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TPO 1 – 30 Vocabulary
TPO 1 – 30
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TPO 1
Reading 1
Abundant- Precipitation- Streams- emerge- particle- pebble- consolidate-gravel- sediment-laden with-deposit- slope- cement-plug- percolate- porous-lava- bubble-permeability- cavity- crevice- drain- cling- tension- saturate- overcome-
Abundant Ample
Plentiful
Teeming
vs. scarce
an abundant supply of fresh water
abundant opportunities for well qualified staff
Precipitation
Rainfall
Snowfall
Stream Small river
Mountain stream
Blood stream
Emerge Appear
The flowers emerge in the spring.
The sun emerged from behind the clouds.
Eventually the truth emerged.
Particle
a very small piece of something: dust particles
particle of tiny particles of soil
Pebble a small smooth stone found especially on a
beach or on the bottom of a river:
The beach was covered with smooth white pebbles.
Consolidate Strengthen The company has consolidated its position as the
country's leading gas supplier. The team consolidated their lead with a third goal.
Gravel small stones, used to make a surface for paths,
roads etc:
a gravel path
Sand and gravel
Sediment solid substances that settle at the bottom of
a liquid:
a thick layer of sediment
Laden with
fill, fill up, make full
The tables were laden with food.
Deposit put, set, place, pose, position, lay
As the river slows down, it deposits a layer of soil.
Slope a piece of ground or a surface that slopes
a steep slope
a gentle (=not steep) slope
Cement a bag of cement
سیمان
Plug
insert, enclose, inclose , stick in, put in, introduce, cover
We used mud to plug up the holes in the roof.
Percolate diffuse, spread, spread out
The message has begun to percolate through the organization.
These ideas were slow to percolate.
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Porous allowing liquid, air etc to pass slowly through
many very small holes:
porous material
Lava
hot liquid rock that flows from a volcano, or this rock when it has become solid
Bubble a ball of air or gas in liquid:
When water boils, bubbles rise to the surface.
soap bubbles
She was blowing bubbles in her milk with a straw.
Permeability
material that is permeable allows water, gas etc to pass through it [≠ impermeable]:
the permeable cell membrane
Cavity a hole or space inside something:
Put herbs inside the body cavity of the fish.
I have no cavities (=no holes in my teeth)
Crevice a narrow crack in the surface of something,
especially in rock:
small creatures that hide in crevices in the rock
Drain
to make the water or liquid in something flow away:
The swimming pool is drained and cleaned every winter.
Cling cling, cleave, adhere, stick, cohere
He wailed and clung to his mother.
Passengers clung desperately onto the lifeboats.
Tension Stress, worry
The tension was becoming unbearable, and I wanted to scream.
کشش
Saturate fill, fill up, make full
Our culture is saturated with television and advertising
Overcome defeat
He struggled to overcome his shyness.
Her financial problems could no longer be overcome.
Reading 2 Speculation- concrete- envision- champion-
ritual- myth- attribute- perceive- costume- conception- abandon- modify- autonomous- recall- impersonation- imitate- virtuosity-antecedent- penchant- detach- deviation- cease- retain-
Speculation speculate, theorize, theorise, conjecture,
hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate, suppose
There is speculation that the president is ill.
Concrete Tangible, touchable
made of concrete:
a concrete floor
2 definite and specific [↪ abstract]:
What does that mean in concrete terms?
the lack of any concrete evidence
a dialogue about concrete issues and problems
Envision visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy,
see, figure, picture, image
I envisioned a future of educational excellence
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Champion
back, endorse, indorse, plump for, plunk for, support
She championed the cause of religious freedom
Ritual
Religious ceremony
the importance of religion and ritual in our lives
Myth
an idea or story that many people believe, but which is not true
Contrary to popular myth, the majority of accidents are not caused by speeding or drunkenness.
the myth of Orpheus
attribute
ascribe, assign,
The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.
perceive
understand, realize, realise, see
That morning, he perceived a change in Franca's mood.
Cats are not able to perceive colour .
costume
a set of clothes
Hallowe'en costumes
conception Understanding
They have no conception of what women really feel and want.
Misconception
abandon Leave
Quit
We had to abandon the car and walk the rest of the way.
modify Change
The feedback will be used to modify the course for next year.
The regulations can only be modified by a special committee.
recall remember, retrieve, recall, call back,
call up, recollect, think
I seem to recall I've met him before somewhere
impersonation act, play, mock
Do you know it is a very serious offence to impersonate a police officer?
imitate Copy
Imitate s.o’s behavior
virtuosity a very high degree of skill in
performing
antecedent
Ancestors
penchant Tendency, inclination
a penchant for fast cars
detach
Separate
Please detach and fill out the application form.
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deviation Differ, divert
deviation from the normal procedure
cease
Stop
Ceasefire
Cessation
retain
Keep
Hold
Retain your composure
Reading 3
Shrub- herb- moisture- tropic- deciduous- twist- deform- latitude- tend- attain- prone- avalanche- creep- velocity- altitude- bare- prostrate- striking- adjacent- insulation- equator- prevalent- moss-
shrub
a small bush with several woody stems
herb Plant
Herbal tea
Herbivorous
Carnivorous
Omnivorous
Moisture
Wetness
Plants use their roots to absorb moisture from the soil.
Your skin's moisture content varies according to weather conditions.
tropic
the tropicsPG the hottest part of the world, which is around the equator:
plant species found in the tropics
deciduous deciduous trees lose their leaves in
winter [≠ evergreen]
twist flex, bend, deform, twist, turn
He twisted his head slightly, and looked up at her.
deform contort, deform, distort, wring
Wearing badly-fitting shoes can deform your feet.
latitude
the distance north or south of the equator (=the imaginary line around the middle of the world), measured in
degrees [↪ longitude]
2 latitudes [plural] an area at a particular latitude:
The birds breed in northern latitudes.
the oceans of the lower latitude
tend
Incline
People tend to need less sleep as they get older.
My car tends to overheat in the summer.
attain achieve, accomplish, attain, reach
More women are attaining positions of power.
prone
likely to do something or suffer from something, especially something bad or harmful
prone to
Some plants are very prone to disease.
prone to do something
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Kids are all prone to eat junk food.
avalanche
a large mass of snow, ice, and rocks that falls down the side of a mountain:
Two skiers were killed in the avalanche.
creep
to move in a quiet, careful way, especially to avoid attracting attention
creep into/over/around etc
Johann would creep into the gallery to listen to the singers.
He crept back up the stairs, trying to avoid the ones that creaked.
velocity
the speed of something
the velocity of light
The speedboat reached a velocity of 120 mph.
a high velocity bullet
altitude
the height of an object or place above the sea
altitude of
We're flying at an altitude of 40,000 feet.
high/low altitudes
At high altitudes it is difficult to get enough oxygen.
bare
Not covered
Land, hand, child
prostrate
lying on your front with your face
towards the ground:
They found him lying prostrate on the floor.
prostrate body/figure/form
2 too shocked, upset, weak etc to be able to do anything
prostrate with
Julie was prostrate with grief after her father's death.
Prostrate plant
striking
unusual or interesting enough to be easily noticed
striking contrast/similarity/parallel etc
a striking contrast between wealth and poverty
Noticeable
adjacent
Next to
We stayed in adjacent rooms.
Insulation
to cover or protect something with a material
Good insulation can save you money on heating bills.
equator
the equator an imaginary line drawn around the middle of the Earth that is exactly the same distance from the North Pole and the South Pole
on/at/near the equator a small village near the equator
prevalent
common at a particular time, in a particular place, or among a particular group of people
Solvent abuse is especially prevalent among younger teenagers.
the prevalent belief in astrology
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moss a very small green plant that grows in a thick
soft furry mass on wet soil, trees, or rocks
—mossy adjective:
a high, mossy wall
خزه
TPO2
Reading 1 Lung- gill- Disguise- affinity- dwell-
limb- embed-
Precious- detect- expose- vestige- portion- rear-
Propulsion
Lung
one of the two organs in your body that you breathe with:
Smoking can cause lung cancer
شش
Gill
one of the organs on the sides of a fish through which it breathes
آبشش
Disguise
hide, conceal
There's no way you can disguise that southern accent.
Affinity a close relationship between two
things because of qualities or features that they share
affinity with/between
the affinity between Christian and Chinese concepts of the spirit
Dwell populate, dwell, live, inhabit
They dwelt in the forest.
Limb an arm or leg
Embed implant, engraft, embed, imbed, plant
A piece of glass was embedded in her hand.
Feelings of guilt are deeply embedded in her personality
Precious Valuable
We cannot afford to waste precious time.
planes delivering precious supplies of medicine and food
our planet's precious resources
Detect
detect, observe, find, discover, notice
Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early.
Dan detected a change in her mood.
Expose
expose, exhibit, display
Potatoes turn green when exposed to light.
The report revealed that workers had been exposed to high levels of radiation.
Vestige 1 a small part or amount of something
that remains when most of it no longer exists [= trace]
vestige of
The new law removed the last vestiges of royal power.
2 the smallest possible amount of a quality or feeling
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vestige of
There's not a vestige of truth in the story.
Portion
a part of something larger, especially a part that is different from the other parts
portion of
The front portion of the rocket breaks off.
significant/substantial/major/good portion
The main character's childhood takes up a good portion of the film.
Rear
the rear the back part of an object, vehicle, or building, or a position at the back of an object or area [≠ front]
a garden at the rear of the house
a passenger travelling in the rear of a car
Propulsion
the force that drives a vehicle forward
[↪ propel]
research into liquid hydrogen as a means of propulsion
Reading2
approximately- accelerate- ridge- runoff- deterioration- arid- semiarid- delicate- phenomena- diminish- cultivation- graze- irrigation- devoid of- susceptible- erosion- dominant- trample- pulverization- salinization- sink- drainage- evaporate- tremendous- rigorous
Approximately Nearly, almost
The plane will be landing in approximately 20 minutes.
How much do think it will cost, approximately?
accelerate accelerate, speed up, speed, quicken
measures to accelerate the rate of economic growth
The car accelerated smoothly away.
ridge
a long area of high land, especially at the top of a mountain:
We made our way carefully along the ridge.
Runoff rain or other liquid that flows off the
land into rivers
deteriorate Decay, worsen
Ethel's health has deteriorated.
America's deteriorating economy
arid
Dry
Water from the Great Lakes is pumped to arid regions.
Delicate Fragile, frail, vulnerable
The sun can easily damage a child's delicate skin.
a delicate child
her delicate features
phenomenon Event
something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand
phenomenon of
the growing phenomenon of telecommuting
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Homelessness is not a new phenomenon.
Language is a social and cultural phenomenon.
Diminish
decrease, diminish, lessen, fall
These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain.
But that's not to diminish the importance of his discoveries.
cultivate
crop, work
The land was too rocky to cultivate.
We cultivated maize and watermelons
graze crop, browse, graze, range, pasture
Groups of cattle were grazing on the rich grass.
fields where they used to graze their sheep
irrigate
water, irrigate
The water in Lake Powell is used to irrigate the area.
Devoid of to be completely lacking in something:
His face was devoid of any warmth or humour.
susceptible likely to suffer from a particular illness
or be affected by a particular problem
[↪ immune]
susceptible to
Older people are more susceptible to infections.
Soil on the mountain slopes is very susceptible to erosion.
erosion the process by which rock or soil is
gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea:
the problem of soil erosion
the erosion of the coastline
dominate
master control, command
The industry is dominated by five multinational companies.
New Orleans dominated throughout the game.
Her loud voice totally dominated the conversation.
Education issues dominated the election campaign.
trample to step heavily on something, so that
you crush it with your feet
trample on/over/through etc
There was a small fence to stop people trampling on the flowers.
trample somebody/something underfoot
The children were in danger of being trampled underfoot in the crowd.
Pulverization to crush something into a powder:
The seeds can be used whole or pulverized into flour.
Salinization containing or consisting of salt:
saline solution
sink
sink, settle, go down, go under
Their motorboat struck a rock and began to sink.
The kids watched as the coin sank to the bottom of the pool.
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The heavy guns sank up to their barrels in the mud.
Drain consume, eat up, use up, eat, deplete,
exhaust, run through, wipe out
to make the water or liquid in something flow away:
The swimming pool is drained and cleaned every winter.
Evaporate
Vaporise
if a liquid evaporates, or if heat evaporates it, it changes into a gas:
Most of the water had evaporated.
The sun evaporates moisture on the leaves.
tremendous
very big, fast, powerful etc:
Suddenly, there was a tremendous bang, and the whole station shook.
She was making a tremendous effort to appear calm.
She praised her husband for the tremendous support he had given her.
Sales have been tremendous so far this year.
This plan could save us a tremendous amount of money.
rigorous careful, thorough, and exact:
a rigorous analysis of defence needs
the rigorous standards required by the college
Reading 3 Consumption- initial- arcade- parlors-
vaudeville- Legitimate- spectacle- spectator- manipulation- Expand- minute- minuscule
consume consume, eat up, use up, eat, deplete,
exhaust, run through, wipe out
to use time, energy, goods etc [↪ consumption]:
Only 27% of the paper we consume is recycled.
A smaller vehicle will consume less fuel.
initial happening at the beginning [= first]:
an initial investment of £5000
initial stage/phase/period
the initial stages of the disease
The initial response has been encouraging.
arcade
1AATBB a covered passage at the side of a row of buildings with pillars and arches supporting it on one side
2 a covered passage between two streets with shops on each side of it
3 British English also shopping arcadeBBT a large building or part of a building where there are many shops
4DL an amusement arcade:
arcade games
parlor
Salon
vaudeville a type of theatre entertainment,
popular from the 1880s to the 1950s, in which there were many short performances of different kinds, including singing, dancing, jokes etc
[↪ music hall]
legitimate
air or reasonable:
That's a perfectly legitimate question.
Most scientists believe it is legitimate
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to use animals in medical research.
2 acceptable or allowed by law:
Their business operations are perfectly legitimate.
3SSC a legitimate child is born to parents who are legally married to each other [≠ illegitimate]
spectacle 1 a very impressive show or scene:
a multimedia dance and opera spectacle
2 [usually singular] an unusual or interesting thing or situation that you see or notice - used especially in order to show disapproval:
The trial was turned into a public spectacle.
spectator
someone who is watching an event or
game [↪ audience]:
The match attracted over 40,000 spectators.
manipulation manipulate, keep in line, control
software designed to store and manipulate data
You can integrate text with graphics and manipulate graphic images.
expand
Enlarge
Water expands as it freezes.
The computer industry has expanded greatly over the last decade.
Minute- minuscule Small
Tiny
TPO 3
Reading 1 Aspiration- texture- harmony- shelter-
enhance- inspiration- delight- contribute- enrich- feasible- mediocre- trace- dramatically- devise- gravity- withstand- integral- enclose- interior- plumbing- permanence- arduous- piling- curve-brick- segment- horizontal-
aspiration
a strong desire to have or achieve something [= ambition]:
a high level of political aspiration
aspiration of
the aspirations of the working classes
texture the way a surface or material feels
when you touch it, especially how smooth or rough it is
smooth/silky/rough etc. texture
the smooth texture of silk
a designer who experiments with different colours and textures
بافت
harmony when people live or work together
without fighting or disagreeing with each other:
I do believe it is possible for different ethnic groups to live together in harmony.
the pleasant effect made by different things that form an attractive whole:
the harmony of sea and sky
shelter a place to live, considered as one of
the basic needs of life:
They are in need of food and shelter.
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2 [uncountable] protection from danger or from wind, rain, hot sun etc
shelter of
We reached the shelter of the caves.
enhance to improve something:
Good lighting will enhance any room.
The publicity has enhanced his reputation
intensify, compound, heighten, deepen
better, improve, amend, ameliorate, meliorate
inspiration a good idea about what you should do,
write, say etc, especially one which you get suddenly
The Malvern Hills have provided inspiration for many artists and musicians over the decades.
