Torts and Damages/CODAL PROVISIONSTORTS (CODAL PROVISIONS)A. Concept of Qas!"De#!ct$. In t%e Ne& C!'!# Code(Damages)(%oe'er )* act or om!ss!on cases damage to anot%er+ t%ere )e!ng fa#t or neg#!gence+ !s o)#!ged to pa* for t%e damage done. Sc% fa#t or neg#!gence+ !f t%ere !s no pre"e,!st!ng contracta# re#at!on )et&een t%e part!es+ !s ca##ed a -as!"de#!ct and !s go'erned )* t%e pro'!s!on ofC%apter II(Qas!"De#!cts).CC ../0O)#!gat!ons ar!se from1(.) La&2(3) Contracts2(4) Qas!"contracts2($) Acts and om!ss!ons pn!s%ed )* #a&2 and(/) Qas!"de#!cts.CC ..53O)#!gat!ons der!'ed from -as!"de#!cts s%a## )e go'erned )* t%e pro'!s!ons of C%apter 3+ T!t#e 6VII of t%!s 7oo8+ and )* spec!a# #a&s./. D!st!ng!s%ed from de#!ct/c!'!# #!a)!#!t* ar!s!ng from de#!ctC!'!# #!a)!#!t* of a person g!#t* of fe#on*. 9'er* person cr!m!na##* #!a)#e for a fe#on* !s a#so c!'!##* #!a)#e.RPC .:.R#es regard!ng c!'!# #!a)!#!t* !n certa!n cases. T%e e,empt!on from cr!m!na# #!a)!#!t* esta)#!s%ed !n s)d!'!s!ons .+3+4+/ and 5 of Art!c#e .3 and !n s)d!'!s!on $ of Art!c#e .. of t%e RPC does not !nc#de e,empt!on from c!'!# #!a)!#!t*+ &%!c% s%a## )e enforced s);ect to t%e fo##o&!ng r#es1s o&nacts or om!ss!ons+ )t a#so for t%ose of persons for &%om one !s respons!)#e.T%e fat%er and+ !n case of %!s deat% or !ncapac!t*+ t%e mot%er+ are respons!)#e for t%e damages cased )* t%e m!nor c%!#dren &%o #!'e !n t%e!r compan*.=ard!ans are #!a)#e for damages cased )* t%e m!nors or !ncapac!tated persons &%o are nder t%e!r at%or!t* and #!'e !n t%e!r compan*.T%e o&ners and managers of an esta)#!s%ment or enterpr!se are #!8e&!se respons!)#e for damages cased )* t%e!r emp#o*ees !n t%e ser'!ce of t%e )ranc%es !n &%!c% t%e #atter are emp#o*ed or on t%e occas!on of t%e!r fnct!ons.9mp#o*ers s%a## )e #!a)#e for t%e damages cased )* t%e!r emp#o*ees and %ose%o#d %e#pers act!ng &!t%!n t%e scope of t%e!r ass!gned tas8s+ e'en t%og% t%e former are not engaged !n an* )s!ness or !ndstr*.T%e State !s respons!)#e !n #!8e manner &%en !t acts t%rog% a spec!a# agent+ )t not &%en t%e damage %as )een cased )* t%e off!c!a# to &%om t%e tas8 done proper#* perta!ns+ !n &%!c% case &%at !s pro'!ded !n Art!c#e 3.05 s%a## )e app#!ca)#e.Last#*+ teac%ers or %eads of esta)#!s%ments of arts and trades s%a## )e #!a)#e for damages cased )* t%e!r pp!#s and stdents or apprent!ces+ so #ong as t%e* rema!n !n t%e!r cstod*.T%e respons!)!#!t* treated of !n t%!s art!c#e s%a## cease &%en t%e persons %ere!n ment!oned pro'e t%at t%e* o)ser'ed a## t%e d!#!gence of a good fat%er of a fam!#* to pre'ent damage.LTTC+ C%ap III+ art 3+ 4 and /+ C%ap IVRPC .. ($)Dst!f*!ng c!rcmstances. "" T%e fo##o&!ng do not !ncr an* cr!m!na# #!a)!#!t*1($) An* person &%o+ !n order to a'o!d an e'!# or !n;r*+ does an act &%!c% cases damage to anot%er+ pro'!ded t%at t%e fo##o&!ng re-!s!tes are present1s #ac8 of de care+ t%e p#a!nt!ff ma* reco'er damages+ )t t%e corts s%a## m!t!gate t%e damages to )e a&arded.D. Persons #!a)#e for -as!"de#!ct.. T%e tortfeasorCC 3.05(%oe'er )* act or om!ss!on cases damage to anot%er+ t%ere )e!ng fa#t or neg#!gence+ !s o)#!ged to pa* for t%e damage done. Sc% fa#t or neg#!gence+ !f t%ere !s no pre"e,!st!ng contracta# re#at!on )et&een t%e part!es+ !s ca##ed a -as!"de#!ct and !s go'erned )* t%e pro'!s!on of C%apter II (Qas!"De#!cts).CC 3.0A(%en t%e p#a!nt!ff>s o&n neg#!gence &as t%e !mmed!ate and pro,!mate case of %!s !n;r*+ %e cannot reco'er damages. 7t !f %!s neg#!gence &as on#* contr!)tor*+ t%e !mmed!ate and pro,!mate case of t%e !n;r* )e!ng t%e defendant>s #ac8 of de care+ t%e p#a!nt!ff ma* reco'er damages+ )t t%e corts s%a## m!t!gate t%e damages to )e a&arded.CC 3.@.(%oe'er pa*s for t%e damage cased )* %!s dependents or emp#o*ees ma* reco'er from t%e #atter &%at %e %as pa!d or de#!'ered !n sat!sfact!on of t%e c#a!m.cf CC .034T%e eng!neer or arc%!tect &%o dre& p t%e p#ans and spec!f!cat!ons for a )!