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Toxic Contaminants and Their Effects on Resident Fish and Salmonids
Jennifer Morace, USGSLyndal Johnson, NOAA FisheriesElena Nilsen, USGS
Northwest Power and Conservation CouncilColumbia River Estuary Science-Policy ExchangeSeptember 10, 2009
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Take-away themes
Toxic contaminants are present in the Columbia River Basin
Resident and anadromous fish utilizing these ecosystems are exposed to toxic contaminants and their health is being compromised
Urban and industrialized areas in the lower Columbia River are source areas for toxic contaminants for multiple fish stocks
A better understanding of the effects and associated sources and pathways of exposure to toxic contaminants is needed to develop reduction efforts and restore fish and ecosystem health
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Take-away themes
Toxic contaminants are present in the Columbia River Basin
Resident and anadromous fish utilizing these ecosystems are exposed to toxic contaminants and their health is being compromised
Urban and industrialized areas in the lower Columbia River are source areas for toxic contaminants for multiple fish stocks
A better understanding of the effects and associated sources and pathways of exposure to toxic contaminants is needed to develop reduction efforts and restore fish and ecosystem health
![Page 4: Toxic Contaminants and Their Effects on Resident Fish and Salmonids Jennifer Morace, USGS Lyndal Johnson, NOAA Fisheries Elena Nilsen, USGS Northwest Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dc35503460f94ab63cf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
April - High Flow
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Warrendale Willamette Beaver Pt. Adams
ng
/SP
MD
DDTs
PBDEs
PCBs
August - Low Flow
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Warrendale Willamette Beaver Pt. Adams
ng
/SP
MD DDTs
PBDEs
PCBs
SPMDs“Virtual fish”
Contaminants Detected in SPMDs
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Contaminants Detected in SPMDs
April - High Flow
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Warrendale Willamette Beaver Pt. Adams
ng
/SP
MD
DDTs
PBDEs
PCBs
August - Low Flow
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Warrendale Willamette Beaver Pt. Adams
ng
/SP
MD DDTs
PBDEs
PCBs
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Contaminants on Suspended Sediments
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What they do: mimic or block hormones and disrupt normal function
Many examples of affected wildlife
One example of endocrine disruption:
Feminization of male fish
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs)
Sperm in male gonad = normal
Egg in male gonad = NOT normal!
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Sediment Sampling Locations
Longview
WillametteRiver
Pt. Adams
Columbia City
Beaver Army Terminal
Oregon
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0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
CS2 CS1 W5 Jo W4 Ke W3 W2 Tr W1 T2 T1 Fa2 Fa1
Site
Con
cen
trati
on
(n
g g
-1)
17beta-estradiol
PBDPE4-2
NPEO2
bisphenol A
OPEO-2
triclosan
NPEO1
tonalide
galaxolide
para-nonylphenol
benzophenone
para-cresol
1,4-DCB
EDCs in sediments
flow
Morrison St. Bridge
plasticizer
fire retardant
synthetic fragrance
detergent metabolite
wood preservative
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ConHab Foodweb StudyPassive samplers Sediments
Largescale Suckers
-contaminant analyses (organs and whole bodies)-biomarkers
-contaminant analyses-sediment transport modeling
Osprey
-contaminant analyses-productivity assessment-well bird blood analyses
Invertebrates
-contaminant analyses-community assessment
-contaminant analyses-estrogen screen
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ConHab Water Results
Estrogenicity, PBDEs, PCBs present in CR
Higher near urban areas
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Toxic contaminants are present in the Columbia River Basin
Includes legacy contaminants like DDT
Also includes newer contaminants like PBDE flame retardants, wastewater compounds, and other EDCs
Present in sediments and water; we are investigating foodweb
Signature stronger in urbanized areas
Known potential to be harmful to life
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Take-away themes
Toxic contaminants are present in the Columbia River Basin
Resident and anadromous fish utilizing these ecosystems are exposed to toxic contaminants and their health is being compromised
Urban and industrialized areas in the lower Columbia River are source areas for toxic contaminants for multiple fish stocks
A better understanding of the effects and associated sources and pathways of exposure to toxic contaminants is needed to develop reduction efforts and restore fish and ecosystem health
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EDCs in Largescale Suckers
Catostomus macrochelius
-5
5
15
25
35
45
55
brain fillet liver stomach gonad
Con
cen
trati
on
(u
g/k
g)
PBDEsOC PestDDTsPCBs
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Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Juvenile Salmon
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Juvenile Salmon
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Sublethal effects of POPs
Reduced disease resistance Low lipid content; poor growth; thyroid
problems Developmental problems
(cardiac and neurological systems) Delayed mortality
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Concentrations above Effect Thresholds
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Concentrations above Effect Thresholds
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Lipid Content of Juvenile Salmon
20% of subyearling Chinook have a lipid content < 1%
According to Biro et al. 2004, this suggests a potential mortality of ~20%
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Projected Contaminant-Related Disease-Induced Mortality
Disease-related mortality from contaminant-associated immunosuppression estimated at 3-11%
Projected increase in survival needed to mitigate declines is 3-11% (Kareiva et al 2000)
Loge, F. J., M. R. Arkoosh, T. R. Ginn, L. L. Johnson, and T. K. Collier. 2005. Impacts of environmental stressors on the dynamics of disease transmission. ES&T 39:7329-7336.