He raised his eyes to the altar as if seeking inspiration.
He draws inspiration from ordinary scenes.
Mary Quant's inspiration comes from the glam style of the 70s.
He had a sudden flash of inspiration.
He has always been a source of inspiration for me.
الهام
delight
a feeling of great pleasure and satisfaction
The kids were screaming with delight.
It was a delight to see him so fit and healthy.
contribute
to give money, help, ideas etc to something that a lot of other people are also involved in
contribute to/towards
City employees cannot contribute to political campaigns.
enrich to improve the quality of something,
especially by adding things to it:
Add fertilizer to enrich the soil.
Education can greatly enrich your life.
better, improve, amend, ameliorate, meliorate
feasible Possible- practical
a plan, idea, or method that is feasible is possible and is likely to work:
a feasible solution
economically/technically/politically etc feasible
It was no longer financially feasible to keep the community centre open.
mediocre
not very good [= second rate]:
I thought the book was pretty mediocre.
a mediocre student
trace find somebody/something to find
someone or something that has disappeared by searching for them carefully:
She had given up all hope of tracing her missing daughter.
Police are trying to trace a young woman who was seen near the accident.
origins to find the origins of when something began or where it came from
trace something (back) to something
They've traced their ancestry to Scotland.
The style of these paintings can be traced back to early medieval influences.
dramatically great and sudden
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dramatic change/shift/improvement
Computers have brought dramatic changes to the workplace.
dramatic increase/rise/fall/drop/reduction etc
Universities have suffered a dramatic drop in student numbers.
dramatic effect/results
A serious accident can have a dramatic effect on your family's finances.
devise invent, contrive, devise, excogitate,
formulate, forge
She devised a method for quicker communications between offices.
gravity the force that causes something to fall
to the ground or to be attracted to anotherجاذبه
the extreme and worrying seriousness of a situation
gravity of
I could not hide from her the gravity of the situation.
The penalties should be proportionate to the gravity of the offence.
withstand [= resist, stand up to]:defy, withstand,
hold, hold up
This fabric can withstand steam and high temperatures.
integral forming a necessary part of
something: essential, necessary, needed
Vegetables are an integral part of our diet.
integral to
Statistics are integral to medical research.
enclose to surround something, especially with
a fence or wall, in order to make it separate: confine
The pool area is enclosed by a six-foot wall.
an enclosed area
interior
the inner part or inside of something [≠ exterior]:
The interior of the church was dark.
the car's warm interior
plumbing
the pipes that water flows through in a building:
We keep having problems with the plumbing
permanence continuing to exist for a long time or for
all the time in the future [≠ temporary]:
He gave up a permanent job in order to freelance.
a permanent change in your eating habits
The blindness that the disease causes will be permanent.
arduous
involving a lot of strength and effort
arduous task/work
the arduous task of loading all the boxes into the van
pile Gather
to fill a place or container or cover a surface with a large amount of things
pile something into/onto etc something
He piled bread and milk into his basket.
Melissa piled spaghetti onto her plate
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curve a line that gradually bends like part of
a circle
curve of
the curve of her hips
a sweeping curve of railroad track کج خم
brick
a hard block of baked clay used for building walls, houses etc:
a brick wall
a house made of brick
Protesters attacked the police with stones and bricks.آجر
segment
a part of something that is different from or affected differently from the whole in some way
segment of
segments of the population
Horizontal
flat and level:
a horizontal surface
—horizontally adverb
Opposite [↪ diagonal, vertical
Reading2
Rancher- accumulate- drill- drought- ensuing- negligible- virtually- replenish- drastically- incentive- conserve- grandiose- capillary water- strain- scheme- negligible
Rancher someone who owns or works on a
ranch
a very large farm in the western US and Canada where sheep, cattle, or horses are bred
دامدار
accumulate collect, accumulate, pile up, amass,
compile, hoard
It is unjust that a privileged few should continue to accumulate wealth
the accumulation of data
drill to make a hole in something using a
drill:
Drill a hole in each corner.
drill into/through
He accidentally drilled into a water pipe.
drought a long period of dry weather when
there is not enough water for plants and animals to live
خشکسالی
ensuing
happening after a particular action or event, especially as a result of it
the ensuing battle/conflict/debate etc
In the ensuing fighting, two students were killed.
the ensuing days/months/years etc (=the days, months etc after an event)
The situation deteriorated over the ensuing weeks
negligible
too slight or unimportant to have any effect [= insignificant]:
The damage done to his property was negligible.
virtually
Almost
almost [= practically]:
Virtually all the children come to school by bus.
He was virtually unknown before running for office.
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replenish refill, fill again
fill, fill up, make full
More vaccines are needed to replenish our stocks.
drastically extreme and sudden
drastic action/measures
NATO threatened drastic action if its terms were not met.
drastic cuts in government spending
Drastic changes are needed if environmental catastrophe is to be avoided.
—drastically /-kli/ adverb:
The size of the army was drastically cut
incentive something that encourages you to
work harder, start a new activity etc:
As an added incentive, there's a bottle of champagne for the best team.
create/provide/give somebody an incentive
Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills.
incentive to do something
Farmers lack any incentive to manage their land organically.
economic/financial/tax etc incentives
a recycling drive backed with financial incentives
انگیزه مشوق
conserve
preserve, maintain, keep up
to protect something and prevent it from changing or being damaged [= preserve]:
We must conserve our woodlands for future generations.
efforts to conserve fish stocks
grandiose grandiose plans sound very important
or impressive, but are not practical
grandiose scheme/plan/idea etc
grandiose schemes of urban renewal
scheme an official plan that is intended to help
people in some way, for example by providing education or training [= program
The money will be used for teacher training schemes.
a pension scheme
Capillary water
Water in the soil
strain
Stress
I couldn't look after him any more; the strain was too much for me.
Did you find the job a strain?
the stresses and strains of police life
2) difficulty
The dry summer has further increased the strain on water resources
Reading 3 Succession- cumulative- pond-
relatively- invasion- pest- resilience- niche- vacate-intact-
succession
1 in succession happening one after the other without anything different happening in between:
She won the championship four times in succession.
in quick/rapid/close succession (=quickly one after the other)
He fired two shots in quick succession.
2 a succession of something a number of people or things of the same kind following, coming or happening one
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after the other:
A succession of visitors came to the door.
cumulative increasing gradually as more of
something is added or happens:
Learning is a cumulative process.
cumulative effect (of something)
Depression is often caused by the cumulative effects of stress and overwork.
pond
a small area of fresh water that is smaller than a lake, that is either natural or artificially made
حوضچه
relatively Fairly, almost
The system is relatively easy to use.
E-commerce is a relatively recent phenomenon.
نسبتا
invasion enter, come in, get into, get in, go into,
go in, move into
Every summer the town is invaded by tourists.
Fans invaded the pitch at half-time.
The Romans invaded Britain 2000 years ago.
pest a small animal or insect that destroys
crops or food supplies [↪ vermin]:
a chemical used in pest control
آفت
resilience Toughness
the resilience of youth
People showed remarkable resilience
during the war.
niche Gap, hole
vacate
Leave
Clay will vacate the position on June 19.
Guests must vacate their rooms by 11:00.
intact
not broken, damaged, or spoiled:
Only the medieval tower had remained intact.
His reputation survived intact.
TPO 4
Reading 1 Prevalent- prairie- marsh- understory-
inhibit- meadow- browse- fair weather- decay- dormancy- hibernating- cedar- huckleberry- hemlock- alder- arboreal fodder- fluctuate- bemoan- in the same breath- elk- expedition- starvation- picturesquely- dot- extermination- plight- encroach- logging- annual- rebound- predator- cougar- lynx- profound- game
Prevalent
accepted, widespread
prevalent in/among etc
Solvent abuse is especially prevalent among younger teenagers.
the prevalent belief in astrology
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prairie Grassland, meadow, pasture, plain
marsh
Swamp, bog,swampland
باتلاق
The crane lives in marshy habitats.
understory
Undergrowth, under grass
A layer of vegetation beneath the main canopy of forest
inhibit
Restrict, constraint, hinder, impede, obstruct
An unhappy family life may inhibit children's learning.
Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
meadow
Grassy land, grassy field, pasture, plain, prairie
browse
Look around, look through, peruse, graze
Jon was browsing through the photographs.
The trip allows you plenty of time for browsing around the shops.
tourists browsing the boutiques and souvenir stalls
Fair- weather
Untrustworthy, dishonest, false, disloyal, unreliable, unsafe
Fair-weather friend
decay Rot, break down, collapse, deteriorate,
corrosion,
to be slowly destroyed by a natural chemical process, or to make something do this
Most archaeological finds are broken, damaged, or decayed.
dormancy
Inaction, inactivity, inertia,
The seeds remain dormant until the spring.
a huge dormant volcano
hibernating
verb lie dormant; sleep through cold weather
cedar
سرو
huckleberry
a small dark-blue North American fruit that grows on a bush
hemlock
شوکران
alder
توسکا
arboreal fodder
علوفه درختی
fluctuate
Oscillate, vary, alternate, waver, keep changing
Prices were volatile, fluctuating between $20 and $40.
Insect populations fluctuate wildly from year to year.
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bemoan verb express sorrow
Complain, regret, mourn,
He was bemoaning the fact that lawyers charge so much.
in the same breath
used to say that someone has said two things at once that are so different from each other they cannot both be true:
immediately
He criticized the film, then predicted in the same breath that it would be a great success.
elk
گوزن شمالی
expedition
Journey, exploration, quest, tor, travel, trip
an expedition to the North Pole
another Everest expedition
a shopping expedition
a fishing expedition
starvation Hunger, famine, malnutrition
people dying of starvation
picturesquely
Beautiful, attractive, charming, colorful
a quiet fishing village with a picturesque harbour
a picturesque account of his trip to New York
dot if an area is dotted with things, there
are a lot of them there but they are spread far apart
be dotted with something
The lake was dotted with sailboats.
extermination Destruction, elimination, extinction,
eradication
Staff use the poison to exterminate moles and rabbits.
plight
Bad Condition, predicament, trouble, dilemma
the desperate plight of the flood victims
the country's economic plight
encroach
verb invade another's property, business
Intrude, trespass,
to gradually take more of someone's time, possessions, rights etc than you should
encroach on/upon
Bureaucratic power has encroached upon the freedom of the individual.
2 to gradually cover more and more land
encroach into
The fighting encroached further east.
—encroachment noun [uncountable and countable]
foreign encroachment
logging
Deforestation
the work of cutting down trees in a forest
annual Yearly, each year
The school trip has become an annual event.
The jazz festival is held annually in July.
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rebound Revive, overcome, recover
Share prices rebounded today after last week's losses
predator
Hunter, killer
cougar
گربه وحشی یوزپلنگ امریکایی
lynx
Bobcat
سیاه گوش
profound
deep, philosophical, serious
having a strong influence or effect
profound effect/influence/impact/consequence etc
Tolstoy's experiences of war had a profound effect on his work.
The mother's behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child.
profound changes in society
game
wild animals, birds, and fish that are hunted for food, especially as a sport:
game birds
Reading 2
Bead- crude- excavate- inhabit- trapping- depict- spear- cattle- bovine- chip- tusk- horn- reindeer- shaft- figurine- fertility-
Bead
Stone
مهره
crude Cheap, clumsy, raw, approximate
a crude estimate of the population available for work
excavate
Uncover, unearth, dig up,
Schliemann excavated the ancient city of Troy.
to make a hole in the ground by digging up soil
inhabit
Dwell, populate, reside, live in
The woods are inhabited by many wild animals.
inhabited islands
trappings
things such as money, influence, possessions etc that are related to a particular type of person, job, or way of life
trappings of
the trappings of power
depict
Illustrate, describe, interpret
a book depicting life in pre-revolutionary Russia
The god is depicted as a bird with a human head.
spear
a pole with a sharp pointed blade at one end, used as a weapon in the past
نیزه
cattle
Herd
cows and bulls kept on a farm for their meat or milk:
herds of cattle
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bovine relating to cows:
bovine diseases
chip a small piece of wood, stone, metal etc
that has been broken off something:
Wood chips covered the floor of the workshop.
tusk one of a pair of very long pointed
teeth, that stick out of the mouth of animals such as elephants
horn the hard pointed thing that grows,
usually in pairs, on the heads of animals such as cows and goats
reindeer گوزن شمالی
shaft
a long handle on a tool
Figurine
a small model of a person or animal used as a decoration
Doll
fertility
Potency, pregnancy, productivity
the ability of the land or soil to produce good crops
2MB the ability of a person, animal, or plant to produce babies, young animals, or seeds [≠ infertility]
Reading 3
Marine- accumulate- decompose- sediment- mud- droplet- squeeze- drill- derrick- dismantle- spout- gusher- adjacent- dye- hostile- slope- spillage-
collision- slick- platform- drift- ashore- foul- subside- barrier- adverse-
dismantle
Break up, destroy, demolish, disassemble, take apart
Chris dismantled the bike in five minutes.
spout
a sudden strong stream of liquid which comes out of somewhere very fast
gusher
a place in the ground where oil or water comes out very forcefully, so that a pump is not needed
Adjacent Next to, neighboring
We stayed in adjacent rooms.
the building adjacent to the library
dye
Pigment, color
hair dye
hostile Hateful, unfavorable, unfriendly,
inhospitable
The boy feels hostile towards his father.
his hostile attitude
slope شیب
Tilt
if you spill a liquid, or if it spills, it accidentally flows over the edge of a
container [↪ pour]:
Katie almost spilled her milk.
collision
Accident
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The school bus was involved in a collision with a truck.
Two people were killed in a head-on collision
slick oil slick an area of oil on the
surface of water or on a road
platform
Floor, stage
the raised place beside a railway track where you get on and off a train in a station:
The Edinburgh train will depart from platform six.
2for speechesTBB a stage for people to stand on when they are making a speech, performing etc:
a small raised platform at one end of the room
drift to move slowly on water or in the air
Smoke drifted up from the jungle ahead of us.
ashore on or towards the shore of a lake,
river, sea etc [= onshore]
come/go ashore
Seals come ashore to breed.
Several dead birds had been washed ashore.
foul
to make something very dirty, especially with waste:
rivers and lakes fouled almost beyond recovery by pollutants
subside
Decrease
The pains in his head had subsided, but he still felt dizzy and sick
barrier Blockade, fence, obstacle
Problems with childcare remain the biggest barrier to women succeeding at work.
adverse Unfavorable, negative, unfriendly
They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets.
Miller's campaign has received a good deal of adverse publicity.
squeeze
to press something firmly together with your fingers or hand:
She smiled as he squeezed her hand.
drill to make a hole in something using a
drill:
Drill a hole in each corner.
derrick a tall machine used for lifting heavy
weights, especially on ships
a tall tower built over an oil well, used to raise and lower the drill
جرثقیل دکل کشتی
sediment
Debris, trash, waste
solid substances that settle at the bottom of a liquid:
a thick layer of sediment
mud wet earth that has become soft and
sticky:
By the end of the game, all the kids were covered in mud.
The path beside the river was slippery with mud
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droplet a very small drop of liquid
droplet of
tiny droplets of water
marine Aquatic
relating to the sea and the creatures that live there:
the enormous variety of marine life
the effects of oil pollution on marine mammals
marine biology
accumulate Gather, assemble, collect, expand,
hoard, pile up
Fat tends to accumulate around the hips and thighs.