#d!ng !s #!a)#e for damages !f &!t%!n f!fteen *ears from t%e comp#et!on of t%estrctre+ t%e same s%o#d co##apse )* reason of a defect !n t%ose p#ans and spec!f!cat!ons+ or de to t%e defects !n t%e grond. T%e contractor !s #!8e&!se respons!)#e for t%e damages !f t%e ed!f!ce fa##s+ &!t%!n t%e same per!od+ on accont of defects !n t%e constrct!on or t%e se of mater!a#s of !nfer!or -a#!t* frn!s%ed )* %!m+ or de to an* '!o#at!on of t%e terms of t%e contract. If t%e eng!neer or arc%!tect sper'!ses t%e constrct!on+ %e s%a## )e so#!dar!#* #!a)#e &!t% t%e contractor.Acceptance of t%e )!#d!ng+ after comp#et!on+ does not !mp#* &a!'er of an* of t%e cases of act!on )* reason of an* defect ment!oned !n t%e preced!ng paragrap%.T%e act!on mst )e )rog%t &!t%!n ten *ears fo##o&!ng t%e co##apse of t%e )!#d!ng.RPC 3:/DBD=F9NT R9ND9R9D T?ROB=? N9=LI=9NC9EE.) T%at t%e offender !s a ;dge3) T%at %e renders a ;dgment !n a case s)m!tted to %!m for dec!s!on4) T%at t%e ;dgment !s man!fest#* n;st$) T%at !t !s de to %!s !ne,csa)#e neg#!gence or !gnoranceRPC 3:@PROS9CBTION O< Os acta# cstod!an+ o'er t&ent*"one *ears of age+ n#ess nf!t ord!s-a#!f!ed.(%ene'er t%e appo!ntment of a ;d!c!a# gard!an o'er t%e propert* of t%e c%!#d )ecomes necessar*+ t%e same order of preference s%a## )e o)ser'ed.s %omes+ orp%anages and s!m!#ar !nst!tt!ons d#* accred!ted )* t%e proper go'ernment agenc*.CC 3.@.(%oe'er pa*s for t%e damage cased )* %!s dependents or emp#o*ees ma* reco'er from t%e #atter &%at %e %as pa!d or de#!'ered !n sat!sfact!on of t%e c#a!m.c. Sc%oo#s / sc%oo# adm!n!strators / teac%erss person+ %ose+ papers+ and effects aga!nstnreasona)#e searc%es and se!Cres2(.:)T%e #!)ert* of a)ode and of c%ang!ng t%e same2(..)T%e pr!'ac* of commn!cat!on and correspondence2(.3)T%e r!g%t to )ecome a mem)er of assoc!at!ons or soc!et!es for prposes not contrar* to #a&2(.4)T%e r!g%t to ta8e part !n a peacea)#e assem)#* to pet!t!on t%e =o'ernment for redress of gr!e'ances2(.$)T%e r!g%t to )e free from !n'o#ntar* ser'!tde !n an* form2(./)T%e r!g%t of t%e accsed aga!nst e,cess!'e )a!#2(.5)T%e r!g%t of t%e accsed to )e %eard )* %!mse#f and conse#+ to )e !nformed of t%e natre and case of t%e accsat!on aga!nst %!m+ to %a'e a speed* and p)#!c tr!a#+ to meet t%e &!tnesses face to face+ and to %a'e comp#sor* process to secre t%e attendance of &!tness !n %!s )e%a#f2(.0)s se#f+ or from )e!ng forced to confess g!#t+ or from )e!ng !ndced )* a prom!se of !mmn!t* or re&ard to ma8e sc% confess!on+ e,cept &%en t%e person confess!ng )ecomes a State &!tness2(.@)s res!dence2(3) Fedd#!ng &!t% or d!str)!ng t%e pr!'ate #!fe orfam!#* re#at!ons of anot%er2(4) Intr!g!ng to case anot%er to )e a#!enated from %!s fr!ends2($) Ve,!ng or %m!#!at!ng anot%er on accont of %!s re#!g!os )e#!efs+ #o* stat!on !n #!fe+ p#ace of )!rt%+ p%*s!ca# defect+ or ot%er persona# cond!t!on. mot!on+ t%e cort ma* re-!re t%e p#a!nt!ff to f!#e a )ond to !ndemn!f* t%e defendant !n case t%e comp#a!nt s%a## )e fond to )e ma#!c!os.If dr!ng t%e pendenc* of t%e c!'!# act!on+ an !nformat!on s%o#d )e presented )* t%e prosect!ng attorne*+ t%e c!'!# act!on s%a## )e sspended nt!# t%e term!nat!on of t%e cr!m!na# proceed!ngs.PART T?R991 NBISANC9A. Def!n!t!on CC 5A$A n!sance !s an* act+ om!ss!on+ esta)#!s%ment+ cond!t!on of propert*+ or an*t%!ng e#se &%!c%1(.) In;res or endangers t%e %ea#t% or safet* of ot%ers2 or(3) Anno*s or offends t%e senses2 or(4) S%oc8s+ def!es or d!sregards decenc* or mora#!t*2 or($) O)strcts or !nterferes &!t% t%e free passage of an* p)#!c %!g%&a* or streets+ or an* )od* of &ater2 or(/) ?!nders or !mpa!rs t%e se of propert*.7. H!nds.. P)#!c or pr!'ateCC 5A/N!sance !s e!t%er p)#!c or pr!'ate. A p)#!c n!sance affects a commn!t* orne!g%)or%ood or an* cons!dera)#e nm)er of persons+ a#t%og% t%e e,tent oft%e anno*ance+ danger or damage pon !nd!'