesterday
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Skill 34: Use Have and Had Correctly
• The present perfect refers to the period of time from the past until the present(have + past participle)
Example: Sue has lived in Los Angeles for ten years
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Skill 34: Use Have and Had Correctly
• The past perfect refers to a period of time that started in the past and ended in the past, before something else happened in the past(had + past participle)
Example:Sue had lived in Los Angeles for ten years when
she moved to San Diego
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Skill 34: Use Have and Had Correctly
Using (Have + Past Participle) and (Had + Past Participle)
Tense Form Meaning Use
Present perfect Have + Past participle
Past up to now Not with a past tense**
Past perfect Had + Past participle
Before past up to past
Not with a present tense
**Except when the time expression since is part of the sentence (see Skill 35)
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Skill 35: Use The Correct Tense With Time Expressions
Using Correct Tenses With Time Expressions
Past Perfect Simple Past Present Perfect
by (1920) (two years) agoLast (year)In (1920)
since (1920)lately
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Skill 35: Use The Correct Tense With Time Expressions
Example:We moved to New York in 1970We had left there by 1980We have lived in San Fransisco since 1982She got a job two years agoShe started working last weekShe has worked very hard lately
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Skill 36: Use The Correct Tense With Will andWould
The following chart outlines the use of tenses with will and would
Using Correct Tenses With Will and Would
Verb Meaning Use
Will After the present Do not use with past
Would After the past Do not use with present
NOTE: There is a different modal would that is used to make polite requests. This type of would is often used with present tense.I would like to know if you have a pencil that I could borrow
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Skill 36: Use The Correct Tense With Will andWould
• Certain combination of verbs are very common in English. One is the combination of the simple present and will
Example:I know that they will arrive soonIt is certain that he will graduate
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Skill 36: Use The Correct Tense With Will andWould
• Another combination that is quite common is the combination of the simple past and would
Example:I knew that he would arriveIt was certain that he would graduate
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Skill 36: Use The Correct Tense With Will andWould
• Combination of the past with will and the combination of the present with would
Incorrect example:a. I know that he would* arrive soonb. It was certain that he will* graduateBoth of them can be corrected in two different
ways
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Skill 36: Use The Correct Tense With Will andWould
Correct Example:a. I knew that he would arrive soon or I know that he will arrive soonb.It was certain that he would graduate or It is certain that he will graduate