Basic researchMenekankan penemuan pengetahuan semata-mata untuk pengetahuan.
Lebih menumpukan kajian teori-teori yang wujud dalam bidang pendidikan secara lebih mendalam.
Memperoleh data empirikal yang boleh digunakan untuk mengembangkan dan menilai teori.
Kurang berorientasikan cara-cara ke arah penyelesaian masalah praktis.
Applied research
Bertujuan untuk menyelesaikan masalah praktis yang dihadapi atau untuk menguji sesuatu teori untuk menilai kegunaannya dalam arena pendidikan.
Dapat memberikan data sama ada menyokong sesuatu teori, mengubah suai, atau mengembangkan sesuatu teori baru.
Action research
Berkaitan dengan penyelesaian masalah tertentu dalam keadaan setempat (local situation) dan dijalankan oleh seseorang (guru) yang akan menggunakan dapatan penyelidikan.
Situational (masalah yang membawa kepada sesuatu keadaan ); participatory (penglibatan)
Menyelesaikan masalah dalam bilik darjah
Evaluation researchResearcher attempts to make judgements about merit, value, or worth of educational programs, projects, materials and techniques
Research DesignsQUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVEExperimental
studyQuasi-
experimental study
Survey studyCorrelational
study
EthnographyCase studyHistorical study
Experimental DesignTest whether an educational practice or
idea makes a difference for individualsAssess the impact by giving one group
one set of activities (intervention) and withholding the set from another group
Intervention studyGroup comparison study
Quasi-experimental DesignThere are variables that we cannot control
subjects’ exposure to, such as their age, race, background, experience or personal characteristics (quasi-independent variables)
Cannot randomly assign subjects to be exposed to a particular condition
Instead, subjects are assigned to a condition because they already qualify for that condition based upon some inherent characteristics use intact groups or non-randomised sample (natural setting)
Quasi-experiment: Example It is hypothesized that 18-year-old females
like males of a certain characteristic more than 22-year-old females
We cannot select females for the study and make some of them 18 and others 22
We create the conditions of 18- and 22-year-olds by randomly selecting one sample of 18-year-old females and another sample of 22-year-old females
Correlational StudyFocus more on examining the association
or relation of one or more variables within a single group of individuals
Researcher measures the degree of association or relation between two or more variables using the statistical procedure of correlational analysis
Degree of association indicates whether the two variables are related or whether one can predict another
Survey DesignsDescribe trends in a large
population of individualsAdminister a survey or
questionnaire to a small group of people (sample) to identify trends in attitudes, opinions, behaviors or characteristics of a larger group of people (population)
Ethnographic DesignExamining a group of individuals in the
setting where they live and work, and in developing a portrait of how they interact
Describing, analyzing and interpreting a group’s shared patterns of behavior, beliefs and language that develop over time
Provides a detailed picture of the group, drawing on various sources of information
Describes the group within its settings, explores themes or issues that develop over time as the group interacts
Case StudyExplores in depth a program, event,
activity, process, or one or more individuals
Bounded (separated out for research) by time, place and activity
Researcher collects detailed information using a variety of data collection procedures over a sustained period of time (Stake, 1995; Creswell, 2007)
Historical StudyFocuses primarily on the pastPerusing documents of the periodExamining relicsInterviewing individuals who lived during
that timeReconstruct what happened during that
time as completely as possibleSystematic collection and evaluation of data
to describe, explain, and thereby understand actions or events that occurred in the past
No manipulation or control of variables
Tutorial 2Compare the purpose of the various research
designs discussedDiscuss the advantages and disadvantages of
the various research designs discussedISLExplore other types of educational research
designs other than those discussed (Causal-comparative, narrative research, grounded theory design, phenomenology, mixed methods, etc.)