!da#s ma* )e ne-a#. A pr!'ate n!sance !s one t%at !s not !nc#ded !n t%e forego!ng def!n!t!on.C. A)atementCC 5A59'er* sccess!'e o&ner or possessor of propert* &%o fa!#s or refses to a)ate a n!sance !n t%at propert* started )* a former o&ner or possessor !s #!a)#e t%erefor !n t%e same manner as t%e one &%o created !t.CC 5A0T%e a)atement of a n!sance does not prec#de t%e r!g%t of an* person !n;red to reco'er damages for !ts past e,!stence.CC 5A@Lapse of t!me cannot #ega#!Ce an* n!sance+ &%et%er p)#!c or pr!'ate.CC 5AAT%e remed!es aga!nst a p)#!c n!sance are1(.) A prosect!on nder t%e Pena# Code or an* #oca# ord!nance2 or(3) A c!'!# act!on2 or(4) A)atement+ &!t%ot ;d!c!a# proceed!ngs.CC 0:: T%e d!str!ct %ea#t% off!cer s%a## ta8e care t%at one or a## of t%e remed!es aga!nst a p)#!c n!sance are a'a!#ed of.CC 0:. If a c!'!# act!on !s )rog%t )* reason of t%e ma!ntenance of a p)#!c n!sance+ sc% act!on s%a## )e commenced )* t%e c!t* or mn!c!pa# ma*or.CC 0:3T%e d!str!ct %ea#t% off!cer s%a## determ!ne &%et%er or not a)atement+ &!t%ot ;d!c!a# proceed!ngs+ !s t%e )est remed* aga!nst a p)#!c n!sance.CC 0:4 A pr!'ate person ma* f!#e an act!on on accont of p)#!c n!sance+ !f !t !s spec!a##* !n;r!os to %!mse#f.CC 0:$A pr!'ate person ma* a)ate a p)#!c n!sance &%!c% !s spec!a##* !n;r!os to %!m )* remo'!ng+ or !f necessar*+ )* destro*!ng t%e t%!ng &%!c% const!ttes t%e same+ &!t%ot comm!tt!ng a )reac% of t%e peace+ or do!ng nnecessar* !n;r*. 7t !t !s necessar*1(.) T%at demand )e f!rst made pon t%e o&ner or possessor of t%e propert* to a)ate t%e n!sance2(3) T%at sc% demand %as )een re;ected2(4) T%at t%e a)atement )e appro'ed )* t%e d!str!ct %ea#t% off!cer and e,ected &!t% t%e ass!stance of t%e #oca# po#!ce2 and($) T%at t%e 'a#e of t%e destrct!on does not e,ceed t%ree t%osand pesos.CC 0:/T%e remed!es aga!nst a pr!'ate n!sance are1(.) A c!'!# act!on2 or(3) A)atement+ &!t%ot ;d!c!a# proceed!ngs.CC 0:5An* person !n;red )* a pr!'ate n!sance ma* )ate !t )* remo'!ng+ or !f necessar* )* destro*!ng t%e t%!ng &%!c% const!ttes t%e n!sance+ &!t%ot comm!tt!ng a )reac% of t%e peace or do!ng nnecessar* !n;r*. ?o&e'er+ !t !s !nd!spensa)#e t%at t%e procedre for e,tra;d!c!a# a)atement of a p)#!c n!sance )* a pr!'ate person )e fo##o&ed.CC 0:0A pr!'ate person or a p)#!c off!c!a# e,tra;d!c!a##* a)at!ng a n!sance s%a## )e#!a)#e for damages1(.) If %e cases nnecessar* !n;r*2 or(3) If an a##eged n!sance !s #ater dec#ared )* t%e corts to )e not a rea# n!sance.D. 9asement aga!nst n!sanceCC 5@39'er* )!#d!ng or p!ece of #and !s s);ect to t%e easement &%!c% pro%!)!ts t%epropr!etor or possessor from comm!tt!ng n!sance t%rog% no!se+ ;arr!ng+ offens!'e odor+ smo8e+ %eat+ dst+ &ater+ g#are and ot%er cases.CC 5@4S);ect to Con!ng+ %ea#t%+ po#!ce and ot%er #a&s and reg#at!ons+ factor!es and s%ops ma* )e ma!nta!ned pro'!ded t%e #east poss!)#e anno*ance !s cased to t%e ne!g%)or%ood.DAFA=9SA. =enera# pro'!s!ons.. Concept/r#esCC 3.A/T%e pro'!s!ons of t%!s T!t#e s%a## )e respect!'e#* app#!ca)#e to a## o)#!gat!ons ment!oned !n art!c#e ../0.CC 3.A5T%e r#es nder t%!s T!t#e are &!t%ot pre;d!ce to spec!a# pro'!s!ons on damages form#ated e#se&%ere !n t%e C!'!# Code. Compensat!on for &or8men and ot%er emp#o*ees !n case of deat%+ !n;r* or !##ness !s reg#ated )* spec!a# #a&s. R#es go'ern!ng damages #a!d do&n !n ot%er #a&s s%a## )e o)ser'ed !nsofar as t%e* are not !n conf#!ct &!t% t%e C!'!# Code.CC 3.A0Damages ma* )e1(.) Acta# or compensator*2(3) Fora#2(4) Nom!na#2($) Temperate or moderate(/) L!-!dated2 or(5) 9,emp#ar* or correct!'e.CC 3.A@T%e pr!nc!p#es of t%e genera# #a& on damages are %ere)* adopted !nsofar as t%e* are not !ncons!stent &!t% t%e C!'