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Tomato carotenoids supplementation:Tomato carotenoids supplementation:Photo-protection and skin anti-aging activityPhoto-protection and skin anti-aging activity
Joseph LevyJoseph LevyJoseph LevyJoseph Levy
Faculty of Health SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesBenBen--Gurion UniversityGurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
Faculty of Health SciencesBenBen--Gurion UniversityGurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
Cosmeceuticals Summit 2009March 9- 11, 2009Cosmeceuticals Summit 2009March 9- 11, 2009c 9 , 9Orlando, FL
c 9 , 9Orlando, FL
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Photooxidative Stress Photooxidative Stress Photooxidative Stress Photooxidative Stress UV
LIGHT
Reactive OxygenSpecies (ROS)
AntioxidantsAntioxidants
DDamage
DNA LIPIDS PROTEINS
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Photooxidative Stress Photooxidative Stress --P bl f SP bl f S d kid ki
Photooxidative Stress Photooxidative Stress --P bl f SP bl f S d kid kiProblems of SunProblems of Sun--exposed skinexposed skinProblems of SunProblems of Sun--exposed skinexposed skin
SunburnSkin AgingSki CSkin Cancer
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Tomato carotenoids Tomato carotenoids d Ski H l hd Ski H l h
Tomato carotenoids Tomato carotenoids d Ski H l hd Ski H l hand Skin Healthand Skin Healthand Skin Healthand Skin Health
E d Ph t t tiE d Ph t t tiEndogenous Photo protection Endogenous Photo protection Cosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureProtection against Sunburn Cell Protection against Sunburn Cell Formation Formation Lycopene and protection from erythemaLycopene and protection from erythemaLycopene and protection from erythemaLycopene and protection from erythema
Is it only lycopene? Is it only lycopene? y y py y pUVUV--A and UVA and UV--B B
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Exogenous Exogenous PhotoprotectionPhotoprotectionPhotoprotection Photoprotection
UV exposure during a conservative vacation accounts only for about 1/3 f h h l UV1/3 of the average erythemal UV doses within a year
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Endogenous Photoprotection
i i dii i diHuman intervention studiesHuman intervention studiesThis presentation will address the concept of Photoprotection by dietary means
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Tomato carotenoids Tomato carotenoids d Ski H l hd Ski H l h
Tomato carotenoids Tomato carotenoids d Ski H l hd Ski H l hand Skin Healthand Skin Healthand Skin Healthand Skin Health
Endogenous Photo protection Endogenous Photo protection Cosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureProtection against Sunburn Cell Protection against Sunburn Cell ggFormationFormationL d t ti f thL d t ti f thLycopene and protection from erythemaLycopene and protection from erythema
Is it only lycopene?Is it only lycopene?Is it only lycopene? Is it only lycopene? UVUV--A and UVA and UV--B B
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P m tP m t M m tM m tParametersParameters MeasurementsMeasurementsDensity ultrasoundultrasoundThickness (B(B scan)scan)Thickness (B(B--scan)scan)
ScalingRoughness Surface EvaluationSurface EvaluationSmoothness of Living Skin (SELS)of Living Skin (SELS)WrinklingWrinkling
Hydration CorneometryCorneometry
Transepidermal TEWLTEWLwater loss
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Antioxidants mixture Vs.Antioxidants mixture Vs. PPlacebolaceboAntioxidants mixture Vs. Antioxidants mixture Vs. PPlacebolacebo66..0 0 mg Lycopenemg Lycopene44..88 mg ßmg ß--CaroteneCarotene44..8 8 mg ßmg ß CaroteneCarotene10 10 mg mg αα--TocopherolTocopherol7575 µg Seleniumµg Selenium75 75 µg Seleniumµg Selenium
(n= 13)D ti 12 kDuration: 12 wk; measurements: wk=0, wk12
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Serum levels
Treatment PlaceboTreatment Placebo
wk 0 wk 12 wk 0 wk 12
β-Carotene 0.68 1.33* 0.46 0.46L 0 52 0 88* 0 49 0 60Lycopene 0.52 0.88* 0.49 0.60α-Tocoperol 32.8 31.9 33.8 35.8
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A typical ultrasound B-scan shows the density and thickness of the dermis
Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous
Dermis + Epidermis =Thi k f th kiThickness of the skin
bl k f l d iblack areas are of low density bright yellow are of high density
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Diff k 12 k 0Diff k 12 k 0Difference wk 12 vs. wk 0Difference wk 12 vs. wk 0
Treatment PlaceboDensity + 7% * +0.3%Thickness +14% * 1 4%Thickness +14% - 1.4%
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Skin surface evaluation
White area sho degree of scalingWhite area show degree of scaling
hRed area and steepness of peaks show roughness of skin
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Diff k 12 k 0Difference wk 12 vs wk 0
Treatment Placebo
Scaling - 60% * - 30%Roughness - 33% * - 16%
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Mechanism ???Mechanism ???