It is unjust that a privileged few should continue to accumulate wealth.
decompose
Break down, decay, fall apart
TPO 5
Reading1 Notorious- deficient- serpentine-
deplete- pigment- stunt- slender- omit- harvest- interrupt- herbaceous- facilitate- suspend- mist- legume- pathogen- contaminate- toxic- excavation-
Notorious
famous or well-known for something bad [= infamous]:
Ill-famed
a notorious computer hacker
notorious cases of human rights abuses
notorious for
a judge notorious for his cruelty and corruption
deficient
adj imperfect, inadequate
Lacking
not containing or having enough of something:
Women who are dieting can become iron deficient.
deficient in
patients who were deficient in vitamin C
Serpentine winding like a snake: twisting, curved
the serpentine course of the river
2 complicated and difficult to understand:
a serpentine plot
Deplete
Diminish, lessen, reduce, use up, weaken
Salmon populations have been severely depleted.
the depletion of the ozone layer
Pigment Color, shade, dye,
Melanin is the dark brown pigment of the hair, skin and eyes.
The artist Sandy Lee uses natural pigments in her work.
Stunt to stop something or someone from
growing to their full size or developing properly:
Lack of sunlight will stunt the plant's growth.
Slender Thin, delicate, fragile, small
The company only has a slender hope of survival.
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The Republicans won the election by a slender majority.
We had to make the most of our rather slender resources.
Omit
leave out, eliminate,
Please don't omit any details, no matter how trivial they may seem.
Lisa's name had been omitted from the list of honor students.
Harvest
Crop, result, output
the crops that have been gathered, or the amount and quality of the crops gathered
good/bumper harvest (=a lot of crops)
Plum growers are expecting a bumper harvest this year.
poor/bad harvest (=few crops)
Interrupt
Cut off, stop, discontinue,
Will you stop interrupting me!
Sorry to interrupt, but I need to ask you to come downstairs.
My studies were interrupted by the war.
Herbaceous
plants that are herbaceous have soft stems rather than hard stems made of wood
Facilitate Aid, ease, expedite,
to make it easier for a process or activity to happen:
Computers can be used to facilitate language learning.
Suspend
Hang from above, dangle, swing, stop
to officially stop something from continuing, especially for a short time:
Sales of the drug will be suspended until more tests are completed.
Talks between the two countries have now been suspended.
Mist
Fog
We could just see the outline of the house through the mist.
Next morning, the whole town was shrouded in mist (=covered in mist).
Legume a plant such as a bean plant that has
seeds in a pod (=a long thin case)
Pathogen
something that causes disease in your body
Contaminate
Pollute, make dirty
Drinking water supplies are believed to have been contaminated.
He claims the poster ads have 'contaminated Berlin's streets'.
Toxic
Poisonous
Toxic chemicals were spilled into the river.
Excavation
if a scientist or archaeologist excavates an area of land, they dig carefully to find ancient objects, bones etc:
Schliemann excavated the ancient city of Troy.
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Reading 2 Scatter- speculate- mutual- exclude-
deprecate- overwhelming- implement- prerequisite- outrigger- maritime- maroon- adrift- feat- deliberate- expedition- simulation- derive- undisputed-
Scatter Distribute
Scatter the onions over the fish.
The flowers fell and scattered on the ground.
Speculate Guess, hypothesize
Jones refused to speculate about what might happen.
Some analysts speculated that jobs will be lost.
Mutual Reciprocal, two-sided
Mutual respect is necessary for any partnership to work.
European nations can live together in a spirit of mutual trust.
I didn't like Dev, and the feeling seemed to be mutual.
The two men were a mutual admiration society, gushing about how much they were learning from each other.
Exclude ≠ include
to deliberately not include something
The press had been deliberately excluded from the event.
Sarah heard the other girls talking and laughing and felt excluded.
The judges decided to exclude evidence which had been unfairly attained.
Deprecate to strongly disapprove of or criticize
something
Overwhelming 1 having such a great effect on you
that you feel confused and do not know how to react:
an overwhelming sense of guilt
She felt an overwhelming desire to hit him.
She found the city quite overwhelming when she first arrived.
2 very large or greater, more important etc than any other:
There is overwhelming evidence that smoking damages your health.
An overwhelming majority of the members were against the idea.
The proposal has been given overwhelming support.
The British Air Force succeeded despite overwhelming odds against them.
Implement
Use, make use of, tool
We have decided to implement the committee's recommendations in full.
Prerequisite something that is necessary before
something else can happen or be done
prerequisite for/of/to
A reasonable proficiency in English is a prerequisite for the course.
Outrigger
a long piece of wood that is attached to the side of a boat, especially a canoe, to prevent it from turning over in the water
Maritime Marine
relating to the sea or ships [= marine]:
San Francisco has lost nearly all of its maritime industry.
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2HEO near the sea:
the Canadian maritime provinces
Maroon
to be left in a place where there are no other people and where you cannot escape:
The car broke down and left us marooned in the middle of nowhere.
Adrift 1TTW a boat that is adrift is not
fastened to anything or controlled by anyone:
Several of the lifeboats were still afloat a month after being cast adrift.
2 someone who is adrift is confused about what to do in their life:
a young woman adrift in London
Feat
Challenge
They climbed the mountain in 28 days, a remarkable feat.
Deliberate Intentional, on purpose
a deliberate attempt to humiliate her
The attack on him was quite deliberate.
Expedition Trip, journey, travel,
an expedition to the North Pole
another Everest expedition
Simulation the activity of producing conditions
which are similar to real ones, especially in order to test something, or the conditions that are produced:
a computer simulation used to train airline pilots
Derive to get something, especially an
advantage or a pleasant feeling, from something
derive something from something
Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique.
derive pleasure/enjoyment etc
Many students derived enormous satisfaction from the course.
Undisputed
Unquestioned
1 known to be definitely true:
Doctors found undisputed evidence of nerve damage.
2 accepted by everyone
undisputed leader/champion/master etc
the undisputed world heavyweight champion
Reading 3
Relatively- distribution- descendant- assign- detritus- algae- mite- crab- niche-
Distribution Scatter
the act of sharing things among a large group of people in a planned way
distribution of
the distribution of aid supplies
2 [uncountable] when goods are supplied to shops and companies for them to sell:
a distribution center
Relatively
Fairly, almost, quite
The system is relatively easy to use.
E-commerce is a relatively recent phenomenon.
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Descendant someone who is related to a person
who lived a long time ago, or to a family, group of people etc that existed
in the past [↪ ancestor]
somebody's descendants/the descendants of somebody
The coastal areas were occupied by the descendants of Greek colonists.
He was a direct descendant of Napoleon Bonaparte.
2 something that has developed from something else
descendant of
Quechua is a descendant of the Inca language.
Assign to give someone a particular job or
make them responsible for a particular person or thing
I've been assigned the task of looking after the new students.
Detritus pieces of waste that remain after
something has been broken up or used
Algae a very simple plant without stems or
leaves that grows in or near water
جلبک
Mite a very small creature that lives in
plants, carpets
Worm
Crab a sea animal with a hard shell, five
legs on each side, and two large
خرچنگ
Niche if you find your niche, you find a job or
activity that is very suitable for you:
Amanda soon found her niche at the club.
He's managed to create a niche for himself in local politics.
TPO 6
Reading 1 Dramatic- harness-abound- mill-textile-
exploit- condense- vacuum- reciprocate- illuminate- flicker- accustomed to- manufacture- starve- charcoal- blast- furnace- bellow- retain- monopoly- turnpike- terrain- flanged- haul- puff- liberate-
Dramatic
Sudden, striking, tense, powerful,
Computers have brought dramatic changes to the workplace.
Universities have suffered a dramatic drop in student numbers.
A serious accident can have a dramatic effect on your family's finances.
harness
to control and use the natural force or power of something:
We can harness the power of the wind to generate electricity.
abound verb exist in abundance
Thrive, proliferate
Rumours abound as to the reasons for his resignation.
Examples of this abound in her book.
Mill
a building containing a large machine for crushing grain into flour
اسیاب
Textile any type of woven cloth that is made in
large quantities, used especially by people in the business of making clothes etc:
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Their main exports are textiles, especially silk and cotton.
نساجی
Exploit
Use
Abuse
Homeworkers can easily be exploited by employers.
The violence was blamed on thugs exploiting the situation.
The new TV companies are fully exploiting the potential of satellite transmission.
Condense
Abridge, shorten, compress,
This whole chapter could be condensed into a few paragraphs.
Vacuum Void, gap, emptiness
space that is completely empty of all gas, especially one from which all the air has been taken away
Her husband's death left a vacuum in her life.
Reciprocate
Retaliate,
to do or give something, because something similar has been done or given to you:
When he spoke I was expected to reciprocate with some remark of my own.
illuminate
Make light, make clear, brighten, highlight,
A single candle illuminated his face.
At night the canals are beautifully illuminated.
he report illuminated the difficult issues at the heart of science policy.
flicker Spark, glimmer, beam, gleam,
to burn or shine with an unsteady light that goes on and off quickly:
The overhead lights flickered momentarily.
if an emotion or expression flickers on someone's face or through their mind, it exists or is shown for only a short time
flicker across/through/on etc
A puzzled smile flickered across the woman's face.
Accustomed to
Used to
We were accustomed to working together.
Her eyes quickly became accustomed to the dark.
manufacture Build, produce, invent,
the company that manufactured the drug
manufactured goods
if the media can manufacture stories like this, who are we supposed to believe?
starve
to suffer or die because you do not have enough to eat:
Thousands of people will starve if food doesn't reach the city.
pictures of starving children
They'll either die from the cold or starve to death (=die from lack of food).
charcoal
a black substance made of burned wood that can be used as fuel:
cooking over a charcoal fire
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blast Explosion
The first shot missed and blasted a hole in the far wall.
The plane was blasted out of the sky by a terrorist bomb.
to produce a lot of loud noise, especially music:
He was woken by the radio alarm clock blasting out rock music.
furnace
a large container for a very hot fire, used to produce power, heat, or liquid metal
2 a piece of equipment used to heat a building
bellow
to shout loudly in a deep voice [= yell]:
'That's your problem!' bellowed Hurley.
Tony was bellowing orders.
retain Preserve, maintain, keep
You have the right to retain possession of the goods.
The state wants to retain control of food imports.
A lot of information can be retained in your computer.
Limestone is known to retain moisture.
monopoly
Sth held or owned exclusively, cartel , ownership
They are demanding an end to the Communist Party's monopoly of power.
the state monopoly of television
انحصار امتیاز انحصاری
turnpike
Roadway, freeway, highway
Terrain Landscape, ground, land, province,
region, territory
a particular type of land:
rocky terrain
flange Rim, border,
the flat edge that stands out from an object such as a railway wheel, to keep it in the right position or strengthen it
haul
to pull something heavy with a continuous steady movement
haul something off/onto/out of etc something
She hauled her backpack onto her back.
the steam locomotive which hauled the train
I hauled the door shut behind me.
puff
to breathe quickly and with difficulty after the effort of running, carrying something heavy etc:
George puffed and panted and he tried to keep up
liberate
Detach, free, save, rescue
women's freedom to pursue careers liberated from childcare
the liberating power of education
A few days later, our armies liberated the city.
Reading 2
Rudimentary- roam- apprentice- reveal- meticulous- surround- distinguish- shale- strata- faunal- fauna- trilobite- ubiquitous- arthropod-
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rudimentary Simple, basic, fundamental,
elementary, primitive,
Gradually, I acquired a rudimentary knowledge of music.
my rudimentary German
subsistence farming in its most rudimentary form
The classroom equipment is pretty rudimentary.
roam
Wander about, stray,
to walk or travel, usually for a long time, with no clear purpose or direction
[↪ wander]
The dogs are allowed to roam around.
Chickens and geese roam freely in the back yard.
You shouldn't let your children roam the streets
Apprentice
Pupil, learner of a trade
She works in the hairdresser's as an apprentice.
an apprentice electrician
reveal
Disclose, show, uncover, expose
He may be prosecuted for revealing secrets about the security agency.
a test that can reveal a teacher's hidden skills
meticulous
Precise, cautious, exact, fastidious,
He kept meticulous accounts.
Their planning and preparation were meticulous.
He cleaned the tools with meticulous care.
The book describes his journey in meticulous detail
surround Besiege, circle, hem in,
The field was surrounded by trees.
He glared at the people who surrounded the tent.
distinguish
Differentiate, discern, discriminate,
His attorney argued that Cope could not distinguish between right and wrong.
The factor that distinguishes this company from the competition is customer service.
shale
a smooth soft rock which breaks easily into thin flat pieces
strata a layer of rock or earth
a social class in a society:
people of different social strata
fauna Animal life, animal kingdom
all the animals living in a particular area or period in history
flora
all the plants that grow in a particular place or country: Tourism is damaging the flora and fauna (=plants and animals) of the island.
trilobite a type of fossil of a small sea
creature
ubiquitous
Omnipresent, ever- present, pervasive, universal
Coffee shops are ubiquitous these days.
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arthropod Insect, bug
Reading 3 Infantile- amnesia- scanty- sibling-
sheer- account for- plausible- toddler- maturation- lobe- gist- compatible- critical- retrieve- mutual- exclude-
infantile
Childish, babyish
infantile jokes
amnesia Memory loss
scanty
Inadequate, meager, scant,
There is only scanty evidence of his involvement.
sibling
Sister or brother
sheer the sheer weight/size etc used to
emphasize that something is very heavy, large etc
the sheer weight/size etc of
The sheer size of the country makes communications difficult.
Account for
Give reason for, clarify, explain,
Recent pressure at work may account for his behavior.
Can you account for your movements on that night?
plausible
Reasonable, believable, rational
His story certainly sounds plausible.
a plausible explanation
toddler Baby
a very young child who is just learning to walk
maturation Development, evolution, progress
the period during which something grows and develops:
cell maturation
lobe
a round part of an organ in your body, especially in your brain or lungs
gist
Essence, summary, meaning, main idea
he gist of his argument is that full employment is impossible.
Don't worry about all the details as long as you get the gist (=understand the main meaning) of it.
compatible In harmony, adaptable,
Stephen's political views often weren't compatible with her own.
critical
Crucial
These talks are critical to the future of the peace process.
It is absolutely critical for us to know the truth.
Foreign trade is of critical importance to the economy.
retrieve
Get back
1 formal to find something and bring
it back [↪ recover]:
She bent down to retrieve her earring.
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retrieve something from something
It took four days to retrieve all the bodies from the crash.
2TD technicalTD to get back information that has been stored in the memory of a computer:
The new version of the software automatically retrieves digital information.
3 retrieve a situation British English to make a situation satisfactory again after there has been a serious mistake or problem:
The general made one last desperate effort to retrieve the situation.
mutual
Shared, common
Mutual respect is necessary for any partnership to work.
European nations can live together in a spirit of mutual trust.
I didn't like Dev, and the feeling seemed to be mutual.
The two men were a mutual admiration society, gushing about how much they were learning from each other.
exclude to deliberately not include something
[≠ include]:
a special diet that excludes dairy products
The judges decided to exclude evidence which had been unfairly
TPO 7
Reading 1 Objective- cruise- invertebrate- wipe
out- domelike- penetrate- drill- pebble- gypsum- fragment-peculiarity- basin- silt- strait- salinity- extermination- score- brine- precipitation- deluge- cascade- turbulent-
objective Aim, goal, intent
achieve/meet an objective accomplish an objective (=achieve an objective) have an objective set an objective (=decide what your objective is) main/primary/principal objective clear/specific objective career objectives business objective
He vowed to achieve certain objectives before the end of his presidency.
the best way to accomplish your objectives
The degree program has two main objectives.
Managers should set specific performance objectives for their teams.