!# Code.3. In #a)or casesLC 3.0 ($)Dr!sd!ct!on of La)or Ar)!ters and t%e Comm!ss!onE."" 9,cept as ot%er&!se pro'!ded nder t%e La)or Code+ t%e La)or Ar)!ters s%a## %a'e or!g!na# and e,c#s!'e ;r!sd!ct!on to %ear and dec!de+ &!t%!n t%!rt* (4:) ca#endar da*s aftert%e s)m!ss!on of t%e case )* t%e part!es for dec!s!on &!t%ot e,tens!on+ e'en !n t%e a)sence of stenograp%!c notes+ t%e fo##o&!ng cases !n'o#'!ng a## &or8ers+ &%et%er agr!c#tra# or non"agr!c#tra#1$. C#a!ms for acta#+ mora#+ e,emp#ar* and ot%er forms of damages ar!s!ng from t%e emp#o*er"emp#o*ee re#at!ons.CC .0:.T%e re#at!on )et&een cap!ta# and #a)or are not mere#* contracta#. T%e* are so !mpressed &!t% p)#!c !nterest t%at #a)or contracts mst *!e#d to t%e common good. T%erefore+ sc% contracts are s);ect to t%e spec!a# #a&s on #a)or n!ons+ co##ect!'e )arga!n!ng+ str!8es and #oc8ots+ c#osed s%op+ &ages+&or8!ng cond!t!ons+ %ors of #a)or and s!m!#ar s);ects.7. Acta# or compensator* damages.. Re-!s!tesCC 33.AFora# damages ma* )e reco'ered !n t%e fo##o&!ng and ana#ogos cases1(.) A cr!m!na# offense res#t!ng !n p%*s!ca# !n;r!es2(3) Qas!"de#!cts cas!ng p%*s!ca# !n;r!es2(4) Sedct!on+ a)dct!on+ rape+ or ot%er #asc!'!os acts2($) Ad#ter* or conc)!nage2(/) I##ega# or ar)!trar* detent!on or arrest2(5) I##ega# searc%2(0) L!)e#+ s#ander or an* ot%er form of defamat!on2(@) Fa#!c!os prosect!on2(A) Acts enmerated !n Art!c#e 4:A2(.:) Acts and act!ons referred to !n Art!c#es 3.+ 35+ 30+ 3@+ 3A+ 4:+ 43+ 4$+ and4/.T%e parents of t%e fema#e sedced+ a)dcted+ raped+ or a)sed+ referred to !n No. 4 of t%!s art!c#e+ ma* a#so reco'er mora# damages.T%e spose+ descendants+ ascendants+ and )rot%er and s!ster ma* )r!ng t%e act!on ment!oned !n No. A of t%!s art!c#e+ !n t%e order named.CC 4:AAn* person &%o s%o&s d!srespect to t%e dead+ or &rongf##* !nterferes &!t% afnera# s%a## )e #!a)#e to t%e fam!#* of t%e deceased for damages+ mater!a# and mora#.CC 3.An* person &%o &!##f##* cases #oss or !n;r* to anot%er !n a manner t%at !s contrar* to mora#s+ good cstoms or p)#!c po#!c* s%a## compensate t%e #atterfor t%e damage.CC 359'er* person s%a## respect t%e d!gn!t*+ persona#!t*+ pr!'ac* and peace of m!ndof %!s ne!g%)ors and ot%er persons. T%e fo##o&!ng and s!m!#ar acts+ t%og% t%e* ma* not const!tte a cr!m!na# offense+ s%a## prodce a case of act!on for damages+ pre'ent!on and ot%er re#!ef1(.) Pr*!ng !nto t%e pr!'ac* of anot%er>s res!dence2(3) Fedd#!ng &!t% or d!str)!ng t%e pr!'ate #!fe or fam!#* re#at!ons of anot%er2(4) Intr!g!ng to case anot%er to )e a#!enated from %!s fr!ends2($) Ve,!ng or %m!#!at!ng anot%er on accont of %!s re#!g!os )e#!efs+ #o* stat!on !n #!fe+ p#ace of )!rt%+ p%*s!ca# defect+ or ot%er persona# cond!t!on.CC 30An* person sffer!ng mater!a# or mora# #oss )ecase a p)#!c ser'ant or emp#o*ee refses or neg#ects+ &!t%ot ;st case+ to perform %!s off!c!a# dt* ma* f!#e an act!on for damages and ot%er re#!ef aga!nst t%e #atter+ &!t%ot pre;d!ce to an* d!sc!p#!nar* adm!n!strat!'e act!on t%at ma* )e ta8en.CC 3@Bnfa!r compet!t!on !n agr!c#tra#+ commerc!a# or !ndstr!a# enterpr!ses or !n #a)or t%rog% t%e se of force+ !nt!m!dat!on+ dece!t+ mac%!nat!on or an* ot%er n;st+ oppress!'e or %!g%%anded met%od s%a## g!'e r!se to a r!g%t of act!on )* t%e person &%o t%ere)* sffers damage.CC 3A(%en t%e accsed !n a cr!m!na# prosect!on !s ac-!tted on t%e grond t%at %!s g!#t %as not )een pro'ed )e*ond reasona)#e do)t+ a c!'!# act!on for damages for t%e same act or om!ss!on ma* )e !nst!tted. Sc% act!on re-!res on#* a preponderance of e'!dence. Bpon mot!on of t%e defendant+ t%e cort ma* re-!re t%e p#a!nt!ff to f!#e a )ond to ans&er for damages !n case t%e comp#a!nt s%o#d )e fond to )e ma#!c!os.If !n a cr!m!na# case t%e ;dgment of ac-!tta# !s )ased pon reasona)#e do)t+ t%e cort s%a## so dec#are. In t%e a)sence of an* dec#arat!on to t%at effect+ !t ma* )e !nferred from t%e test of t%e dec!s!on &%et%er or not t%e ac-!tta# !s de to t%at grond.CC 4:(%en a separate c!'