In a ongoing new studyIn a ongoing new study
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New Human Skin Study
A placebo controlled, double blind, cross-over studyover study
Special emphasis on molecular markers of UVA damage in human volunteersg
Performed by leading skin research university group in Europe
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Study parameters2. Assessment of skin barrier function / anti-aging by
skin physiological parameters (measurement with bioengineering methods)
a. Transepidermal water loss of the skinp
b. Skin elasticity
c Skin hydrationc. Skin hydration
d. Skin colour
e. MED – Erythema
f. PPD - Tanningg
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Study parameters
1. Molecular Parameters (skin biopsies):to be assessed by RT-PCRto be assessed by RT PCR
mRNA Expression of HO-1 (oxidative stress)
ICAM-1 (skin irritation)ICAM-1 (skin irritation)
MMP-1 (photoaging)
Col1A1 and Col1A2 (skin rejuvenation)
IL-1, IL-6 (skin inflammation)
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Tomato carotenoids Tomato carotenoids d Ski H l hd Ski H l h
Tomato carotenoids Tomato carotenoids d Ski H l hd Ski H l hand Skin Healthand Skin Healthand Skin Healthand Skin Health
Endogenous Photo protection Endogenous Photo protection Cosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureProtection against Sunburn Cell Protection against Sunburn Cell ggFormationFormationL d t ti f thL d t ti f thLycopene and protection from erythemaLycopene and protection from erythema
Is it only lycopene?Is it only lycopene?Is it only lycopene? Is it only lycopene? UVUV--A and UVA and UV--B B
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Lyc-O-Mato 6%Lyc O Mato 6% Dietary Supplementation Study
P t tiProtectionagainst Sunburn Cell Formation
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•Sunburn cells, are apoptotic (dead) cells, which are indicative of damage caused by UV
exposureexposure
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Study Objective•Determination of the efficacy of oral supplementation of
Lyc-O-Mato in preventing photo-aging, as measured by the histological analysis of sunburn cellsy g y
•Test Products•Group 1 –Lyc-O-Mato 6% capsules per day, (10 mg
L )Lycopene)•Group 2 –Placebo control capsules (containing Soybean
oil))•Study Period•10 weeks of supplementation
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Effect Of Dietary Supplementation Study-C t’dCont’d
Study Population•10 female and male subjects, 18 + years of age, with
skin Type Ⅰ and Ⅱ
•Protocol•Subjects were randomized into two balanced groups of
five. •Subjects returned the clinic at the end of week 10 for
radiation of 2 MED.radiation of 2 MED. •Subjects returned 24 hours later for 3mm punch biopsy
for sunburn cell counts.
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Number of Sunburn Cells per Sq. mm
1200
1000
1200
600
800PlaceboLyc-O-Mato 6%
400
Lyc O Mato 6%
0
200
After 10 weeks ingestion
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•In conclusion, Daily Dietary Supplementation can provide year round protection against UV radiation damage.
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UV light and other forms of oxidativeUV light and other forms of oxidativeUV light and other forms of oxidative stress can modify the cellular genome UV light and other forms of oxidative stress can modify the cellular genome by causing DNA damage and cell deathby causing DNA damage and cell deathdeath.death.
What is the mechanism What is the mechanism of tomato extract of tomato extract
protection ?protection ?
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DNA damage after consumption of LycDNA damage after consumption of Lyc--OO--Mato drink Mato drink Experimental design: double-blind, cross-over study,Experimental design: double-blind, cross-over study,
Carotenoid consumption per day:6 mg lycopene4 mg phytoene4 mg phytoene3 mg phytofluene1 mg β-carotene1 8 h l
Porrini, M., Riso, P., Brusamolino, A., Berti, C., Guarnieri, S. and Visioli, F. British J Nutrition, 93: 93-9, 2005
1.8 mg α-tocopherol,
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Reduction in HReduction in H22OO22--induced DNA damage of human induced DNA damage of human lymphocytes by Lyclymphocytes by Lyc--OO--Mato drinkMato drink
70 No changeNo change 42% change42% change
50
60in
tail **
30
40
DN
A i
10
20%
before afterPlacebo
0before after
LycoMato
Porrini, M., Riso, P., Brusamolino, A., Berti, C., Guarnieri, S. and Visioli, F. British J Nutrition, 93: 93-9, 2005
Placebo LycoMato
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Tomato carotenoids Tomato carotenoids d Ski H l hd Ski H l h
Tomato carotenoids Tomato carotenoids d Ski H l hd Ski H l hand Skin Healthand Skin Healthand Skin Healthand Skin Health
Endogenous Photo protection Endogenous Photo protection Cosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureProtection against Sunburn Cell Protection against Sunburn Cell ggFormationFormationL d t ti f thL d t ti f thLycopene and protection from erythemaLycopene and protection from erythema
Is it only lycopene?Is it only lycopene?Is it only lycopene? Is it only lycopene? UVUV--A and UVA and UV--B B
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Lycopene and other tomato Lycopene and other tomato carotenoids, in skin protection.carotenoids, in skin protection.