The main objective was to improve children's knowledge of geography.
cruise Journey, voyage
a cruise around the world
2DLO a journey by boat for pleasure
invertebrate a living creature that does not have a
backbone
Wipe out
Erase, annihilate, kill, eliminate
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domelike a round roof on a building
penetrate
Permeate, seep, enter, go through
bullets that penetrate thick armour plating
Sunlight barely penetrated the dirty windows.
drill
to make a hole in something using a drill:
Drill a hole in each corner.
drill into/through
He accidentally drilled into a water pipe.
pebble
a small smooth stone found especially on a beach or on the bottom of a river:
The beach was covered with smooth white pebbles.
gypsum سنگ گچ
fragment Particle, portion, bit, piece,
glass fragments
peculiarity
Abnormality, anomaly
a strange or unusual habit, quality etc:
Margaret regarded her mother's peculiarities with a fond tolerance.
basin a round container attached to the wall
in a bathroom, where you wash your hands and face [= sink]:
a wash basin
2DFU a large bowl-shaped container for liquids or food:
Fill the basin with the cake mixture.
silt Residue, sand, sediment
sand, mud, soil etc that is carried in water and then settles at a bend in a river, an entrance to a port etc
strait a narrow passage of water between
two areas of land, usually connecting two seas:
the Bering Strait
تنگه
salinity containing or consisting of salt:
saline solution
—salinity noun [uncountable]
extermination
Destruction, extinction
Staff use the poison to exterminate moles and rabbits.
score
Number
Great scores of animals
brine water which contains a lot of salt
and is used for preserving food:
fish pickled in brine
2 sea water
precipitation Rain, rainfall, snow, snowfall
deluge
a large amount of something such as letters or questions that someone gets at the same time [= flood]
deluge of
Viewers sent a deluge of complaints about the show.
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cascade a small steep waterfall that is
one of several together
2 something that hangs down in large quantities
cascade of
Her hair fell over her shoulders in a cascade of curls.
turbulent
Unstable, violent, stormy
the dark turbulent waters of the river
He has had a turbulent political career.
Reading 2
cohesive- bond- monolithic- entity- military garrison- station(V)- province- obsession- territory- conquest- stark- march- legion- landsman- fertile- foster- virtue- devotion- thorough- predisposed- might- subtlety- disdain- sphere- caliber-
cohesive connected or related in a reasonable
way to form a whole:
a cohesive community
2 uniting people or things:
Historically, sport has been a cohesive force in international relations.
United, tenacious
bond something that unites two or more
people or groups, such as love, or a
shared interest or idea [↪ tie]
bond between
the emotional bond between mother and child
monolithic
a monolithic building is very large, solid, and impressive
2PG a monolithic organization, political system etc is very large and
powerful and difficult to change:
a monolithic movie company
entity
Body, being, thing
something that exists as a single and
complete unit [↪ being]:
The mind exists as a separate entity.
Good design brings a house and garden together as a single entity.
Military garrison
a group of soldiers living in a town or fort and defending it:
The garrison was called out when news of the enemy's advance was received.
a garrison town
2 the buildings where a garrison of soldiers live
station
to send someone in the military to a particular place for a period of time as part of their military duty [= post]:
I was stationed overseas at the time.
2 formal to move to a particular place and stand or sit there, especially in order to be able to do something quickly, or to cause someone to do this:
A security guard was stationed near the door.
province
Province [countable]SG one of the large areas into which some countries are divided, and which usually has its own local government:
a Chinese province
2 the provincesSG the parts of a country that are not near the capital
3 [singular] formal a subject that someone knows a lot about or
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something that only they are responsible for
province of
Computers were once the exclusive province of scientists and mathematicians.
obsession
noun fixation; consumption with belief, desire
an extreme unhealthy interest in something or worry about something, which stops you from thinking about anything elseCOLLOCATIONS COLLOCATIONS
become an obsession unhealthy/dangerous obsession sexual obsession national/American/British etc obsession to the point of obsession border on/upon obsession (=be almost as bad as an obsession)
Gambling became an obsession, and he eventually lost everything.
obsession with
an unhealthy obsession with being thin
The current obsession with exam results is actually harming children's education.
The game pachinko became a national obsession.
He has an enthusiasm for art, to the point of obsession in my opinion.
She looked after him with a devotion bordering on obsession.
territory
land that is owned or controlled by a particular country, ruler, or military force:
Hong Kong became Chinese territory in 1997.
Area, colony, land, zone,
conquest the act of getting control of a country
by fighting:
the Norman Conquest (=the conquest of England by the Normans)
conquest of
the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
Success, triumph, win
stark
very plain in appearance, with little or no colour or decoration:
In the cold dawn light, the castle looked stark and forbidding.
the stark beauty of New Mexico
Simple, bare
march if soldiers or other people march
somewhere, they walk there quickly with firm regular steps
legion a large group of soldiers, especially in
ancient Rome
2 literary a large number of people
fertile
Fruitful, rich, abundant,
fertile land or soil is able to produce good crops:
foster
to help a skill, feeling, idea etc develop over a period of time [= encourage, promote]:
The bishop helped foster the sense of a community embracing all classes.
virtue Honor, integrity,
moral goodness of character and behaviour [≠ vice]:
Women have often been used as symbols of virtue.
2 [countable] a particular good
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quality in someone's character [≠ vice]:
Among her many virtues are loyalty, courage, and truthfulness.
devotion
the strong love that you show when you pay a lot of attention to someone or something
devotion to
Alanna has always shown intense devotion to her children.
2 [uncountable] the loyalty that you show towards a person, job etc,
especially by working hard [↪ dedication]
devotion to
the soldier's courage and devotion to duty
his integrity and devotion to his patients
3 [uncountable]RR strong religious feeling
thorough
Detailed, full, complete
The doctor gave him a thorough check-up.
a thorough and detailed biography
The police investigation was very thorough.
thorough notes of the meeting
predisposed
Willing, inclined, ready
genetically predisposed to gain weight
might great strength and power:
two individuals who took on the might of the English legal system
He swung the axe again with all his might.
subtlety he quality that something has when it
has been done in a clever or skilful way, with careful attention to small details:
The play lacks subtlety.
She argued her case with considerable subtlety.
ظرافت
disdain a complete lack of respect that you
show for someone or something because you think they are not important or good enough
with disdain
She watched me with disdain.
a look of complete disdain
Ridicule, arrogance, aversion, dislike, contempt,
sphere
1 a ball shape
2 a particular area of activity, work, knowledge etc
in ... sphere
television's increasing role in the political sphere
Caliber
the level of quality or ability that someone or something has achieved
of somebody's calibre
Where will we find another man of his calibre?
The school attracts a high calibre of student.
of high/the right etc calibre
The paintings were of the highest caliber.
Talent, competence, quality, ability
Reading 3
Millets- sorghum- diffuse- receptive- chariot- traverse- route- savannah- cavalry- innovation- thrive- profound- ingenious- furnace- flee- desiccation-
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route a way from one place to another
route to/from
What's the best route to Cambridge?
savanna a large flat area of grassy land,
especially in Africa
cavalry the part of an army that fights on
horses, especially in the past:
The Black Prince led a cavalry charge against them.
Millets the small seeds of a plant similar to
grass, used as food
ارزن
sorghum ذرت خوشه ای
a type of grain that is grown in tropical areas
diffuse Spread, distribute, scatter
The pollutants diffuse into the soil.
receptive willing to consider new ideas or listen
to someone else's opinions:
You might find them in a more receptive mood tomorrow.
a receptive audience
receptive to
a workforce that is receptive to new ideas
welcoming, interested, open- minded
chariot
a vehicle with two wheels pulled by a horse, used in ancient times in battles and races
traverse to move across, over, or through
something, especially an area of land or water:
two minutes to traverse the park
Cross, roam, go over, pass over,
innovation a new idea, method, or invention
innovation in
recent innovations in English teaching
thrive to become very successful or very
strong and healthy:
plants that thrive in tropical rainforests
a business which managed to thrive during a recession
Shine, prosper, develop, succeed, grow, advance
profound
having a strong influence or effect
profound effect/influence/impact/consequence etc
Tolstoy's experiences of war had a profound effect on his work.
The mother's behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child.
profound changes in society
2 showing strong, serious feelings [= deep]:
a profound sense of guilt
3 showing great knowledge and understanding [= deep]:
a profound question
Jenner is a profound thinker.
4 literaryMP deep or far below the surface of something [= deep]:
Her work touches something profound in the human psyche.
5 complete:
profound deafness
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ingenious Imaginative, inventive, innovative,
creative
Many fish have ingenious ways of protecting their eggs from predators.
an ingenious device
2 someone who is ingenious is very good at inventing things or at thinking of new ideas
furnace
a large container for a very hot fire, used to produce power, heat, or liquid metal
2 a piece of equipment used to heat a building
flee to leave somewhere very quickly, in
order to escape from danger:
His attackers turned and fled.
Masaari spent six months in prison before fleeing the country.
desiccation the process of becoming completely
dry
TPO 8
Reading 1 Edifice- obsidian- pinpoint- ingenuity-
foresightedness- elite- eruption- circumstance- implicate- eliminate- predominant- flourish- exotic- prosperous- emerge- thrive- coerce-
edifice Monument, building, construction
Their head office was an imposing edifice.
obsidian a type of rock that looks like black
glass
pinpoint
Diagnose, identify, recognize
It's difficult to pinpoint the cause of the accident.
They need to pinpoint exactly what skills are necessary.
ingenuity Dexterity, skill, talent, inventiveness,
ability
Foresightedness Prudence, caution, carefulness,
precaution, wisdom
It was an example of the authorities' lack of foresight.
Luckily I'd had the foresight to get in plenty of food.
elite Best, first class, high- class person,
noble
the domination of power by a small political elite
a struggle for power within the ruling elite.
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eruption Explosion, burst, outburst,
1 if fighting, violence, noise etc erupts, it starts suddenly [= break out]:
Violence erupted after police shot a student during the demonstration.
A political row erupted over the MP's comments.
2HEG if a volcano erupts, it explodes and sends smoke, fire, and rock into the sky
3 if a place or situation erupts, there is a sudden increase in activity or emotion
erupt into
They were angry to the point of erupting into riot.
Their conversations often erupted into squabbles.
4 erupt into laughter/shouting etc to suddenly start laughing, shouting etc:
He erupted into loud, desperate sobs.
5HBH if spots erupt on your body, they suddenly appear on your skin
—eruption /û"ršpÐÊn/ noun [uncountable and countable]
a volcanic eruption
the eruption of violence
circumstance
Case, situation, condition,
I can't imagine a circumstance in which I would be willing to steal.
Prisoners can only leave their cells under certain circumstances (=if particular conditions exist).
implicate
Imply, involve,
to show or suggest that someone is involved in a crime or dishonest act:
The allegations implicated Abe to such an extent he was forced to resign.
implicate somebody in something
Three police officers are implicated in
the cover-up.
eliminate
Dispose of, get rid of, remove
Fatty foods should be eliminated from the diet.
predominant
Dominant, main, prevailing
the predominant group in society
In this painting, the predominant colour is black.
exotic
Not native, not usual, peculiar, bizzare,
exotic birds
exotic places
flourish to develop well and be successful [=
thrive]:
The economy is booming and small businesses are flourishing.
2 [intransitive] to grow well and be very healthy [↪ thrive]:
Most plants will flourish in the rich deep soils here.
3 [transitive] to wave something in your hand in order to make people notice it:
She walked quickly to the desk, flourishing her cheque book
prosperous
Booming, thriving, flourishing, rich
a prosperous landowner
emerge Appear, come up, arise
The sun emerged from behind the clouds.
Eventually the truth emerged.
Later it emerged that the judge had employed an illegal immigrant.
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thrive Flourish, prosper, develop, boom,
grow
plants that thrive in tropical rainforests
a business which managed to thrive during a recession
coerce Force, compel,
The rebels coerced the villagers into hiding them from the army.
Reading 2 Paleontologist- demise- alteration-
shallow- frigid- buffer- retreat- torrid- cripple- cope with- fluctuation- appealing- abrupt- incorporate- meteor- asteroid- disruption- eradicate-
paleontologist
palaeontology [uncountable]
the study of fossils (=ancient bones, plants etc that have been preserved in rock)
—paleontologist noun [countable]
demise Collapse, failure, dying
the end of something that used to exist
demise of
the imminent demise (=happening soon) of the local newspaper
formal or law death:
the mystery surrounding Elena's untimely demise (=when death happens sooner than is normal or expect
alteration
Change, variation, revision
If you make alterations to the Windows setup, save the new settings before closing.
alteration in
Have you noticed any alteration in the patient's behaviour
shallow
Not deep
a shallow river
The lake is quite shallow.
the shallow end of the pool
frigid
Chilly, cold
the frigid air
buffer Safegaurd,
to reduce the bad effects of something:
Consumer spending is buffering the effects of the recession.
retreat Withdraw, move back
They were attacked and forced to retreat.
to move away from someone or something:
He saw her and retreated, too shy to speak to her
torrid
Very hot, scorching
the torrid desert sun
cripple Paralyze, disable,
old-fashioned someone who is unable to walk properly because their legs are damaged or injured - now
considered offensive [↪ disabled]
2 emotional cripple informal someone who cannot express their feelings to other people - used to show disapproval
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Cope Handle, manage, deal with
Sometimes I find it hard to cope.
He coped quite well as manager while still captaining the team.
She feared she wouldn't be able to cope with two new babies.
Local authorities have to cope with the problems of homelessness.
fluctuation
Variation, change, vacillation,
the fluctuation in interest rates
Prices are subject to fluctuation.
appealing
Attractive
The city offers an appealing combination of sporting and cultural events.
It creates an atmosphere which visitors find so appealing.
abrupt
sudden and unexpected:
an abrupt change of plan
incorporate Include, insert,
We've incorporated many environmentally-friendly features into the design of the building.
Our original proposals were not incorporated in the new legislation.
meteor
a piece of rock or metal that travels through space, and makes a bright line in the night sky when it falls down towards the Earth:
Astronomers track large meteors using radar.
asteroid one of the many small planets
that move around the sun, especially between Mars and Jupiter
disruption Division, interruption, break
a situation in which something is prevented from continuing in its usual way:
The strike caused widespread disruption.
eradicate
Destroy, wipe out, erase, eliminate, annihilate,
We can eradicate this disease from the world.
an attempt to eradicate inflation
This problem has now been completely eradicated.
Reading 3
Twist- merge- relics- catastrophic- equator- onrushing- miniature- tide- tear- adorn- controversial- proponent- terrace- conceivably- recede- detractor-gully- astronomer- hint- permafrost-
twist Curl, spin, curve
He twisted his head slightly, and looked up at her.
She twisted her handkerchief into a knot.
merge Combine
The villages have grown and merged together over the years.
relic an old object or custom that reminds
people of the past or that has lived on
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from a past time:
Roman relics found in a field
relic of
the books and photos, relics of Rob's university days
Everything in the house seemed old and untouched, like relics of an ancient time.
catastrophic
Tragic, fatal, disastrous
The Black Sea is facing ecological catastrophe as a result of pollution.
prevent/avert a catastrophe
Sudan requires food immediately to avert a humanitarian catastrophe.
2 [countable] an event which is very bad for the people involved [= disaster]
catastrophe for
If the contract is cancelled, it'll be a catastrophe for everyone concerned.
—catastrophic /;kætë"strãfûk< $ -"strä:-/ adjective:
a catastrophic fall in the price of rice
The failure of the talks could have catastrophic consequences
equator
استوا
onrushing Coming, approaching
a strong fast movement forward, or the sudden development of something
onrush of
the first onrush of the epidemic
—onrushing adjective:
the onrushing tide
miniature
Small, tiny
miniature roses
a miniature railway
He looked like a miniature version of his father.
tide the regular rising and falling of the
level of the sea
the tide is in/out (=the sea is at a high or low level)
Is the tide going out or coming in?