!# act!on !s )rog%t to demand c!'!# #!a)!#!t* ar!s!ng from a cr!m!na# offense+ and no cr!m!na# proceed!ngs are !nst!tted dr!ng t%e pendenc* of t%e c!'!# case+ a preponderance of e'!dence s%a## #!8e&!se )e sff!c!ent to pro'e t%e act comp#a!ned of.CC 43An* p)#!c off!cer or emp#o*ee+ or an* pr!'ate !nd!'!da#+ &%o d!rect#* or !nd!rect#* o)strcts+ defeats+ '!o#ates or !n an* manner !mpedes or !mpa!rs an* of t%e fo##o&!ng r!g%ts and #!)ert!es of anot%er person s%a## )e #!a)#e to t%e #atter for damages1(.) s act or om!ss!on %as compe##ed t%e p#a!nt!ff to #!t!gate &!t% t%!rd persons or to !ncr e,penses to protect %!s !nterest2(4) In cr!m!na# cases of ma#!c!os prosect!on aga!nst t%e p#a!nt!ff2($) In case of a c#ear#* nfonded c!'!# act!on or proceed!ng aga!nst t%e p#a!nt!ff2(/) (%ere t%e defendant acted !n gross and e'!dent )ad fa!t% !n refs!ng to sat!sf* t%e p#a!nt!ff>s p#a!n#* 'a#!d+ ;st and demanda)#e c#a!m2(5) In act!ons for #ega# spport2(0) In act!ons for t%e reco'er* of &ages of %ose%o#d %e#pers+ #a)orers and s8!##ed &or8ers2(@) In act!ons for !ndemn!t* nder &or8men>s compensat!on and emp#o*er>s #!a)!#!t* #a&s2(A) In a separate c!'!# act!on to reco'er c!'!# #!a)!#!t* ar!s!ng from a cr!me2(.:) (%en at #east do)#e ;d!c!a# costs are a&arded2(..) In an* ot%er case &%ere t%e cort deems !t ;st and e-!ta)#e t%at attorne*>s fees and e,penses of #!t!gat!on s%o#d )e reco'ered.In a## cases+ t%e attorne*>s fees and e,penses of #!t!gat!on mst )e reasona)#e.c. !nterestCC 33:AIf t%e o)#!gat!on cons!sts !n t%e pa*ment of a sm of mone*+ and t%e de)tor !ncrs !n de#a*+ t%e !ndemn!t* for damages+ t%ere )e!ng no st!p#at!on to t%e contrar*+ s%a## )e t%e pa*ment of t%e !nterest agreed pon+ and !n t%e a)sence of st!p#at!on+ t%e #ega# !nterest+ &%!c% !s s!, per cent per annm.CC 33.:Interest ma*+ !n t%e d!scret!on of t%e cort+ )e a##o&ed pon damages a&arded for )reac% of contract.CC 33..In cr!mes and -as!"de#!cts+ !nterest as a part of t%e damages ma*+ !n proper case )e ad;d!cated !n t%e d!scret!on of t%e cort.CC 33.3Interest de s%a## earn #ega# !nterest from t%e t!me !t !s ;d!c!a##* demanded+ a#t%og% t%e o)#!gat!on ma* )e s!#ent pon t%!s po!nt.CC 33.4Interest cannot )e reco'ered pon n#!-!dated c#a!ms or damages+ e,cept &%en t%e demand can )e esta)#!s%ed &!t% reasona)#e certa!nt*.4. Scope of acta# damagesa. !n contracts and -as!"contractsCC 33:.In contracts and -as!"contracts+ t%e damages for &%!c% t%e o)#!gor &%o acted !n good fa!t% !s #!a)#e s%a## )e t%ose t%at are t%e natra# and pro)a)#e conse-ences of t%e )reac% of t%e o)#!gat!on+ and &%!c% t%e part!es %a'e foreseen or co#d %a'e reasona)#* foreseen at t%e t!me t%e o)#!gat!on &as const!tted.In case of frad+ )ad fa!t%+ ma#!ce or &anton att!tde+ t%e o)#!gor s%a## )e respons!)#e for a## damages &%!c% ma* )e reasona)#* attr!)ted to t%e non"performance of t%e o)#!gat!on.CC 33./In contracts+ -as!"contracts+ and -as!"de#!cts+ t%e cort ma* e-!ta)#* m!t!gate t%e damages nder c!rcmstances ot%er t%an t%e case referred to !nt%e preced!ng art!c#e+ as !n t%e fo##o&!ng !nstances1(.) T%at t%e p#a!nt!ff %!mse#f %as contra'ened t%e terms of t%e contract2(3) T%at t%e p#a!nt!ff %as der!'ed some )enef!t as a res#t of t%e contract2(4) In cases &%ere e,emp#ar* damages are to )e a&arded+ t%at t%e defendant acted pon t%e ad'!ce of conse#2($) T%at t%e #oss &o#d %a'e res#ted !n an* e'ent2(/) T%at s!nce t%e f!#!ng of t%e act!on+ t%e defendant %as done %!s )est to #essen t%e p#a!nt!ff>s #oss or !n;r*.). !n de#!cts and -as!"de#!cts c. !n de#!cts and -as!"de#!cts res#t!ng !n deat%C. Fora# DamagesCC 33.0Fora# damages !nc#de p%*s!ca# sffer!ng+ menta# ang!s%+ fr!g%t+ ser!os an,!et*+ )esm!rc%ed reptat!on+ &onded fee#!ngs+ mora# s%oc8+ soc!a# %m!