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Effects of Currently Used Pesticides
More than 90% of urban, agricultural, and mixed-use streams contain 2 or more pesticides (organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, herbicides) (Gilliom et al., 2006, USGS Circular 1291)
Organophosphate pesticides disrupt olfaction in salmon, interfere with prey capture and predator avoidance (Labenia et al. 2007. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 329:1-11; Scholz and Hopkins. 2006. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 25:1185-1186)
Some pesticides combinations can have lethal synergistic effects (Laetz et al.2009. Environ Health Perspect 117:348–353)
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Effects of copperCopper is a common contaminant of road runoff and stormwater
Problems with olfaction and related behaviors (prey capture, predator avoidance) at concentrations around 1-2 ug/L
USGS survey of 811 stream sites detected a median copper concentration of 1.2 ugL
Impairment of sensory functions in salmonids is likely to be widespread
(See Hecht et al. 2007. NOAA Tech Memo NMFS-NWFSC-83)
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Exposure to Environmental Estrogens
Vitellogenin—yolk protein whose production is regulated by estrogen
Normally only found in egg-bearing female fish
Presence in juveniles and males is a sign of exposure to environmental estrogens
Screening of Lower Columbia salmon revealed signs of vitellogenin production in 20-30% of salmon from Portland sites
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Fish are exposed to toxic contaminants
and their health is being compromised
Concentrations of PCBs and PAHs in juvenile salmon above thresholds associated with immunosuppression, growth problems, delayed mortality
Low lipid content in significant proportion of juvenile salmon
Copper and current use pesticides at concentrations that could disrupt olfaction, maybe even be lethal in mixtures
Vitellogenin in juvenile salmon – exposure to estrogenic compounds
Possible impacts on prey base
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Take-away themes
Toxic contaminants are present in the Columbia River Basin
Resident and anadromous fish utilizing these ecosystems are exposed to toxic contaminants and their health is being compromised
Urban and industrialized areas in the lower Columbia River are source areas for toxic contaminants for multiple fish stocks
A better understanding of the effects and associated sources and pathways of exposure to toxic contaminants is needed to develop reduction efforts and restore fish and ecosystem health
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Contaminants in Salmon Prey
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Contaminants in Fall Chinook vs. Spring Chinook
Concentrations of Concentrations of industrial contaminants industrial contaminants (PCBs and PBDEs) are (PCBs and PBDEs) are highest in fall chinook highest in fall chinook stocks that feed and stocks that feed and rear in the lower river rear in the lower river and estuaryand estuary
Lower concentrations in Lower concentrations in spring chinook that feed spring chinook that feed and rear primarily and rear primarily upriverupriver
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Contaminant Levels in Columbia Gorge vs. Below the Gorge
Pattern is similar for PBDEs
For all fall chinook stocks, concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs are higher in fish from Portland/ Vancouver sites and below than in fish from the Columbia Gorge above Portland
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Lower Columbia River Population Lower Columbia River Population Modeling ProjectionsModeling Projections
From Spromberg and Johnson 2008
Estuary mouth BonnevillePortland
Contaminant-related declines in Contaminant-related declines in survival and productivity in survival and productivity in populations near Portland and populations near Portland and Vancouver Vancouver alonealone lead to lead to declines in other Lower declines in other Lower Columbia populations Columbia populations connected by strayingconnected by straying
Perturbations in populations at Perturbations in populations at contaminant hotspots could contaminant hotspots could influence abundance and influence abundance and population dynamics throughout population dynamics throughout the ESUthe ESU
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Sediments in Urban Areas
flow
Cowlitz R.Hayden Is.
