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CAMBODIA RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION: FROM GENDER DESIGN TO GENDER RESULTS
(ADB GRANT 0018-CAM)
Mr. Nuon Pichnimith
Deputy Director
Department of Rural Water Supply
Ministry of Rural Development
Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Infrastructure Policies and Projects Africa Regional Workshop
22-24 March 2011, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Impact: Improved health and quality of life for rural people.
Outcome: Sustained access to safe water and sanitation and better
hygiene.
Executing Agency: Ministry of Rural Development
Total Project Cost: US$24 million: (i) ADB Grant $18 million; (ii)
Government $2.06 million; and (iii) Community $3.94 million
Project Duration: 4.5 years (53 months from 2006 to 2010)
4 Outputs:
– Community mobilization and skills development
– Water supply improvement
– Sanitation improvement
– Capacity building and institutional support
Gender Mainstreaming: Gender Action Plan
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TONLE SAP RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR PROJECT
(ADB GRANT 0018-CAM)
Gender Analysis:Identification of Different Roles and Responsibilities
MEN WOMEN
Sometimes collect and carry water to the
house
Often make decisions on construction of
WSS facilities, including location and design
Participate in training on construction,
operation and maintenance
Sometimes share cleaning of the house,
latrine, bathroom and disposal of rubbish
Decide on location and way to release
wastewater from the house
Almost always collect and carry water to the house
Concerned with household water security and family health
Sometimes influence, but often not able to make the final decision, on
investment in WSS facilities, their location and design
Usually clean the house, latrine, bathroom and area around the well,
and dispose of rubbish
Participate in household wastewater management, but rarely
influence decisions
Play main role in educating children on good hygiene behaviors,
including proper use of latrines, hand-washing, handling of water etc.
Concerned with unsafe water and its harm on women’s health.
Participate most in hygiene education
SPECIFIC TO PROJECT AREA:
Women’s 3rd priority issue is poor water supply
Women comprise of 51.5% of total population
75% of respondents reported that the burden of collecting water falls on women and children (e.g., during the dry
season, they spend up to 3 hours per day collecting water with frequent trips and long queues at water points)
65-75% of respondents said women are responsible for hygiene and for cleaning water jars and around the well area.
TONLE SAP RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR PROJECT
(ADB GRANT 0018-CAM)
Gender Action Plan
Output Actions
Community mobilization 25% of NGO staff will be female
40% of WSUG board members to be female
At least 40% of sanitation & hygiene training participants to be male
Water supply improvements Consider women’s needs in access to water points, child safety, and
operation of hand pumps before construction
50% of O&M training participants to be female
Sanitation improvements Review specific considerations that affect females (e.g. separate public
toilet blocks for women)
Capacity building and
institutional support
Gender training for MRD staff at all levels
At least 30% training participants female
Sex-disaggregated data
Project guidelines on gender mainstreaming
Implementation
Arrangements
Chair of MRD’s Gender Working Group to sit on steering committee
At least 2 GWG members in PMU
6pm international gender & social development consultant, 10pm national
community development specialist
TONLE SAP RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR PROJECT
(ADB GRANT 0018-CAM)
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Output – ACommunity Mobilization
Gender balance participation in Project
Awareness Promotion Campaigns
Women’s concerns in the selection of
sub-projects
Women’s major role in technology
choices and preparation of village water
supply and sanitation plans
25% of NGO staff will be female
40% of WSUG board members to be
female
At least 40% of sanitation and hygiene
training participants to be male.
TONLE SAP RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR PROJECT
(ADB GRANT 0018-CAM)
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Output – BWater Supply Improvement
Women participate in the technology
choice and technical assessment
process
Women are main users, and designs
criteria include women-friendly principles
(e.g., women’s needs in access to water
points, child safety, and operation of
hand pumps before construction)
50% of O&M training participants are
women
Women participate in the financial
management of the Water System O&M
TONLE SAP RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR PROJECT
(ADB GRANT 0018-CAM)
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Output – CSanitation Improvement
Consider women's specific needs:
– Separate public toilet blocks for women
– Safety, privacy and convenience
Both men and women participate in Water
use and hygiene improvement trainings,
and messages are designed for both sexes
Implement informed choice to fit individual
requirements and financial affordable levels
Women are trained in O&M of household
latrines
TONLE SAP RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR PROJECT
(ADB GRANT 0018-CAM)
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Output – D Capacity Building and Institutional Support
Gender training for MRD staff at all
levels
At least 30% training participants
female
M&E and MIS system includes sex-
disaggregated data
Project guidelines on gender
mainstreaming
Gender mainstreaming principles are
integrated in the RWSS policy strategy
framework
TONLE SAP RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR PROJECT
(ADB GRANT 0018-CAM)
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Output – EProject Implementation Arrangements
Chair of MRD’s Gender Working Group (GWG)
to sit on project steering committee
At least 2 GWG members in PMU, and each PIU
has a staff responsible for gender activities.
At least one member of the female commune
council member cooperate and oversee the
Project’s Gender Action Plan implementation at
the community level.
6 person-months of international gender & social
development consultant, 10 person-months of
national community development specialist.
Gender assurances (targets)
TONLE SAP RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR PROJECT
(ADB GRANT 0018-CAM)
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Gender Mainstreaming Achievements
500,000 people have access to safe water
225,000 people have a hygienic latrine
Gender mainstreaming and Gender Action Plans in the village engagement process
7 out 20 NGO staff was women (35%)
Women’s active participation in planning, technology choice, WUHE and O&M activities in water supply and sanitation
Encourage women’s active participation in management – In 5,452 WSUGs, 44% of members are women
About 39% of participants trained in O&M were women
Gender monitoring indicators in Project Performance Monitoring Systems
TONLE SAP RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR PROJECT
(ADB GRANT 0018-CAM)
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Gender Mainstreaming Achievements
Reduced transportation time and labor for water collection
Sufficient water for domestic use and personal hygiene practices
Reduced water and sanitation related diseases in the family and reduced
health care costs
More productive time and healthy conditions for income-generation
activities and family care
Better social safety and convenience through having reliable water points
close their homes (within 150 meters) and household latrines
Increased influence in the decision making process for RWSS planning
and construction through active participation in the WSUG Boards and
community construction teams
Developed skills for income generation activities
TONLE SAP RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR PROJECT
(ADB GRANT 0018-CAM)
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Issues and Challenges of Gender Mainstreaming
Illiteracy is high among rural women
Strong traditional norms that assign higher status to men
Traditional gender roles
Limited time for women’s participation due to household work
Married women are reluctant to take responsibilities for the Organization Management together with men
Women hesitate to express their ideas against men’s decisions and ideas
TONLE SAP RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR PROJECT
(ADB GRANT 0018-CAM)