#!at!on+ and s!m!#ar !n;r*. T%og% !ncapa)#e of pecn!ar* comptat!on+ mora# damages ma* )e reco'ered !f t%e* are t%e pro,!mate res#t of t%e defendant>s &rongf# act for om!ss!on.CC 33.@In t%e ad;d!cat!on of mora# damages+ t%e sent!menta# 'a#e of propert*+ rea# or persona# ma* )e cons!dered... (%en reco'era)#eCC 33.AFora# damages ma* )e reco'ered !n t%e fo##o&!ng and ana#ogos cases1(.) A cr!m!na# offense res#t!ng !n p%*s!ca# !n;r!es2(3) Qas!"de#!cts cas!ng p%*s!ca# !n;r!es2(4) Sedct!on+ a)dct!on+ rape+ or ot%er #asc!'!os acts2($) Ad#ter* or conc)!nage2(/) I##ega# or ar)!trar* detent!on or arrest2(5) I##ega# searc%2(0) L!)e#+ s#ander or an* ot%er form of defamat!on2(@) Fa#!c!os prosect!on2(A) Acts enmerated !n Art!c#e 4:A2(.:) Acts and act!ons referred to !n Art!c#es 3.+ 35+ 30+ 3@+ 3A+ 4:+ 43+ 4$+ and 4/.T%e parents of t%e fema#e sedced+ a)dcted+ raped+ or a)sed+ referred to !n No. 4 of t%!s art!c#e+ ma* a#so reco'er mora# damages.T%e spose+ descendants+ ascendants+ and )rot%er and s!ster ma* )r!ng t%e act!on ment!oned !n No. A of t%!s art!c#e+ !n t%e order named.CC 4:AAn* person &%o s%o&s d!srespect to t%e dead+ or &rongf##* !nterferes &!t% afnera# s%a## )e #!a)#e to t%e fam!#* of t%e deceased for damages+ mater!a# and mora#.CC 3.An* person &%o &!##f##* cases #oss or !n;r* to anot%er !n a manner t%at !s contrar* to mora#s+ good cstoms or p)#!c po#!c* s%a## compensate t%e #atterfor t%e damage.CC 359'er* person s%a## respect t%e d!gn!t*+ persona#!t*+ pr!'ac* and peace of m!ndof %!s ne!g%)ors and ot%er persons. T%e fo##o&!ng and s!m!#ar acts+ t%og% t%e* ma* not const!tte a cr!m!na# offense+ s%a## prodce a case of act!on for damages+ pre'ent!on and ot%er re#!ef1(.) Pr*!ng !nto t%e pr!'ac* of anot%er>s res!dence2(3) Fedd#!ng &!t% or d!str)!ng t%e pr!'ate #!fe or fam!#* re#at!ons of anot%er2(4) Intr!g!ng to case anot%er to )e a#!enated from %!s fr!ends2($) Ve,!ng or %m!#!at!ng anot%er on accont of %!s re#!g!os )e#!efs+ #o* stat!on !n #!fe+ p#ace of )!rt%+ p%*s!ca# defect+ or ot%er persona# cond!t!on.CC 30An* person sffer!ng mater!a# or mora# #oss )ecase a p)#!c ser'ant or emp#o*ee refses or neg#ects+ &!t%ot ;st case+ to perform %!s off!c!a# dt* ma* f!#e an act!on for damages and ot%er re#!ef aga!nst t%e #atter+ &!t%ot pre;d!ce to an* d!sc!p#!nar* adm!n!strat!'e act!on t%at ma* )e ta8en.CC 3@Bnfa!r compet!t!on !n agr!c#tra#+ commerc!a# or !ndstr!a# enterpr!ses or !n #a)or t%rog% t%e se of force+ !nt!m!dat!on+ dece!t+ mac%!nat!on or an* ot%er n;st+ oppress!'e or %!g%%anded met%od s%a## g!'e r!se to a r!g%t of act!on )* t%e person &%o t%ere)* sffers damage.CC 3A(%en t%e accsed !n a cr!m!na# prosect!on !s ac-!tted on t%e grond t%at %!s g!#t %as not )een pro'ed )e*ond reasona)#e do)t+ a c!'!# act!on for damages for t%e same act or om!ss!on ma* )e !nst!tted. Sc% act!on re-!res on#* a preponderance of e'!dence. Bpon mot!on of t%e defendant+ t%e cort ma* re-!re t%e p#a!nt!ff to f!#e a )ond to ans&er for damages !n case t%e comp#a!nt s%o#d )e fond to )e ma#!c!os.If !n a cr!m!na# case t%e ;dgment of ac-!tta# !s )ased pon reasona)#e do)t+ t%e cort s%a## so dec#are. In t%e a)sence of an* dec#arat!on to t%at effect+ !t ma* )e !nferred from t%e test of t%e dec!s!on &%et%er or not t%e ac-!tta# !s de to t%at grond.CC 4:(%en a separate c!'!# act!on !s )rog%t to demand c!'!# #!a)!#!t* ar!s!ng from a cr!m!na# offense+ and no cr!m!na# proceed!ngs are !nst!tted dr!ng t%e pendenc* of t%e c!'!# case+ a preponderance of e'!dence s%a## #!8e&!se )e sff!c!ent to pro'e t%e act comp#a!ned of.CC 43An* p)#!c off!cer or emp#o*ee+ or an* pr!'ate !nd!'