WarrendalePt. Adams Beaver Army Terminal
Columbia City
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Influence of Urban Sources
Urban signature higher near Columbia City, Portland, Salem
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Urban and industrialized areas are source areas for toxic contaminants
Waters, sediments, and prey near urban areas have higher concentrations of contaminants
Stocks that use the lower river most extensively have higher concentrations of contaminants
For all stocks, contaminant concentrations higher in fish collected in and below urban areas
Effects of contaminants from urban areas could have implications for multiple stocks and the entire ESU
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Take-away themes
Toxic contaminants are present in the Columbia River Basin
Resident and anadromous fish utilizing these ecosystems are exposed to toxic contaminants and their health is being compromised
Urban and industrialized areas in the lower Columbia River are source areas for toxic contaminants for multiple fish stocks
A better understanding of the effects and associated sources and pathways of exposure to toxic contaminants is needed to develop reduction efforts and restore fish and ecosystem health
![Page 35: Toxic Contaminants and Their Effects on Resident Fish and Salmonids Jennifer Morace, USGS Lyndal Johnson, NOAA Fisheries Elena Nilsen, USGS Northwest Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dc35503460f94ab63cf/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Columbia River Inputs Study
Characterize pathways contributing directly to the Columbia River
Stormwater runoff
WWTP effluent
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Wenatchee
Richland
UmatillaVancouver
Portland
Hood River
The Dalles
Longview
Columbia City
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WWTP effluent - Pharmaceuticals
Compounds detected at >1 µg/LGemfibrozil – to lower cholesterolMethocarbamol – muscle relaxantOxycodone – opioid analgesic
cholesterol drugs oxycodonemethocarbamol
3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1,2-propanediol 1-carbamate
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Loadings to the Columbia
Portland:72 mgd from WWTPColumbia flow of 79,436 cfsWWTP concentration of 1 ug/L 270 g/day (0.6 lbs/day) of compoundCould lead to Columbia concentration
of 1.4 ng/L or 0.0014 ug/L20 ug/L 12 lbs/day 28 ng/L
Detection limit is around 0.01 ug/L
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ConHab Foodweb StudyPassive samplers Sediments
Largescale Suckers
-contaminant analyses (organs and whole bodies)-biomarkers
-contaminant analyses-sediment transport modeling
Osprey
-contaminant analyses-productivity assessment-well bird blood analyses
Invertebrates
-contaminant analyses-community assessment
-contaminant analyses-estrogen screen
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Both Aquatic and Terrestrial Prey are Sources
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Restoration Implications
Toxics??
Parameters measured to evaluate restoration effectiveness
hydrology (water surface elevation) water quality (temperature, salinity,
dissolved oxygen) elevation (bathymetry, topography) landscape features; plant community
(composition and cover) vegetation plantings (success); fish (temporal presence, size/age
structure, species)
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A better understanding of contaminant effects and associated sources and pathways of exposure is crucial
We do not have a good handle on sources for many of these contaminants, therefore it is difficult to focus reduction efforts
Prey taxonomy data show both terrestrial and aquatic environments could be contaminant sources
For effective restoration, we must consider impacts of contaminants at restoration sites
Consistent environmental assessment is crucial to moving efforts forward
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Take-away themes
Toxic contaminants are present in the Columbia River Basin
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Take-away themes
Resident and anadromous fish utilizing these ecosystems are exposed to toxic contaminants and their health is being compromised
![Page 45: Toxic Contaminants and Their Effects on Resident Fish and Salmonids Jennifer Morace, USGS Lyndal Johnson, NOAA Fisheries Elena Nilsen, USGS Northwest Power](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649dc35503460f94ab63cf/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Take-away themes
Urban and industrialized areas in the lower Columbia River are source areas for toxic contaminants for multiple fish stocks
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Take-away themes
A better understanding of the effects and associated sources and pathways of exposure to toxic contaminants is needed to develop reduction efforts and restore fish and ecosystem health
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Acknowledgement to our Funders and Cooperators