We went for a walk and got cut off by the tide.
tear
a drop of salty liquid that comes out of your eye when you are crying
adorn
Decorate
church walls adorned with religious paintings
controversial
Disputed, questionable, arguable, at issue
the controversial issue of welfare reform
a highly controversial (=very controversial) plan to flood the valley in order to build a dam
He is a controversial figure (=person who does controversial things) in the art world.
proponent Supporter, advocate
Steinem has always been a strong proponent of women's rights.
leading/main/major proponent
Dr George is one of the leading proponents of this view.
terrace
balcony, deck, patio, platform
Conceivably Maybe, perhaps
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Conceivably, interest rates could rise very high indeed.
recede Withdraw, diminish, decrease
if something you can see or hear recedes, it gets further and further away until it disappears
recede into
footsteps receding into the distance
2 if a memory, feeling, or possibility recedes, it gradually goes away:
The pain in his head gradually receded.
3DN if water recedes, it moves back from an area that it was covering:
The flood waters finally began to recede in November.
4DCB if your hair recedes, you gradually lose the hair at the front of your head:
He was in his mid-forties, with a receding hairline.
detractor
Critic, derogator
someone who says bad things about someone or something, in order to make them seem less good than they really are
somebody's detractors
Even the President's detractors admit that the decision was the right one.
gully
a small narrow valley, usually formed by a lot of rain flowing down the side of a hill
a deep ditch
astronomer
a scientist who studies the stars and planets
hint Clue, suggestion, indication
There have been hints that he may take up coaching.
'Look, I can't tell you.' 'Oh, come on, give me a hint .'
hint about/as to
Miles had been dropping heavy hints about the cost of petrol.
I made it clear I wasn't interested in him, but he didn't take the hint.
permafrost
a layer of soil that is always frozen in countries where it is very cold
TPO9
Reading 1 Crumble- prior to- persuasive-
submerge- refuge- caribou- hospitable- impetus-
crumble Break up, fall into pieces
The old stonework was crumbling away.
crumbling colonial buildings
The Empire began to crumble during the 13th century.
our crumbling economy
Prior to
Before, preceding, previous
You do not need any prior knowledge of the subject.
Changes may not be made without the prior approval of the council.
Vegetarian meals are provided by prior agreement.
Some prior experience with the software is needed.
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All the arrangements should be completed prior to your departure
persuasive
Cogent, compelling, convincing
a persuasive argument against capital punishment
submerge Dunk in liquid, drown, immerse, sink,
plunge
The tunnel entrance was submerged by rising sea water.
The submarine submerged.
refuge
Haven, sanctuary, hideout, hideaway, resort, protection, shelter
During the frequent air-raids, people took refuge in their cellars.
caribou
گوزن کانادایی
hospitable
friendly, welcoming, and generous to visitors [≠ inhospitable]:
The local people were very kind and hospitable.
2 used for describing an environment in which things can grow [≠ inhospitable]:
The Sahara is one of the world's least hospitable regions.
impetus
Stimulus, impulse, motivation, incentive,
The report may provide further impetus for reform.
The discovery gave fresh impetus to the research.
Reading 2 Interaction- justify- intellectual- paucity
of- void- abstraction- objective- utilitarian- tendency- evaluate- contribute- facilitate- compelling- inhibit- inconsistent- vague- vulnerable- apparent-
Interaction Interplay, cooperation
Price is determined through the interaction of demand and supply.
the complex interaction between mind and body
justify to give an acceptable explanation for
something that other people think is unreasonable:
Ministers must appear before parliament and justify their actions.
justify doing something
How can we justify spending so much money on arms?
justify yourself (=prove that what you are doing is reasonable)
I don't have to justify myself to you or anyone else.
intellectual
Smart, scholarly,
relating to the ability to understand things and think intelligently [↪ mental]
intellectual development/ability/activity etc
a job that requires considerable intellectual effort
2 an intellectual person is well-educated and interested in serious ideas and subjects such as science,
literature etc [↪ academic]:
Mark's very intellectual.
3 needing serious thought in order to be understood:
an intellectual film
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paucity Lack, scarcity
a paucity of information
void Empty
Running the business helped to fill the void after his wife died.
The amusement park will fill a void in this town, which has little entertainment for children.
abstraction
a general idea about a type of situation, thing, or person rather than a specific example from real life:
He's always talking in abstractions.
2 [uncountable] when you do not notice what is happening around you because you are thinking carefully about something else:
She rocked the baby gently, gazing in abstraction at the flickering fire.
objective
Fair, impartial, unbiased
It's hard to give an objective opinion about your own children.
Scientists need to be objective when doing research.
the importance of a completely objective, independent press
utilitarian
Practical, functional
ugly utilitarian buildings
tendency Penchant, inclination
Greg's tendency to be critical made him unpopular with his co-workers.
The drug is effective but has a tendency to cause headaches.
There is an increasing tendency for women to have children later in life.
evaluate Judge, assess,
You should be able to evaluate your own work.
We need to evaluate the success of the campaign.
It can be difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments.
contribute
Donate, give, grant,
o give money, help, ideas etc to something that a lot of other people are also involved in
City employees cannot contribute to political campaigns.
facilitate Ease, expedite, simplify, speed
Computers can be used to facilitate language learning.
compelling
an argument etc that makes you feel certain that something is true or that you must do something about it:
Lucy had no compelling reason to go into town.
The court was presented with compelling evidence that she'd murdered her husband.
2 very interesting or exciting, so that you have to pay attention:
His life makes a compelling story.
inhibit
Restrict, prevent
An unhappy family life may inhibit children's learning.
Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
inconsistent Incompatible, contradictory
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two statements that are inconsistent cannot both be true [= contradictory; ≠ consistent]:
The accounts of the witnesses are inconsistent.
inconsistent with
His results are inconsistent with our data.
2 not right according to a particular set of principles or standards [≠ consistent]
inconsistent with
His conduct was inconsistent with what is expected of a Congressman.
vague
Ambiguous, unclear, obscure, nebulous, hazy
Julia was vague about where she had been and what she had been doing.
Larry had the vague feeling he'd done something embarrassing the night before.
vulnerable
Sensitive, susceptible, weak, expose, liable,
He took advantage of me when I was at my most vulnerable.
We work mainly with the elderly and other vulnerable groups.
Children are most vulnerable to abuse within their own home.
apparent
Possible, probable, supposed,
easy to notice [= obvious]
it is apparent (that)
It soon became apparent that we had a major problem.
it is apparent from something that
It is apparent from scientific studies that the drug has some fairly nasty side effects.
it is apparent to somebody that
It was apparent to everyone that he
was seriously ill.
The difference in quality was immediately apparent.
He left suddenly, for no apparent reason.
2 seeming to have a particular feeling or attitude, although this may not be true:
He did well in his exams, despite his apparent lack of interest in his work.
Reading 3
Blazing- drenching- harsh- barren- spore- breeze- flank- toehold- forbidding- symbiotic- alga- fungus- lichen- bowel- fern- moss- crevice- propagate- sheer- bloom- wrap- gossamer- dandelion- milkweed- dormant- buoyant- vicissitude- prolong- immersion- archipelago- encapsulate- stalk
blazing On fire, flaming
extremely hot:
a blazing August afternoon
2 full of strong emotions, especially anger:
He jumped to his feet in a blazing fury.
drenching
Wet
to make something or someone extremely wet:
In the early morning they had got drenched in the grass.
—drenching /"drentÐûÅ/ adjective:
drenching rain
harsh
Rough, bitter, hard, rigid, severe,
The hostages are being held in harsh conditions.
the harsh Canadian winters
a young girl suddenly exposed to the
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harsh realities of life
His theory met with harsh criticism from colleagues.
the harsh measures taken against the protestors
'She's an idiot!' 'Aren't you being a bit harsh?'
a harsh, authoritarian regime
He had harsh words (=severe criticism) for the Government.
barren
Arid, infertile,
land or soil that is barren has no plants growing on it
Thousands of years ago the surface was barren desert.
spore a cell like a seed that is produced by
some plants such as mushrooms and can develop into a new plant
breeze
a gentle wind:
flowers waving in the breeze
flank the side of a hill, mountain, or very
large building
toehold your first involvement in a particular
activity, from which you can develop and become stronger
toehold in
The company has gained a toehold in the competitive computer market.
جای پا نفوذ
forbidding
Frightening, menacing, sinister, ominous, threatening
We sailed past the island's rather dark
and forbidding cliffs.
His face was forbidding, even hostile.
symbiotic a symbiotic relationship is one in which
the people, organizations, or living things involved depend on each other
Interdependent
alga جلبک خزه
fungus قارچ
lichen گلسنگ
bowel the system of tubes inside your body
where food is made into solid waste material and through which it passes
out of your body [↪ intestine]
move/empty/open your bowels (=get rid of solid waste from your body)
2 [singular]HBH one part of this system of tubes:
cancer of the bowel
fern
سرخس
moss خزه
crevice a narrow crack in the surface of
something, especially in rock:
small creatures that hide in crevices in the rock
propagate Breed, reproduce, proliferate, multiply
The group launched a website to propagate its ideas.
Propagate your plants in fresh soil.
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sheer the sheer weight/size etc used to
emphasize that something is very heavy, large etc
the sheer weight/size etc of
The sheer size of the country makes communications difficult.
bloom
Blossom, flower,
if a plant or a flower blooms, its flowers appear or open
2 to become happier, healthier, or more successful in a way that is very noticeable:
She was blooming the last time I saw her.
wrap
to put paper or cloth over something to cover it
wrap something in something
The present was beautifully wrapped in gold paper.
gossamer the light silky thread which spiders
leave on grass and bushes
dandelion
قاصدک
milkweed a common North American plant that
produces a bitter white substance when its stem is broken
dormant Inactive, sleeping, inert, latent, passive
The seeds remain dormant until the spring.
a huge dormant volcano
Buoyant happy and confident:
Phil was in buoyant mood.
2BF buoyant prices etc tend to rise:
a buoyant economy
3 able to float or keep things floating:
Cork is very buoyant.
Vicissitude
Change
the continuous changes and problems that affect a situation or someone's life
vicissitudes of
the vicissitudes of married life
Prolong
Extend, delay,
to deliberately make something such as a feeling or activity last longer [= lengthen]:
I was trying to think of some way to prolong the conversation.
immersion
the action of immersing something in liquid, or the state of being immersed
immersion in
his near-fatal immersion in the icy Atlantic ocean
2 [uncountable] the fact of being completely involved in something you are doing
immersion in
my immersion in black music and culture
archipelago
a group of small islands
مجمع الجزایر
encapsulate
Encase
to express or show something in a
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short way [= sum up]:
The words of the song neatly encapsulate the mood of the country at that time.
encapsulate something in something
Her whole philosophy can be encapsulated in this one sentence.
2 to completely cover something with something else, especially in order to prevent a substance getting out
encapsulate something in something
The leaking fuel rods will be encapsulated in lead.
stalk
ساقه
TPO 10
Reading 1 pottery- civilization- despite- long
Lasting- porcelain- status- ceramics-vary- dynasty-Era – fall into – earthenware- stoneware – ware – vessel – majority – Glaze – Kiln – evolve – delineate – ornament – embrace – lead – tomb – temple – motif – slip – intrinsic – far reaching – impact – instigate – cobalt – ore – muted- stimulate – notably – adapt – spout – whereas – merely - adornment – dragon – phoenix – empress – pomegranate – fertility – bless – emblem – pine tree- crane – secular – imperial - commission
Pottery
[uncountable]
1 objects made out of baked clay:
Native American pottery
ظروف سفالی
2 the activity of making pots, dishes out of clay:
a pottery class
Civilization 1 a society that is well organized and
developed, used especially about a particular society in a particular place or at a particular time [↪ civilized]:modern American civilization
civilization of the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome
2 [uncountable] all the societies in the world considered as a whole:
the dawn of civilization (=the
beginning of civilization)
Despite In spite of
Regardless of
Not withstanding
Even though
She went to Spain despite the fact that her doctor had told her to rest.
Long-Lasting continuing for a long time [≠ short-
lived]:
Enduring, abiding
The impact of divorce on children can be long-lasting.
long-lasting effect/result
Porcelain [uncountable]
1 a hard shiny white substance that is used for making expensive plates, cups etc [↪ china]:
porcelain vase
چینی
2 plates, cups etc made of this
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Status 1 position, condition [↪ standing]:
documents have no legal status in Britain.
2 social or professional rank or position
Doctors have traditionally enjoyed high social status.
3 respect and importance that someone or something is given [= prestige]:
the status given to education
Cermaics 1 the art of making pots, bowls, tiles
etc, by shaping pieces of clay and baking them until they are hard
2 things that are made this way:
an exhibition of ceramics
—ceramic adjective: ceramic tiles
vary if several things of the same type vary,
they are all different from each other [= differ] Cooking times may vary slightly, depending on your oven.
Dynasty 1 a family of kings or other rulers
whose parents, grandparents etc have ruled the country for many years:
Habsburg dynasty ruled in Austria from 1278 to 1918.
سلسله پادشاهی
2 a period of time when a particular family ruled a country or area
Era a period of time in history that is
known for a particular event, or for particular qualities
We live in an era of instant communication.
His death marked the end of an era.
Fall into belong to a group or type of things
Many illnesses fall into the category of stress-related illnesses.
Earthenware
an earthenware pot, bowl etc is made of very hard baked clay
سفالی، گلی
Stoneware pots, bowls etc that are made from a
special hard clay
ظروف سفالین سنگ نما
ware
1 things made of a particular material, especially for use in the home:
silverware (=silver spoons, knives etc)
2 things used in a particular place for the preparation or serving of food:
ovenware (=dishes for use in the oven)
Vessel 1a ship or large boat:
a fishing vessel
2 a container for holding liquids
Majority most of the people or things in a group
[≠ minority]
The majority of students find it quite hard to live on the amount of money they get.
great/vast/overwhelming majority of something
Glaze to cover plates, cups etc made of clay
with a thin liquid that gives them a shiny surface
صیقل کردن
Shine, Luster
Glazed surfaces
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Kiln a special oven for baking clay pots,
bricks etc
هکور
Evolve Change gradually
Develop
Progress
The group gradually evolved into a political party.
Delineate Describe
outline
The document delineates your rights and your obligations.
Embrace Include
Encircle
Enfold
This course embraces several different aspects of psychology.
Ornament a small object that you keep in your
house because it is beautiful rather than useful:
decoration , accessory
a shelf covered with books and ornaments
Lead
a soft heavy grey metal that melts easily and is poisonous, used to cover roofs, or in the past, for water pipes. It is a chemical element: symbol Pb
Lead- glazed tomb
Tomb
a stone structure above or below the ground where a dead person is buried:
مقبره
the family tomb
Temple a building where people go to worship,
in the Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh, and Mormon religions
Motif a small picture or pattern used to
decorate something plain:
Pattern, Design, Idea
a white T-shirt with a blue fish motif
Slip
(noun)
a mixture of clay and water that is used for decorating pots
Intrinsic Basic
inborn
inherent
innate
built-in
intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of something
Far-reaching having a great influence or effect
far-reaching reforms/proposals/changes
far-reaching implications/impact/effects
Tourism has had far-reaching effects on the island's culture.
Impact the effect or influence
major/significant/profound etc impact
! Do not say 'cause an impact' on something. Say “have an impact” on something.
Instigate
1 to make a process start, especially one relating to law or politics:
Charles instigated a programme of
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reforms.
Cause, Fire up
2 to persuade someone do something bad or violent:
He accused union leaders of instigating the disturbances.
Cobalt a shiny silver-white metal that is often
combined with other metals or used to give a blue colour to substances such as glass. It is a chemical element: symbol Co
Ore
rock or earth from which metal can be obtained
iron ore
veins of rich ore
muted
a muted colour or light is soft and gentle, not bright
muted pinks and blues
Stimulate provoke
arouse
Motivate
Her interest in art was stimulated by her father.
the President's plan to stimulate economic growth
Notably especially, in particular
Some early doctors, notably Hippocrates, thought that diet was important.
in a way that is clearly different, important, or unusual
Notably absent from his statement was any hint of an apology.