!da#+ &%o d!rect#* or !nd!rect#* o)strcts+ defeats+ '!o#ates or !n an* manner !mpedes or !mpa!rs an* of t%e fo##o&!ng r!g%ts and #!)ert!es of anot%er person s%a## )e #!a)#e to t%e #atter for damages1(.) s propert* %as )een !nsred+ and %e %as rece!'ed !ndemn!t* from t%e !nsrance compan* for t%e !n;r* or #oss ar!s!ng ot of t%e &rong or )reac% of contract comp#a!ned of t%e !nsrance compan* s%a## )e s)rogated to t%e r!g%ts of t%e !nsred aga!nst t%e &rongdoer or t%e person &%o %as '!o#ated t%e contract. If t%e amont pa!d )* t%e !nsrance compan* does not f##* co'er t%e !n;r* or #oss+ t%e aggr!e'ed part* s%a## )e ent!t#ed to reco'er t%e def!c!enc* from t%e person cas!ng t%e #oss or !n;r*.CC 33:@In t%e a)sence of st!p#at!on+ attorne*>s fees and e,penses of #!t!gat!on+ ot%ert%an ;d!c!a# costs+ cannot )e reco'ered e,cept1(.) (%en e,emp#ar* damages are a&arded2(3) (%en t%e defendant>s act or om!ss!on %as compe##ed t%e p#a!nt!ff to #!t!gate &!t% t%!rd persons or to !ncr e,penses to protect %!s !nterest2(4) In cr!m!na# cases of ma#!c!os prosect!on aga!nst t%e p#a!nt!ff2($) In case of a c#ear#* nfonded c!'!# act!on or proceed!ng aga!nst t%e p#a!nt!ff2(/) (%ere t%e defendant acted !n gross and e'!dent )ad fa!t% !n refs!ng to sat!sf* t%e p#a!nt!ff>s p#a!n#* 'a#!d+ ;st and demanda)#e c#a!m2(5) In act!ons for #ega# spport2(0) In act!ons for t%e reco'er* of &ages of %ose%o#d %e#pers+ #a)orers and s8!##ed &or8ers2(@) In act!ons for !ndemn!t* nder &or8men>s compensat!on and emp#o*er>s #!a)!#!t* #a&s2(A) In a separate c!'!# act!on to reco'er c!'!# #!a)!#!t* ar!s!ng from a cr!me2(.:) (%en at #east do)#e ;d!c!a# costs are a&arded2(..) In an* ot%er case &%ere t%e cort deems !t ;st and e-!ta)#e t%at attorne*>s fees and e,penses of #!t!gat!on s%o#d )e reco'ered.In a## cases+ t%e attorne*>s fees and e,penses of #!t!gat!on mst )e reasona)#e.CC 33:AIf t%e o)#!gat!on cons!sts !n t%e pa*ment of a sm of mone*+ and t%e de)tor !ncrs !n de#a*+ t%e !ndemn!t* for damages+ t%ere )e!ng no st!p#at!on to t%e contrar*+ s%a## )e t%e pa*ment of t%e !nterest agreed pon+ and !n t%e a)sence of st!p#at!on+ t%e #ega# !nterest+ &%!c% !s s!, per cent per annm.CC 33.:Interest ma*+ !n t%e d!scret!on of t%e cort+ )e a##o&ed pon damages a&arded for )reac% of contract.CC 33..In cr!mes and -as!"de#!cts+ !nterest as a part of t%e damages ma*+ !n proper case )e ad;d!cated !n t%e d!scret!on of t%e cort.CC 33.3Interest de s%a## earn #ega# !nterest from t%e t!me !t !s ;d!c!a##* demanded+ a#t%og% t%e o)#!gat!on ma* )e s!#ent pon t%!s po!nt.CC 33.4Interest cannot )e reco'ered pon n#!-!dated c#a!ms or damages+ e,cept &%en t%e demand can )e esta)#!s%ed &!t% reasona)#e certa!nt*.CC 33.$In -as!"de#!cts t%e contr!)tor* neg#!gence of t%e p#a!nt!ff s%a## redce t%e damages t%at %e ma* reco'er.CC 33./In contracts+ -as!"contracts+ and -as!"de#!cts+ t%e cort ma* e-!ta)#* m!t!gate t%e damages nder c!rcmstances ot%er t%an t%e case referred to !nt%e preced!ng art!c#e+ as !n t%e fo##o&!ng !nstances1(.) T%at t%e p#a!nt!ff %!mse#f %as contra'ened t%e terms of t%e contract2(3) T%at t%e p#a!nt!ff %as der!'ed some )enef!t as a res#t of t%e contract2(4) In cases &%ere e,emp#ar* damages are to )e a&arded+ t%at t%e defendant acted pon t%e ad'!ce of conse#2($) T%at t%e #oss &o#d %a'e res#ted !n an* e'ent2(/) T%at s!nce t%e f!#!ng of t%e act!on+ t%e defendant %as done %!s )est to #essen t%e p#a!nt!ff>s #oss or !n;r*.C%apter 4OT?9R HINDS O< DAFA=9SCC 33.5No proof of pecn!ar* #oss !s necessar* !n order t%at mora#+ nom!na#+ temperate+ #!-!dated or e,emp#ar* damages ma* )e ad;d!cated. T%e assessment of sc% damages+ e,cept #!-!dated ones+ !s #eft to t%e d!scret!onof t%e cort+ accord!ng to t%e c!rcmstances of eac% case.Sect!on .. " Fora# DamagesCC 33.0Fora# damages !nc#de p%*s!ca# sffer!ng+ menta# ang!s%+ fr!g%t+ ser!os an,!et*+ )esm!rc%ed reptat!on+ &onded fee#!ngs+ mora# s%oc8+ soc!a# %m!