Wilhelm Stahl, Helmut Sies Institute for Physiological Chemistry IHeinrichHeinrich--HeineHeine--UniversitätUniversität, Düsseldorf, Germany
Wilhelm Stahl, Helmut Sies Institute for Physiological Chemistry IHeinrichHeinrich--HeineHeine--UniversitätUniversität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Irradiated Skin–Redness after 24h of UV-ExposureUV Exposure
1 2 3 4 5
a-Value
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Photoprotective Effects of Lycopene: Study Design
9 Volunteers (skin type II) (∆-a-Value at 1.25 MED)
Study Design
MED)
40 g Tomato Paste/day = 16 mg Lycopene/day ith li ilwith olive oil
10 Week Supplementation
Carotenoid Serum Levels (HPLC) Carotenoid Skin Levels (Chromametry)
Erythema Formation (Sunburn Reaction) Chromametry: ∆-a-Value
Stahl et al. J. Nutr. 131: 1449-1451 (2001)
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Results
• At week 10, erythema formation was 40% lowerlower in the
Results
group that consumed tomato paste compared with controls
Conclussion
ProtectionProtection against UV light-induced erythema, can be acheived by ingestion of a commonly consumed dietarydietaryy g y yysource of lycopene.
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Tomato carotenoids Tomato carotenoids d Ski H l hd Ski H l h
Tomato carotenoids Tomato carotenoids d Ski H l hd Ski H l hand Skin Healthand Skin Healthand Skin Healthand Skin Health
E d Ph t t tiE d Ph t t tiEndogenous Photo protection Endogenous Photo protection Cosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureProtection against Sunburn Cell Protection against Sunburn Cell FormationFormationLycopene and protection from erythemaLycopene and protection from erythemaLycopene and protection from erythemaLycopene and protection from erythema
Is it only lycopene? Is it only lycopene? y y py y pUVUV--A and UVA and UV--B B
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Can lycopene aloneCan lycopene aloneCan lycopene alone replace the tomato?Can lycopene alone replace the tomato?replace the tomato?replace the tomato?
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Phytonutrient content in LYCPhytonutrient content in LYC--OO--MATOMATO®® 77% % -- Standardized Tomato ExtractStandardized Tomato Extract
TocopherolsPhytosterols
0.7%
Standardized Tomato ExtractStandardized Tomato Extract
Other carotenoids
Tocopherols(Vit E) 2%
LycopeneLycopenePhytofluene
0.3%
7%7%
Ph t
Phytofluene0.7%
Beta carotene
Phytoene0.7%
Beta-carotene0.2%
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Photoprotective Effects of Tomato Products vs Lycopeneroducts vs Lycopene
36 Volunteers (skin type II)
Synthetic Lycopene Lyc-O-Mato Capsules Lyc-O-Mato Drink
12 Week Supplementation
y
Serum Levels of Lycopene, Phytoene, Phytofluene: HPLC
Total carotenoid Skin Level (Reflection spectrophotometry)
Erythema Formation (∆-a-Value at 1.25 MED) Sunburn Reaction to solar light simulator
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Carotenoid daily intake during the study
Carotenoids Lyc O Mato Lyc O mato LycopeneCarotenoids(mg/d)
Lyc-O-Matodrink
Lyc-O-matocapsules
Lycopenesynthetic
Lycopene 8.2 9.8 10.2
Phytoene 4.5 1.0 -
Phytofluene 3.2 0.9 -
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Relative Sun-Protective EffectsLyc-O-Mato Synthetic Lyc-O-Mato
100
Drink LycopeneCapsules0
75
n on d
ay 0
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The longerlonger you consume the betterbetter protection you getThe combinationcombination of lycopene with other tomato carotenoid is more protectivemore protective than synthetic lycopene
Week: 0 4 12 0 4 12 0 4 12
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The longer you consume the betterprotection you get
Why Phytofluene and Phytoene areWhy Phytofluene and Phytoene areWhy Phytofluene and Phytoene are Why Phytofluene and Phytoene are so beneficial? so beneficial?
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Mechanism ???Mechanism ???