Adapt to gradually change your behaviour
and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation
flowers which are well adapted to harsh winters
The ability to adapt is a definite asset in this job.
Spout
a small pipe on the side of a container that you pour liquid out through
Whereas used to say that although something is
true of one thing, it is not true of another:
While
The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple.
Merely
Only
Just
We're merely good friends.
Adornment
Embellishment
Decoration
Dragon a large imaginary animal that has
wings and a long tail and can breathe out fire
اژدها
Phoenix
a magic bird that is born from a fire, according to ancient stories
سیمرغ
Empress a female ruler of an empire, or the wife
of an emperor
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Pomegranate انار
Fertility 1 the ability of the land or soil to
produce good crops
2 the ability of a person, animal, or plant to produce babies, young animals, or seeds [≠ infertility]
Bliss perfect happiness or enjoyment
six months of wedded bliss
I didn't have to get up till 11 - it was sheer bliss.
Emblem 1 a picture, shape, or object that is
used to represent a country,
organization [↪ logo]
The national emblem of Canada is a maple leaf.
2 something that represents an idea, principle, or situation
Expensive cars are seen as an emblem of success.
Pine tree درخت کاج
Crane
جرثقیل
Secular not connected with or controlled by a
church or other religious authority
secular education
our modern secular society
Imperial
relating to an empire or to the person who rules it
Britain's imperial expansion in the 19th century
یسلطنت
Commission formally ask someone to write an
official report, a work of art etc
The report was commissioned by the Welsh Office.
Reading 2
Constitute – millennia- undergo – intervention- immensely- accord – interpret- oppose – ambient – infer – proxy – embed – glacier – nonetheless – intriguing – striking – erratic – deliberation – solar - invoke
Constitute
1 to be considered to be something
The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.
2 if several people or things constitute something, they are the parts that form it:
We must redefine what constitutes a family.
Millennia The plural form of millenium (a period
of 1000 years)
people who have inhabited this land for millennia
Undergo if you undergo a change, an
unpleasant experience etc, it happens to you or is done to you
The country has undergone massive changes recently.
He has been released from prison to undergo medical treatment in the United States.
Intervention the act of becoming involved in an
argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what
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happens
interference
government intervention to regulate prices
Immensely Greatly
Extremely
Very much
We enjoyed the play immensely
Accord
of somebody's/something's own accord
without being asked or forced to do something
He decided to go of his own accord.
The door seemed to move of its own accord.
Interpret 1 translate
They spoke good Spanish, and promised to interpret for me.
2 believe that something has a particular
His refusal to work late was interpreted as a lack of commitment to the company.
3 to explain the meaning of something:Freud's attempts to interpret the meaning of dreams
Oppose
Disagree
Dispute
Congress is continuing to oppose the President's healthcare budget.
Ambient
ambient temperature/light / climate etc means the temperature etc of the surrounding area
Infer form an opinion that something is
probably true because of information that you have
A lot can be inferred from these statistics.
From the evidence we can infer that the victim knew her killer.
Proxy if you do something by proxy, you
arrange for someone else to do it for you
You can vote by proxy.
2 someone who you choose to represent you, especially to vote for youproxy fora husband acting as proxy for his wife
3 something used to represent something else that you want to measure
Embed Eclose
Be put into something
A piece of glass was embedded in her hand
Glacier a large mass of ice which moves
slowly down a mountain valley
Nonetheless in spite of
Nevertheless
The region was extremely beautiful. Nonetheless Gerard could not imagine spending the rest of his life there.
The paintings are complex, but have plenty of appeal nonetheless.
Intriguing something that is intriguing is very
interesting because it is strange, mysterious, or unexpected:
The magazine carries an intriguing
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mixture of high fashion, gossip and racing.
Striking Noticeable
Unusual and interesting to be easily noticed
a striking contrast between wealth and poverty
Erratic something that is erratic does not
follow any pattern or plan but happens in a way that is not regular
arbitrary, irregular, inconsistent
His breathing was becoming erratic.
his erratic behaviour
Deliberation
1 careful consideration or discussion of something:
After much deliberation, first prize was awarded to Derek Murray.
2 if you speak or move with deliberation, you speak or move slowly and carefully
Solar 1 relating to the sun [↪ lunar]
a solar eclipse
2 using the power of the sun's light and heat
solar energy
Invoke Call upon
if you invoke a law, rule etc, you say that you are doing something because the law allows or forces you to
to officially ask a person or organization to do something
The UN threatened to invoke economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.
Reading 3 Lift – Medieval – Key – rural –
expense – fen – reclaim – surplus – merchant - plentiful – ravages – peasant – spin – weave – linen – scant – remuneration – meager – rye – smelt – marshal – promissory note – credit - equivalent – guilder – authorize – contribute – loan – infusion – stem – finance – joint stock – cooperation - permanent
lift
Move upward
Ascend
The lumber was lifted by crane and dropped into the truck.
Medieval connected with the Middle Ages (=the
period between about AD 1100 and 1500)
These spices were first brought to Italy from the East in medieval times.
a medieval castle
یقرون وسط
Key
Very important
Principal
Chief
key factor/points/questions etc
The President makes all the key decisions on foreign policy.
key role/player/figure etc (=one with a lot of influence on a result)
The show has been hit by the departure of key personnel
Rural happening in or relating to the
countryside, not the city [≠ urban
rural bus routes
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Expense the amount of money that you spend
on something
legal/medical/living/travel etc expenses (=the money that you spend for a particular purpose)
at great/considerable/vast expense
Conference rooms were equipped at great expense.
Fen Also fenland
an area of low flat wet land, especially in Eastern England
Reclaim
1 to get back an amount of money that you have paid [= claim back]
You may be entitled to reclaim some tax.
2 to make an area of desert, wet land etc suitable for farming or building
This land will be reclaimed for a new airport.
—reclamation noun [uncountable]land reclamation
Surplus
Excess
Spare
Leftover
Any surplus can be trimmed away.
Merchant
coal/timber etc merchant
someone whose job is to buy and sell things
He had a job with a coal merchant.
بازرگان
Plentiful
Abundant
Ample
a plentiful supply of food
Ravages the ravages of something
the damage caused by something
a building that has survived the ravages of time
the ravages of war
Peasant a poor farmer who owns or rents a
small amount of land, either in past times or in poor countries
Most villagers are peasant farmers.
Spin Past tense = Spun
to make cotton, wool etc into thread by twisting it
Weave
Past tense = Wove
to make cloth, a carpet, a basket etc by crossing threads or thin pieces under and over each other by hand or on a loom:
hand-woven scarves
Only a few of the women still weave.
traditional basket weaving
Linen cloth made from the flax plant, used to
make high quality clothes, home decorations etc:
a linen jacket
کتان
Scant
Not enough
Meager
Insufficient
The story has received scant attention in the press.
They produce goods with scant regard for quality.
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Remuneration (fml) the pay you give someone for
something they have done for you
high rates of remuneration
Meager a meager amount of food, money etc
is too small and is much less than you need
a meager diet of bread and beans
meager income/earnings/wages etc
He supplements his meager income by working on Saturdays.
a school with meager resources
Rye a type of grain that is used for making
bread
rye bread
Smelt
to melt a rock that contains metal in order to remove the metal
Marshal 1 to organize your thoughts, ideas etc
so that they are clear, effective, or easy to understand
marshal your thoughts/arguments etc
2 to control or organize a large group
Ginny marshalled her guests in a better position.
Promissory Note a document promising to pay money
before a particular date
سفته
Credit an arrangement with a shop, bank etc
that allows you to buy something and pay for it later
Most new cars are bought on credit.
stores offering interest-free credit (=credit with no interest
charges)
What's the credit limit on your Visa card?
credit facilities (=the opportunity to buy something on credit)
Equivalent Same, similar, comparable
having the same value, purpose, job etc as a person or thing of a different kind
a qualification which is equivalent to a degree
I had no dollars, but offered him an equivalent amount of sterling.
Guilder the standard unit of money used in the
Netherlands before the Euro
Authorize Empower
to give official permission for something
an authorized biography
Napoleon III authorized Haussmann to rebuild Paris.
Contribute 1 to give money, help, ideas etc to
something that a lot of other people are also involved in
The volunteers contribute their own time to the project.
2 to help to make something happen
Stress is a contributing factor in many illnesses.
Loan an amount of money that you borrow
from a bank etc.
وام
I had to take out a loan to buy my car.
It'll be years before we've paid off the loan.
I'll get a bank loan if necessary.
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The average home loan is now almost triple what it was at the beginning of the Eighties.
An interest-free loan fund is available for students
Infusion the act of putting a new feeling or
quality into something
Further education badly needs the infusion of more resources.
Stem stem from something = to develop
as a result of something else
His headaches stemmed from vision problems
Finance Verb
provide money, especially a lot of money, to pay for something [= fund]
The concerts are financed by the Arts Council.
Joint Stock joint-stock company is a company
that is owned by all the people with shares in it
Cooperation Collaboration
political co-operation with Britain
A study was undertaken in co-operation with oil companies.
co-operation between industry and higher education
Permanent Constant
Lasting
Enduring
Perpetual
[≠ temporary]
The blindness that the disease causes will be permanent.
TPO 11
Reading 1 Vital – elite- adopt – distinctive –
favorable – statuary – statue – renaissance – frontal - context – rigid – cult – manifest – recipient – ritual – divine – decease – enclose- shrine – monumental – pylon – pillar - carve – peg – core – wax – deity – depict – generic – static – pose – grind – grain – pot - squat
vital
Crucial
Decisive
Integral
Essential
It is vital to be honest with your spouse.
Elite an elite group contains the best, most
skilled or most experienced people or members of a larger group
an elite group of artists
elite universities
Adopt
adopt an approach/policy/attitude etc
to start to deal with or think about something in a particular way
The courts were asked to adopt a more flexible approach to young offenders.
to formally approve a proposal, amendment etc, especially by voting
Congress finally adopted the law after a two-year debate.
Distinctive Different
Unique
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a rock band with a distinctive sound
Favorable a favorable report, opinion, or reaction
shows that you think that someone or something is good or that you agree with them
The response has been overwhelmingly favorable.
2 suitable and likely to make something happen or succeed
a financial environment that is favorable to job creation
Statuary (Formal) statues
a fine collection of Greek statuary
Statue
an image of a person or animal that is made in solid material such as stone or metal and is usually
large[↪ sculpture]
Churchill's statue stands outside the parliament building.
A bronze statue was erected in his honour.
Renaissance the Renaissance
the period of time in Europe between 14th and 17th centuries, when art, literature, philosophy, and scientific ideas became very important and a lot of new art etc was produced
Frontal at or relating to the front part of
something
the frontal armour of the new tanks
context Background
Framework
Environment
Condition
These incidents are best understood in the broader context of developments in rural society
Rigid Stiff
Strict
Severe
[≠ flexible]
rigid and authoritarian methods of education
She maintained rigid control over her emotional life.
Cult 1 an extreme religious group that is
not part of an established religion
2 a fashionable belief, idea, or attitude that influences people's lives
Diet, exercise ... It's all part of this cult of self-improvement.
Manifest Show, Exhibit
Appear
The shareholders have manifested their intention to sell the shares.
His illness began to manifest itself at around this time
Recipient someone who receives something
the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
Ritual (adj)
1 done as part of a rite or ritual
ritual dances
2 done in a fixed and expected way, but without real meaning or sincerity
The police issued the usual ritual apology.
Divine coming from or relating to God or a
god
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Divine intervention/providence/revelation
divine power
divine love عشق الهی
Decease Death
Demise
On your decease, the house passes to your wife.
Enclose to surround something, especially with
a fence or wall, in order to make it separate
The pool area is enclosed by a six-foot wall.
an enclosed area
Shrine
a place that is connected with a holy event or holy person, and that people visit to prays
his pilgrimage to the shrine of St John
Monumental 1 a monumental achievement, piece of
work, etc is very important and is usually based on many years of work
a monumental contribution to the field of medicine
2 [only before noun] relating to a monument or built as a monument
a monumental arch
Pylon a tall metal structure that supports
wires carrying electricity
تیر چراغ برق
Pillar a tall upright round post used as a
support for a roof or bridge
Eight massive stone pillars supported the roof.
Carve make an object or pattern by cutting a
piece of wood or stone [↪ carving]
carve something out of/from something
a statue carved from a single block of marble
carved wooden chairs
Peg a short piece of wood, metal, or plastic
that is attached to a wall or fits into a hole, used especially to hang things on or to fasten things
a table fitted together with pegs
a pattern made with coloured pegs on a board
Core Center
The most important part
The core of the book focuses on the period between 1660 and 1857.
Wax
a solid substance made of fat or oil and used to make candles, polish etc:
wax crayons
Deity
a god or goddess
the deities of ancient Greece
Depict
Portray
Describe
Illustrate
a book depicting life in pre-revolutionary Russia
depict somebody/something as something
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Generic General
relating to a whole group of things rather than to one thing
generic term/name (for something)
Fine Arts is a generic term for subjects such as painting, music and sculpture.
Static
Motionless
Immobile
Changeless
Stationary
[≠ dynamic]
Economists predict that house prices will remain static for a long period.
Pose the position in which someone stands
or sits, especially in a painting, photograph etc
in a pose
a painting of the Duchess in a dramatic pose
Ann struck a pose (=stood or sat in a particular position) and smiled for the camera.
Grind past tense and past participle ground
Crush
Pulverize
freshly ground pepper
Meat grinder چرخ گوشت
Grain
1 food
a) [uncountable] the seeds of crops such as corn, wheat, or rice that are gathered for use as food, or these crops themselves
Last year's grain harvest was the biggest ever.
b) [countable] a single seed of corn, wheat etc:
grains of rice
2 small piece
[countable] a single very small piece of a substance such as sand or salt
a grain of sand
Pot a container used for cooking which is
round, deep, and usually made of metal
There was a big pot of soup on the stove
Squat to sit with your knees bent under you
and your bottom just off the ground, balancing on your feet
squat down
He squatted down beside the little girl.
Reading 2 Orientation – navigation – perplex –
migration – flutter – starling – overcast – surmise – apparent – preposterous – revolve – compensate – precise – planetarium – dome – cue – coastline - sonar
Orientation
1 the type of activity or subject that a person or organization seems most interested in and gives most attention to
orientation towards/to
The company needs to develop a stronger orientation towards marketing its products.
How can we get students to adopt a serious orientation to learning?
2 the angle or position of an object, or the direction in which it is facing
Navigation 1 the science or job of planning which
way you need to go when you are travelling from one place to another
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compasses and other instruments of navigation
2 when someone sails a ship along a river or other area of water
Navigation becomes more difficult further up the river.
Perplex
Puzzle
Confuse
Mix up
Her symptoms perplexed the doctors.
Migration
1 when large numbers of people go to live in another area or country, especially in order to find work
2 when birds or animals travel regularly from one part of the world to another
migratory
involved in or relating to migration
migratory birds
Flutter 1 if a bird or insect flutters, or if it
flutters its wings, it flies by moving its wings lightly up and down
A small bird fluttered past the window.
2 to make small gentle movements in the air
The flag fluttered in the light breeze.
Starling
a common bird with shiny black feathers that lives especially in cities
Overcast
dark with clouds
a chilly overcast day
The sky was overcast and a light rain began to fall.
Surmise Formal
to guess that something is true, using the information you know already
surmise that
When he came in, he didn't look up, so she surmised that he was in a bad mood.
—surmise noun
Charles was glad to have his surmise confirmed.
apparent Obvious
Discernible
It soon became apparent that we had a major problem.
It is apparent from scientific studies that the drug has some fairly nasty side effects.
He left suddenly, for no apparent reason.
Preposterous completely unreasonable or silly
absurd
Unbelievable
The whole idea sounds absolutely preposterous!
Revolve Rotate
Turn
Whirl
The wheel began to revolve.