#!at!on+ and s!m!#ar !n;r*. T%og% !ncapa)#e of pecn!ar* comptat!on+ mora# damages ma* )e reco'ered !f t%e* are t%e pro,!mate res#t of t%e defendant>s &rongf# act or om!ss!on.CC 33.@In t%e ad;d!cat!on of mora# damages+ t%e sent!menta# 'a#e of propert*+ rea# or persona# ma* )e cons!dered.CC 33.AFora# damages ma* )e reco'ered !n t%e fo##o&!ng and ana#ogos cases1(.) A cr!m!na# offense res#t!ng !n p%*s!ca# !n;r!es2(3) Qas!"de#!cts cas!ng p%*s!ca# !n;r!es2(4) Sedct!on+ a)dct!on+ rape+ or ot%er #asc!'!os acts2($) Ad#ter* or conc)!nage2(/) I##ega# or ar)!trar* detent!on or arrest2(5) I##ega# searc%2(0) L!)e#+ s#ander or an* ot%er form of defamat!on2(@) Fa#!c!os prosect!on2(A) Acts enmerated !n Art!c#e 4:A2(.:) Acts and act!ons referred to !n Art!c#es 3.+ 35+ 30+ 3@+ 3A+ 4:+ 43+ 4$+ and4/.T%e parents of t%e fema#e sedced+ a)dcted+ raped+ or a)sed+ referred to !n No. 4 of t%!s art!c#e+ ma* a#so reco'er mora# damages.T%e spose+ descendants+ ascendants+ and )rot%er and s!ster ma* )r!ng t%e act!on ment!oned !n No. A of t%!s art!c#e+ !n t%e order named.CC 4:AAn* person &%o s%o&s d!srespect to t%e dead+ or &rongf##* !nterferes &!t% afnera# s%a## )e #!a)#e to t%e fam!#* of t%e deceased for damages+ mater!a# and mora#.CC 3.An* person &%o &!##f##* cases #oss or !n;r* to anot%er !n a manner t%at !s contrar* to mora#s+ good cstoms or p)#!c po#!c* s%a## compensate t%e #atterfor t%e damage.CC 359'er* person s%a## respect t%e d!gn!t*+ persona#!t*+ pr!'ac* and peace of m!ndof %!s ne!g%)ors and ot%er persons. T%e fo##o&!ng and s!m!#ar acts+ t%og% t%e* ma* not const!tte a cr!m!na# offense+ s%a## prodce a case of act!on for damages+ pre'ent!on and ot%er re#!ef1(.) Pr*!ng !nto t%e pr!'ac* of anot%er>s res!dence2(3) Fedd#!ng &!t% or d!str)!ng t%e pr!'ate #!fe or fam!#* re#at!ons of anot%er2(4) Intr!g!ng to case anot%er to )e a#!enated from %!s fr!ends2($) Ve,!ng or %m!#!at!ng anot%er on accont of %!s re#!g!os )e#!efs+ #o* stat!on !n #!fe+ p#ace of )!rt%+ p%*s!ca# defect+ or ot%er persona# cond!t!on.CC 30An* person sffer!ng mater!a# or mora# #oss )ecase a p)#!c ser'ant or emp#o*ee refses or neg#ects+ &!t%ot ;st case+ to perform %!s off!c!a# dt* ma* f!#e an act!on for damages and ot%er re#!ef aga!nst t%e #atter+ &!t%ot pre;d!ce to an* d!sc!p#!nar* adm!n!strat!'e act!on t%at ma* )e ta8en.CC 3@Bnfa!r compet!t!on !n agr!c#tra#+ commerc!a# or !ndstr!a# enterpr!ses or !n #a)or t%rog% t%e se of force+ !nt!m!dat!on+ dece!t+ mac%!nat!on or an* ot%er n;st+ oppress!'e or %!g%%anded met%od s%a## g!'e r!se to a r!g%t of act!on )* t%e person &%o t%ere)* sffers damage.CC 3A(%en t%e accsed !n a cr!m!na# prosect!on !s ac-!tted on t%e grond t%at %!s g!#t %as not )een pro'ed )e*ond reasona)#e do)t+ a c!'!# act!on for damages for t%e same act or om!ss!on ma* )e !nst!tted. Sc% act!on re-!res on#* a preponderance of e'!dence. Bpon mot!on of t%e defendant+ t%e cort ma* re-!re t%e p#a!nt!ff to f!#e a )ond to ans&er for damages !n case t%e comp#a!nt s%o#d )e fond to )e ma#!c!os.If !n a cr!m!na# case t%e ;dgment of ac-!tta# !s )ased pon reasona)#e do)t+ t%e cort s%a## so dec#are. In t%e a)sence of an* dec#arat!on to t%at effect+ !t ma* )e !nferred from t%e test of t%e dec!s!on &%et%er or not t%e ac-!tta# !s de to t%at grond.CC 4:(%en a separate c!'!# act!on !s )rog%t to demand c!'!# #!a)!#!t* ar!s!ng from a cr!m!na# offense+ and no cr!m!na# proceed!ngs are !nst!tted dr!ng t%e pendenc* of t%e c!'!# case+ a preponderance of e'!dence s%a## #!8e&!se )e sff!c!ent to pro'e t%e act comp#a!ned of.CC 43An* p)#!c off!cer or emp#o*ee+ or an* pr!'ate !nd!'!da#+ &%o d!rect#* or !nd!rect#* o)strcts+ defeats+ '!o#ates or !n an* manner !mpedes or !mpa!rs an* of t%e fo##o&!ng r!g%ts and #!)ert!es of anot%er person s%a## )e #!a)#e to t%e #atter for damages1(.)