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Tomato carotenoids Tomato carotenoids d Ski H l hd Ski H l h
Tomato carotenoids Tomato carotenoids d Ski H l hd Ski H l hand Skin Healthand Skin Healthand Skin Healthand Skin Health
E d Ph t t tiE d Ph t t tiEndogenous Photo protection Endogenous Photo protection Cosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureCosmetics: Skin structure and textureProtection against Sunburn Cell Protection against Sunburn Cell FormationFormationLycopene and protection from erythemaLycopene and protection from erythemaLycopene and protection from erythemaLycopene and protection from erythema
Is it only lycopene? Is it only lycopene? y y py y pUVUV--A and UVA and UV--B B
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Phytofluene and Phytoene absorb light in UVPhytofluene and Phytoene absorb light in UV--A A and UVand UV--BB
LycopenePhytoene Phytofluene
and UVand UV BB
UV-B UV-A visible
banc
e A
bsor
b
250 300 350 400 450 500Wavelength (nm)
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• Major carotenoids in tomatoes and in tomato
Phytofluene and Phytoene Features & Benefits:
• Major carotenoids in tomatoes and in tomato extracts (not present in synthetic preparations)
• Absorb UV-A and UV-B respectively
• Both are colorless carotenoids• Both are colorless carotenoids
PhytoenePhytoene
Phytofluene
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Most sun care products Most sun care products provide optimal protection provide optimal protection from UVUV--BB, but incomplete f m , mp
protection from UVUV--AAp
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h d h fl ll Phytoene and Phytofluene as well as other tomato phyto-nutrients:other tomato phyto-nutrients:
May provide the additional protectionMay provide the additional protectionMay provide the additional protection May provide the additional protection against the damaging oxidative free against the damaging oxidative free
radicalsradicals
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Mechanism ???Mechanism ???
Erythema is inflammationErythema is inflammation
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TIME Magazine; FebruaryTIME Magazine; February 2323,, 20042004 Vol.Vol. 163163 No.No. 88TIME Magazine; February TIME Magazine; February 2323, , 2004 2004 Vol. Vol. 163 163 No. No. 88
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Wh b hWh b hWhat may be the What may be the mechanisms for the mechanisms for the
anti-inflamtoryanti-inflamtoryanti inflamtory response?
anti inflamtory response?response?response?
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Reduction in TNFReduction in TNF--α production in LPSα production in LPS--challenged whole challenged whole blood by Lycblood by Lyc--OO--Mato drink supplementationMato drink supplementation
g/m
l 34% reduction34% reduction40
**ion
ng 30ro
duct
i
20
NFα
pr
10
before afterPlacebo
TN
before afterLycoMato
0
Riso, P, Visioli, F., Grande, S., Guarnieri, S., Gardana, C., Simonetti, P., and Porrini, M J Agric Food Chem, 54: 2563-2566, 2006.
Placebo LycoMato
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A growing body of evidence demonstratesA growing body of evidence demonstrates that these compounds can serve important f ti i d d t f di t ti id tfunctions independent of direct antioxidant chemistry, by modulating enzyme activity and gene expression.
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What is the molecular mechanism ofWhat is the molecular mechanism ofWhat is the molecular mechanism of What is the molecular mechanism of tomato carotenoids in skin protection tomato carotenoids in skin protection
from UV and oxidative damage?from UV and oxidative damage?
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(Nrf 2)
Cancer Res 2006; 66(17): 8421-9)
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• They observed that low dose UVB exposure led to stimulation of Nrf 2exposure led to stimulation of Nrf 2 transcription factor and activation of chemo protective defense programchemo protective defense program.
• However, intriguingly, they found that high d UVB l d d l idose UVB exposure led to down-regulation of this protective mechanism.
•• Suggesting that this contribute toSuggesting that this contribute toSuggesting that this contribute to Suggesting that this contribute to environmental carcinogenic environmental carcinogenic effects of UVB.effects of UVB.
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Carotenoids may provide the Carotenoids may provide the additional protection neededadditional protection neededadditional protection neededadditional protection needed
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Endogenous (dietary) Photoprotection Endogenous (dietary) Photoprotection by tomato oleoresin by tomato oleoresin (Lyc(Lyc--OO--Mato)Mato) is is by to ato o eo esby to ato o eo es ( yc( yc OO ato)ato) ssefficient as confirmed by efficient as confirmed by
Human intervention studies Human intervention studies
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Thank youy
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SummaryAntioxidants, positively affect skin texture
Dietary carotenoids provide moderate protectionDietary carotenoids provide moderate protection against UV-induced erythema (sunburn)
Carotenoids can be applied as supplements with theCarotenoids can be applied as supplements with the diet, or in enriched functional food products
For protection doses > 10 15 mg carotenoids/day areFor protection, doses > 10-15 mg carotenoids/day are needed; intervention > 6 wk
A ti id t ti it ( d/ UV b ti ) i thAntioxidant activity (and/or UV-absorption are) is the main mechanisms of protection