The restaurant slowly revolves, giving excellent views of the city.
Using graphics software, you can revolve the image on the screen
Compensate 1 replace or balance the effect of
something bad
Because my left eye is so weak, my right eye has to work harder to compensate.
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compensate for
Her intelligence more than compensates for her lack of experience.
2 pay someone money because they have suffered injury, loss, or damage
compensate somebody for something
The firm will compensate workers for their loss of earnings.
Precise Exact
Accurate
It was difficult to get precise information.
'She's a lot older than you, isn't she?' 'Fifteen years, to be precise.'
Planetarium
a building where lights on a curved ceiling show the movements of planets and stars
Dome
1 a round roof on a building
2 a shape or building like a ball cut in half
Cue
an action or event that is a signal for something else to happen
cue for
Our success was the cue for other companies to press ahead with new investment.
somebody's cue to do something
I think that's my cue to explain why I'm here.
Coastline
the land on the edge of the coast, especially the shape of this land as seen from the air
California's rugged coastline
a beautiful stretch of coastline
along/around the coastline
the sandy hills along the coastline of New England
Sonar equipment on a ship or submarine that
uses sound waves to find out the position of objects under the water
Reading 3 Beg – impose – nestling – cheep –
peep – hawk – swallow – warbler – species – conceal – derive – worthwhile – offspring – feed – intensity – deprived – robin - vigorous
Beg
Ask (for money/food/HELP …)
She begged and pleaded with them until they finally agreed.
The children begged to come with us.
The old man went from door to door begging for food.
if a dog begs, it sits up with its front legs off the ground
Impose Set
Place
Force
impose something on somebody/something
parents who impose their own moral values on their children
The court can impose a fine.
Nestling a very young bird that cannot leave its
nest because it is not yet able to fly
Cheep if a young bird cheeps, it makes a
weak, high noise
chicks cheeping for food
—cheep noun [countable]
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Peep a short high sound, like the sound a
mouse or a young bird makes
the peep of a chick
loud peeps from the smoke alarm
Hawk
a large bird that hunts and eats small birds and animals
Swallow a small black and white bird that
comes to northern countries in the summer
Warbler a bird that can make musical sounds
Species species plural species [countable]
a group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can breed together to produce young animals or plants
Seven species of birds of prey have been observed.
pandas and other endangered species (=ones that may soon no longer exist)
Conceal Hide
Disguise
The shadows concealed her as she crept up to the house.
a concealed weapon
She was taking drugs and trying to conceal it from me
Derive Gain / Acquire
derive something from something
Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique.
derive pleasure/enjoyment etc
Many students derived enormous satisfaction from the course.
Worthwhile if something is worthwhile, it is
important or useful, or you gain something from it:
He wanted to do a worthwhile job.
We decided to give the money to a worthwhile cause (=one that helps people).
it is worthwhile to do something
I thought it was worthwhile to clarify the matter.
it is worthwhile doing something
It wasn't worthwhile continuing with the project.
Offspring 1 someone's child or children - often
used humorously
a young mother trying to control her offspring
2 an animal's baby or babies
a lion and its offspring
Feed give nourishment to a baby , an
animal, plants , …
Supply
Have you fed the cat?
They were fed well on her mother's home cooking.
Feed the tomatoes once a week.
Intensity 1 the quality of being felt very strongly
or having a strong effect
The intensity of the hurricane was frightening.
2 the quality of being serious and having very strong feelings or opinions
He spoke with great intensity.
3 [technical ] the strength of something such as light or sound
an instrument which measures light intensity
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Deprived not having the things that are
necessary for a comfortable or happy life
Deprived children tend to do less well at school.
deprived areas/neighbourhoods etc (=where a lot of deprived people live)
our deprived inner cities
Robin 1 a small European bird with a red
breast and brown back
2 a North American bird like a European robin, but larger
Vigorous
Energetic
Dynamic
Spirited
Your dog needs at least 20 minutes of vigorous exercise every day.
Vigorous efforts are being made to find a solution to the problem.
TPO 12
Reading 1 Stencil – dominant – assist – befit –
engraving - rib – Neolithic – yew – preserve – Alpine – spiral – flake – crescent – cortex – criterion – preferential – cerebral - asymmetrical
Stencil
1 a piece of plastic, metal, or paper in which designs or letters have been cut out, that you put over a surface and paint over, so that the design is left on the surface
2 a design made on something using a stencil
Dominant
Superior
Controlling
Predominant
غالب
Japan became dominant in the mass market during the 1980s.
its dominant position within the group
Assist
Help
Aid
assist (somebody) with/in something
You will be employed to assist in the development of new equipment.
Befit to be proper or suitable for someone
or something
As befits a castle of such national importance, there are many stories connected with its history.
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Engraving 1 a picture made by cutting a design
into metal, putting ink on the metal, and then printing it
2 the skill of engraving things
حکاکی
Rib one of the 12 pairs of curved bones
that surround your chest
She was taken to hospital with a broken arm and ribs.
He was punched and kicked in the ribs.
Neolithic relating to the last period of the Stone
Age, about 10,000 years ago, when people began to live together in small groups and make stone tools and weapons
a Neolithic burial ground
Yew a tree with dark green leaves and red
berries, or the wood of this tree
درخت سرخ دار
Preserve 1 to save something or someone from
being harmed or
destroyed[↪ preservation]
We must encourage the planting of new trees and preserve our existing woodlands.
2 to make something continue without changing
the responsibility of the police to preserve the peace
3 to store food for a long time after treating it so that it will not decay
black olives preserved in brine
Alpine relating to the Alps (=a mountain range
in central Europe) or to mountains in
general
breathtaking alpine scenery
alpine flowers
alpine skiing
Spiral to move in a continuous curve that
gets nearer to or further from its central point as it goes round
spiral to/around etc
The damaged plane spiralled to the ground.
Flake a small thin piece that breaks away
easily from something else
flake of
flakes of snow
chocolate flakes
Crescent
a curved shape that is wider in the middle and pointed at the ends
هلالی شکل
a small crescent of pastry topped with cheese
a crescent moon
Cortex
the outer layer of an organ in your body, especially your brain
Criterion
a standard that you use to judge something or make a decision about something
the criteria we use to select candidates
a universal set of criteria for diagnosing patients
meet/satisfy/fulfil criteria
To qualify for a grant, students must satisfy certain criteria.
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Preferential preferential treatment, rates etc are
deliberately different in order to give an advantage to particular people
preferential credit terms for reliable borrowers
Cerebral
1 medical relating to or affecting your brain
a cerebral haemorrhage (=bleeding in the brain)
2 having or involving complicated ideas rather than strong emotions
a cerebral film
Asymmetrical
1 having two sides that are different in shape [≠ symmetrical]
asymmetrical patterns
2 formal not equal [≠ symmetrical]
Reading 2
Transition – So far – Regard – watershed – paradox – modest – accompaniment – elaborate – aural – craft – premier – overshadow – startling – synchronize - invariably – neglect – off the mark – revitalize – rough – prohibitive – triumph - swift
Transition
Change
Shift
Transformation
Metamorphosis
transition from something to something
the smooth transition from full-time work to full retirement
Making the transition from youth to adulthood can be very painful.
a society that is in transition (=changing)
So far Until now
Thus far
Her political career so far had remained unblemished.
Regard
Consider
to think about someone or something in a particular way
regard somebody/something as something
Paul seemed to regard sex as sinful and immoral.
Edith was widely regarded as (=considered by many people to be)eccentric.
His work is highly regarded (=regarded as very good) by art experts.
Watershed
an event or time when important changes happen in history or in your life[= turning point]
The 1932 election represented a watershed in American politics.
watershed decision/case etc
a watershed case on pension rights
Paradox Contradiction
It's a paradox that in such a rich country there can be so much poverty.
Modest 1 not proud
someone who is modest does not want to talk about their abilities or achievements [≠ immodest, boastful]
modest about
You're too modest! You've been a huge help to us.
2 not big
not very great, big, or expensive
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She had saved a modest amount of money.
The new service proved a modest success.
a modest house with a small garden
his modest ambitions
Accompaniment music that is played in the
background at the same time as another instrument or singer that plays or sings the main tune
piano/orchestral/organ/guitar etc accompaniment
He plays folk music with guitar accompaniment.
to the accompaniment of something
An elderly man puffed on a trumpet to the accompaniment of drums and piano.
Elaborate Intricate
Complicated
Carefully planned
pure silks embroidered with elaborate patterns
a very elaborate telecommunications network
Aural relating to the sense of hearing, or
someone's ability to understand sounds
an aural stimulus
Craft to make something using a special
skill, especially with your hands
Each doll is crafted individually by specialists.
a hand-crafted silver cigar case
Premiere the first public performance of a film,
play, or piece of music
Rossini's work had its premiere at the Paris Opera.
a movie premiere
the play's world premiere (=the first performance in the world)
Overshadow 1 to make someone or something else
seem less important
Her interest in politics began to overshadow her desire to be a poet.
The achievement of the men's team was overshadowed by the continuing success of the women's team.
2 to make an occasion or period of time less enjoyable by making people feel sad or worried
The threat of war overshadowed the summer of 1939.
3 if a tall building, mountain etc overshadows a place, it is very close to it and much taller than it
a dark valley overshadowed by towering peaks
Startling Astounding
Surprising
Paddy's words had a startling effect on the children.
a startling discovery
Synchronize to happen at exactly the same time, or
to arrange for two or more actions to happen at exactly the same time
synchronize something with something
Businesses must synchronize their production choices with consumer choices.
—synchronization noun [uncountable]
invariably Always
It invariably rains when I go there.
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The security guards were invariably ex-servicemen.
Neglect
Disregard
fail to look after someone or something properly
Many of these ideas have been neglected by modern historians.
The police officer was accused of neglecting his duty (=not doing everything he should).
Off the mark Inaccurate
Not correct
The evaluation was off the mark.
Revitalize
to put new strength or power into
something [↪ revive]
They hope to revitalize the neighborhood by providing better housing.
a revitalizing massage
Rough
1not smooth
having an uneven surface [≠ smooth]
Her hands were rough from hard work.
the rough terrain at the base of the mountains.
2not exact
not exact, not containing many details, or not in a final form [= approximate]
Could you give me a rough idea what time you'll be home?
a rough estimate of the cost
3problems/difficulties
a rough period is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficulties [= tough]
Prohibitive 1 prohibitive costs are so high that
they prevent people from buying or doing something
The cost of land in Tokyo is prohibitive.
2 Restrictive , a prohibitive rule prevents people from doing things
prohibitive regulations
Triumph 1 an important victory or success after
a difficult struggle
Winning the championship is a great personal triumph.
the triumph over hardship
2 a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction that you get from victory or success
a shout of triumph
Swift Very fast
Rapid
Speedy
My letter received a swift reply.
She shot a swift glance at Paul.
A swift runner
She wiped her tears away in one swift movement.
Reading 3 Flat – depression – arid – sustain – slit
– inhabitant – discharge – intervention – irrigate – limestone – massif – conglomerate – seep – leak - saline
Flat
an area of land that is at a low level, especially near water
mud flats
فلات
Depression a part of a surface that is lower than
the other parts
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depressions in the ground
تو رفتگی زمین
Arid Barren
arid land or an arid climate is very dry because it has very little rain
Water from the Great Lakes is pumped to arid regions.
Sustain
Maintain
Preserve
Keep up
She found it difficult to sustain the children's interest.
He was incapable of sustaining close relationships with women.
Slit
a long straight narrow cut or hole
light shining through a slit in the door
a skirt with a slit up the side
شکاف
Inhabitant Dweller
one of the people who live in a particular place
a city of six million inhabitants
Discharge
to send out gas, liquid, smoke etc, or to allow it to escape
discharge something into something
Sewage is discharged directly into the sea.
discharge into
Rainwater collects here and then discharges into the river Kennett.
Intervention
the act of becoming involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult
situation in order to change what happens
government intervention to regulate prices
Irrigate
1 to supply land or crops with water
The water in Lake Powell is used to irrigate the area.
irrigated land/farms/crops
2 technical to wash a wound with a flow of liquid
—irrigation noun [uncountable]
major irrigation projects
آبیاری کردن
Limestone a type of rock that contains calcium
سنگ آهک
Massif
a group of mountains forming one large solid shape
Conglomerate
a rock consisting of different sizes of stones held together by clay
Seep 1 to flow slowly through small holes or
spaces
seep into/through/down etc
Blood seeped down his leg.
2 to move or spread gradually
seep away/into/through etc
His tension was seeping away.
Leak if a container, pipe, roof etc leaks, or if
it leaks gas, liquid etc, there is a small hole or crack in it that lets gas or liquid flow through
The roof is leaking.
A tanker is leaking oil off the coast of Scotland.
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Saline containing or consisting of salt
Salty
saline solution
شور -نمکین
TPO 13
Reading 1
Companionship Friendship, accompaniment,
togetherness
when you are with someone you enjoy being with, and are not alone:
When Stan died, I missed his companionship.
Endowing Bestow, donate,
1 to make someone or something have a particular quality, or to believe that they have it:
Her resistance to the Nationalists endowed her with legendary status.
2 be endowed with something to naturally have a good feature or quality:
She was endowed with good looks.
3 to give someone something
Distinguish Tell the difference, differentiate,
discriminate, recognize, identify
His attorney argued that Cope could not distinguish between right and wrong.
The factor that distinguishes this company from the competition is customer service.
Cohesive United, adhesive, tenacious
a cohesive community
Historically, sport has been a cohesive force in international relations.
Predominate Be the most important, dominate,
govern, manage, outweigh
Pine trees predominate in this area of forest.
In this type of case, the rights of the parent predominate.
Entail Require, result in, involve, necessitate
A new computer system entails a lot of re-training.
Some foreign travel is entailed in the job.
The journey will entail changing trains twice.
Impersonal Cold, unfriendly, indifferent
Business letters do not have to be impersonal and formal.
Sometimes she seems a very impersonal, even unkind, mother.
I hate staying in hotels; they're so impersonal.
a formal and impersonal style of management
Gripe Complaint, objection, ache
Joe came in griping about how cold it was.
Mill
Move around
if a lot of people mill around, they move around a place in different directions without any particular purpose:
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Crowds of students were milling around in the street.
There were a lot of people milling around the entrance.
Disperse
Distribute, scatter, spread
Police used tear gas to disperse the crowd.
The clouds dispersed as quickly as they had gathered.
Subtle Nice, quiet, delicate,
not easy to notice or understand unless you pay careful attention [≠ obvious]:
The pictures are similar, but there are subtle differences between them.
The warning signs of the disease are so subtle that they are often ignored.
I think we need a more subtle approach.
a subtle plan
Interlocking Interlink, intertwine
if two or more things interlock, or if they are interlocked, they fit firmly together:
a puzzle with 500 interlocking pieces
Deviate Stay from normal path, diverge, differ
The plane had to deviate from its normal flight path.
Detract Draw away
to make something seem less good:
One mistake is not going to detract from your achievement.
Shun Avoid, ignore,
a shy woman who shunned publicity
Victims of the disease found themselves shunned by society.
Dispense
Allocate, allot, distribute, give
Villagers dispensed tea to visitors.
a machine for dispensing cash
Ostracize
Exile, banish, exclude, expel, shun,
She was afraid that if she spoke up her colleagues would ostracize her.
He was ostracized by the other students.
Proximity Closeness, adjacency, nearness
We chose the house for its proximity to the school
the proximity of the Bahamas to the States
Here the rich and the poor live in close proximity (=very near to each other).
rapport
Understanding, empathy, sympathy, relationship
rapport with/between
He had an excellent rapport with his patients.
establish/build up/develop (a) rapport
He built up a good rapport with the children.
