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Towards Mobile Touch Screen Inclusive User Interfaces: Differences and Similarities between Motor Impaired and Able-Bodied Users
Hugo Nicolau Tiago Guerreiro Daniel Gonçalves Joaquim Jorge
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Mobile evolution
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Tactile feedback
loss of tactile feedback
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Loss of physical stability
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hard to select targets
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it occurs to everyone
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… and motor impaired
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some advantages
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more pleasant
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require less strength
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Adapt to users’ needs
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Provide the knowledge to build better touch interfaces
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We performed …
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Tested several …
Interaction Techniques
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Screen areas …
… edges
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Screen areas …
… middle
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Screen areas …
1
2
3
4
5
… vertical distance
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7 mm
… and target sizes
12 mm 17 mm
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Tapping
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Crossing
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Directional Gesturing
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15 participants 28-64 years old
C4-C7 lesion level 6 left-handed
never used touchscreens
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18 participants 5 females, 13 males 20-45 years old
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Results
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Error Rate
X
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Target Size
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Motor Impaired
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
7mm 12mm 17mm
Gestures Tapping Crossing
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Able-bodied
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
7mm 12mm 17mm
Gestures Tapping Crossing
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Differences and Similarities
Tapping is the most similar Magnitude of errors Directional Gesturing
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Middle
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Motor Impaired
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
7mm 12mm 17mm
Gestures4Way Tapping Middle Crossing
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Able-bodied
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
7mm 12mm 17mm
Gestures Middle Tapping Middle Crossing
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Differences and Similarities
Similar performances with all techniques Differences are in the remaining of the screen
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Edges
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Motor Impaired
0%
20%
40%
60%
7mm 12mm 17mm
Tapping Middle Tapping Edge
0%
20%
40%
60%
Gesture Edge Gesture Middle
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Able-bodied
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
7mm 12mm 17mm
Tapping Middle Tapping Edge
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Differences and Similarities
Edges do not provide additional support Tapping is hindered on edges
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Vertical Distance
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Motor Impaired
48% 31% 27%
43% 25% 28%
39% 28% 24%
40% 19% 15%
47% 19% 9%
7mm 12mm 17mm
Tapping
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Able-bodied
10% 0% 0%
6% 2% 0%
8% 0% 0%
8% 1% 0%
38% 6% 0%
Tapping
7mm 12mm 17mm
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Differences and Similarities
Tapping small targets, particularly near lower edge Reach restrictions
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Towards Inclusive Design
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Tapping is a suitable interaction technique
The one with more resemblances
Lowest error rates
12mm as a good compromise
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Magnitude of errors
Much higher for motor impaired
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Gestures Tapping Crossing
5.6x 26x 6x
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Able-bodied can easily perform Directional Gestures
Suitable alternative to Tapping (small targets) Motor impaired have many difficulties
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Middle of the screen consistency
Similar performance with all interaction techniques
Remaining of the screen can
hinder or favor interaction
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Reach restrictions
Upper edge targets are harder to acquire for M.I. For A.B. small targets near bottom edge are harder
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Instantiate our findings Investigate situational impairments
Future Work