Reading 2
Lunar
Moony, related to moon
studies of the lunar surface
a lunar eclipse
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Cues Hint, suggestion, clue, signal
Our success was the cue for other companies to press ahead with new investment.
I think that's my cue to explain why I'm here.
Fungus a simple type of plant that has no
leaves or flowers and that grows on plants or other surfaces. mushrooms and mould are both fungi.
قارچ
Intentional
Deliberate, on purpose
I did trip him, but it wasn't intentional.
Orbit to travel in a curved path around a
much larger object such as the Earth, the sun etc:
The satellite orbits the Earth every 48 hours.
Attest Affirm, vouch for, demonstrate,
indicate, show, verify
Luxurious furnishings attested to the wealth of the owner.
Crayfish shellfish
a small animal like a lobster that lives in rivers and streams, or the meat from this animal
Crab خرچنگ
Persistent
Determined, insistent, resolute, tenacious, continuous
persistent rumours
persistent headaches
a persistent problem
persistent rain
If she hadn't been so persistent she might not have gotten the job.
persistent efforts
Persistent offenders (=people who often break the law) face a prison sentence.
Deprived Keep away or take away sth wanted or
needed, strip,
to prevent someone from having something, especially something that they need or should have:
A lot of these children have been deprived of a normal home life.
محروم کردن
Circadian relating to a period of 24 hours, used
especially when talking about changes in people's bodies:
the body's circadian rhythm
Precision Exactness, rigor, attention, care,
The work was carried out with military precision (=the work was done in a carefully planned and exact way).
Disorienting confused and not understanding what
is happening around you
2 confused about where you are or which direction you should go:
When he emerged into the street, he was completely disoriented.
Drift change
a drift towards longer working hours
Squirrels سنجاب
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Burst explosion
a burst in the water pipe
a short sudden effort or increase in activity
burst of
The van gave a sudden burst of speed.
b) a short sudden and usually loud sound
Pigeon کبوتر
Compass
an instrument that shows directions and has a needle that always points north:
a map and compass
قطب نما
interrupt
Bother, interfere, break, cut, halt
My studies were interrupted by the war.
sustain
Keep up, maintain
She found it difficult to sustain the children's interest.
He was incapable of sustaining close relationships with women.
the policies necessary to sustain economic growth
Reading 3
Neonate
Infant, baby
Stimuli Provocation, encouragement,
incentive, motivation, stimulus
Tax cuts provided the stimulus which the slow economy needed.
stimulus to
The discovery of oil acted as a stimulus to industrial development.
Potent Effective, powerful, forceful, strong,
robust, vigorous, influential
potent drugs
a potent symbol of oppression
Advertising is a potent force in showing smoking as a socially acceptable habit.
A good company pension scheme remains a potent weapon for attracting staff.
2 powerful and effective:
The treaty requires them to get rid of their most potent weapons.
Perception
Understanding, idea, knowledge, notion
children's perceptions of the world
the public perception of the government's performance
Prior to Before, previous
You do not need any prior knowledge of the subject.
Changes may not be made without the prior approval of the council.
Vegetarian meals are provided by prior agreement.
Some prior experience with the software is needed.
Blinking Flash, sparkle
to shut and open your eyes quickly:
I blinked as I came out into the sunlight.
if lights blink, they shine unsteadily or go on and off quickly:
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The light on your answering machine is blinking.
Respiration breathing
Elicit Draw out, extract,
When her knock elicited no response, she opened the door and peeped in.
elicit something from somebody
The test uses pictures to elicit words from the child.
verbalize
Articulate, express, converse, say
Urge your child to verbalize his feelings.
assess
Evaluate, determine, judge
a report to assess the impact of advertising on children
The technique is being tried in classrooms to assess what effects it may have
Many of the adults were assessed as having learning difficulties.
devise
Design ,concoct, invent, make, create
She devised a method for quicker communications between offices.
apparatus
Equipment, device, means
Astronauts have special breathing apparatus.
The tax will require a massive administrative apparatus.
The state apparatus has become corrupt.
the apparatus of government
pacifier a rubber object that you give a baby to
suck so that it does not cry
vogue Fashion
Short skirts are very much in vogue just now.
Suntanning first came into vogue in the mid-1930s.
olfactory
Odorous, aromatic,
connected with the sense of smell:
the olfactory cells in the nose
TPO 14
Reading 1
Accuse Allege, blame, charge, indict
to say that you believe someone is guilty of a crime or of doing something bad
accuse somebody of (doing) something
He was accused of murder.
Smith accused her of lying.
The professor stands accused of (=has been accused of) stealing his student's ideas and publishing them.
offset
Compensate, balance,
Cuts in prices for milk, butter, and cheese will be offset by direct payments to farmers.
offset something against something
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He was able to offset his travel expenses against tax.
Outlook
Point of view, perspective, vision
He's got a good outlook on life.
Exercise will improve your looks and your outlook.
verify
Confirm, validate,
A computer program verifies that the system is working.
American forces will remain to verify compliance with the treaty.
2 to state that something is true [= confirm]:
His statement was verified by several witnesses.
Commission 1 [countable] a group of people
who have been given the official job of finding out about something or controlling something:
The Government set up a commission to investigate allegations of police violence.
commission on
the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution
2 [uncountable and countable] an extra amount of money that is paid to a person or organization according to the value of the goods they have sold or the services they have provided:
The dealer takes a 20% commission on the sales he makes.
Exaggeration
Overstatement, embellishment, hyperbole,
a statement or way of saying something that makes something seem better, larger etc than it really is:
It would be an exaggeration to say that
we were close friends.
It is no exaggeration to say that everyone will be affected by the new policy.
The situation can be described, without exaggeration, as disastrous.
Ill-equipped Unfit, inadequate, inappropriate
not having the necessary equipment or skills for a particular situation or activity
ill-equipped to do something
The rebels were ill-equipped to cope with Western weapons and forces.
ill-equipped for
Their army is ill-equipped for modern warfare.
Counterbalance Counteract, offset
to have an equal and opposite effect to something such as a change, feeling etc:
Riskier investments tend to be counterbalanced by high rewards.
conflate Merge, amalgamate, unite
to combine two or more things to form a single new thing:
He conflates two images from Kipling's short stories in the film.
blend Composite, mix, combine
a story that blends fact and legend
Blend the sugar, eggs, and flour.
credible Believable, conceivable,
He was unable to give a credible explanation for his behaviour.
Her excuse was barely credible.
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Disclaimer repudiation
a statement that you are not responsible for or involved with something, or that you do not know about it - used especially in advertising or legal agreements
Adept
Adroit, deft, skilled, skillful
Melissa quickly became adept at predicting his moods.
Silas proved adept in the art of avoiding potholes in the road.
I'm afraid she's also an adept liar.
Attribute Feature, characteristic, trait
What attributes should a good manager possess?
Endorse Support, authorize, advocate, approve,
confirm,
The Prime Minister is unlikely to endorse this view.
Reading 2
Equatorial Tropic, tropical,
near the equator:
equatorial rainforests
equatorial weather is very hot and wet:
an equatorial climate
استوایی
Karst
Karst topography is a geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock
Peninsula a piece of land almost completely
surrounded by water but joined to a large area of land:
the Korean peninsula
Presumably Likely, probably, supposedly
It's raining, which presumably means that your football match will be cancelled.
exhaust Use up
to use all of something [= use up]:
We are in danger of exhausting the world's oil supply.
Having exhausted all other possibilities, I asked Jan to look after the baby
Porous Penetrable, permeable, pervious,
porous material, soil
cenote a natural pit, or sinkhole
Limestone
سنگ اهک
prolong Continue, extend, perpetuate,
lengthen
I was trying to think of some way to prolong the conversation.
Sealed
Secured, closed, fixed
a sealed container
مهر و موم شده
Terrain Land, ground, territory, region
a particular type of land:
rocky terrain
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Excavate Dig up, scrape, unearth,
Schliemann excavated the ancient city of Troy.
Leak Opening, seepage,
a small hole that lets liquid or gas flow into or out of something:
There is a leak in the ceiling.
The boat had sprung a leak (=a hole had appeared in it).
Plastering to put a wet, usually sticky substance
all over a surface so that it is thickly covered
to completely cover a surface with something, especially large pieces of paper, pictures etc
plaster something with something
The windows were plastered with notices.
The news of the wedding was plastered all over the papers (=was the main story in the newspapers).
گچ اندود کردن
Reservoir
Repository, basin, container, lake, pond, pool,
a lake, especially an artificial one, where water is stored before it is supplied to people's houses
2 a large amount of something that is available and has not yet been used
reservoir of
She found she had reservoirs of unexpected strength.
Catchment
the area that a river or lake gets water from
Basin an area of land that is lower at the
centre than at the edges, especially one from which water runs down into a river:
the Amazon basin
Reading 3
Profound Intellectual, thoughtful, deep,
philosophical,
Tolstoy's experiences of war had a profound effect on his work.
The mother's behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child.
profound changes in society
Pastoralist
Shepherd, herdsman, herder,
چوپان
Archaeology
the study of ancient societies by examining what remains of their buildings, graves, tools etc
Distinctive
Different, unique,
a rock band with a distinctive sound
Millennium a period of 1000 years:
people who have inhabited this land for millennia
Warfare
Battle, armed conflict
the realities of modern warfare
Striking Extraordinary, eye-catching,
fascinating, noticeable
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a dark man with striking features
a striking contrast between wealth and poverty
Carnivore
an animal that eats flesh
someone who eats meat vs. vegetarian
Exploit to treat someone unfairly by asking
them to do things for you, but giving them very little in return - used to show disapproval:
Homeworkers can easily be exploited by employers.
2 to try to get as much as you can out of a situation, sometimes unfairly:
The violence was blamed on thugs exploiting the situation.
3 to use something fully and effectively:
The new TV companies are fully exploiting the potential of satellite transmission.
breed
if animals breed, they mate in order to have babies:
Eagles breed during the cooler months of the year.
2 [transitive]TAHB to keep animals or plants in order to produce babies or new plants, especially ones with particular qualities:
These dogs were originally bred in Scotland to round up sheep.
Necessity
Need, essentiality, requirement
She saw books as a necessity, not a luxury.
A car is an absolute necessity if you live in the country.
the basic/bare necessities
A lot of families cannot even afford to buy the basic necessities of life.
Nomadist Migrant, wanderer,
a member of a tribe that travels from place to place instead of living in one place all the time, usually in order to find grass for their animals
Territory Domain, region, area, district, terrain
Hong Kong became Chinese territory in 1997.
The plane was flying over enemy territory.
Linguistic related to language, words, or
linguistics:
a child's linguistic development
Ancestral Familial, tribal, related to previous
family
Expansionism
when a country or group increases the amount of land or power that they have - used especially to show disapproval:
military expansionism
Forage to go around searching for food or
other supplies
forage for
People are being forced to forage for food and fuel.
In the summer, the goats forage freely (=in any place they want to go).
Hereditary Genetic, inherited
1HBM a quality or illness that is
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hereditary is passed from a parent to a
child before the child is born [↪ genetic]
2 a hereditary position, rank, or title can be passed from an older to a younger person in the same family, usually when the older one dies:
Hierarchy
Order, ranking
a system of organization in which people or things are divided into levels of importance:
a rigid social hierarchy
She worked her way up through the corporate hierarchy to become president.
2 the most important and powerful members of an organization:
the church hierarchy
سلسله مراتب
TPO15
Reading 1
Turtle لاک پشت
Chilly
Cold, icy, frosty
a chilly November morning
Reptile
a type of animal, such as a snake or lizard, whose body temperature changes according to the temperature around it, and that usually lays eggs to have babies
خزنده
Contradiction Disagreement, conflict, dispute,
paradox
a difference between two statements, beliefs, or ideas about something that means they cannot both be true:
apparent contradictions in the defendant's testimony
contradiction between
a contradiction between the government's ideas and its actual policy
Feat
Achievement, accomplishment,
They climbed the mountain in 28 days, a remarkable feat.
the woman who performed the feat of sailing around the world alone
Bask Lie in sunlight, sunbathe
Tenerife was basking in afternoon sunshine as they arrived.
Lizards were basking in the morning sun.
Proportionate
Appropriately, correspondingly, accordingly,
The punishment should be proportionate to the crime.
Bulk Size, largeness, volume
The bulk of consumers are based in towns.
the great bulk of a building
The dough will rise until it is double in bulk.
sheer
the sheer weight/size etc used to emphasize that something is very heavy, large etc
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the sheer weight/size etc of
The sheer size of the country makes communications difficult.
Gigantothermy is a phenomenon with significance in
biology and paleontology, whereby large, bulky ectothermic animals are more easily able to maintain a constant, relatively high body temperature
insulate Protect, shield
to cover or protect something with a material that stops electricity, sound, heat etc from getting in or out
insulate something from/against something
Pipes may need insulating against the cold.
an insulated attic
Blubber
the fat of sea animals, especially whales
Equivalent
Same, similar, equal, identical
a qualification which is equivalent to a degree
I had no dollars, but offered him an equivalent amount of sterling.
Beneath
Below, underneath
The dolphins disappeared beneath the waves.
Jo enjoyed feeling the warm sand beneath her feet.
He was standing on the bridge looking at the river beneath.
Some roofs collapsed beneath the weight of (=unable to support the weight of) so much snow.
Flipper a flat part on the body of some large
sea animals such as seals, that they use for swimming
Blade Cutting tool
the flat cutting part of a tool or weapon
[↪ edge]
blade of
The blade of the knife flashed in the moonlight.
a razor blade
Compromising
Vessels 1 formal a ship or large boat:
a fishing vessel
2 technical a vein in your body:
a burst blood vessel
3 old use a container for holding liquids
Gull
a large common black and white sea bird that lives near the sea [= seagull]
Floe an area of ice floating in the sea, that
has broken off from a larger mass
Hatchlings
a hatchling is a newly hatched(f an egg hatches, or if it is hatched, it breaks, letting the young bird, insect etc come out) fish, amphibian, reptile, or bird
Immense
Huge, enormous
People who travel by rail still read an
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immense amount.
Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone.
Reading 2
Interval Break, pause,
He left the room, returning after a short interval with a message.
Permian The Permian is a geologic period and
system which extends from 298.9 ± 0.2 to 252.2 ± 0.5. It is the last period of the Paleozoic Era, following the Carboniferous Period and preceding the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic
Perished feeling very cold:
I wish I'd brought a jacket - I'm perished!
Fad something that people like or do for a
short time, or that is fashionable for a short time:
Interest in organic food is not a fad, it's here to stay.
Simultaneous Concurrent, happening at the same
time
Up to twenty users can have simultaneous access to the system.
The speeches will be broadcast live, with simultaneous translation (=immediate translation, as the person is speaking) into English.
Paleontology the study of fossils (=ancient
bones, plants etc that have been preserved in rock)
Drastic Severe, extreme, harsh
drastic cuts in government spending
Drastic changes are needed if environmental catastrophe is to be avoided.
Recur
Happen again, reappear,
There is a danger that the disease may recur.
Love is a recurring theme in the book.
Deflect
Divert
if someone or something deflects something that is moving, or if it deflects, it turns in a different direction:
He deflected the blow with his forearm.
2 [transitive] to do something to stop people paying attention to you, criticizing you etc
deflect something (away) from something
his attempts to deflect attention away from his private life
The committee is seeking to deflect criticism by blaming me.
Devastate Demolish, destroy
Rob was devastated by the news of her death.
The city centre was devastated by the bomb.
Asteroid
one of the many small planets that move around the sun, especially between Mars and Jupiter
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Collide Slam, bang, hit
A car and a van collided on the motorway.
Two trains collided head-on (=when they were moving directly towards each other).
Spew eject
to flow out of something quickly in large quantities, or to make something flow out in this way:
Factory chimneys spewed fumes out into the sky.
Debris
Litter, waste, remains,
the pieces of something that are left after it has been destroyed in an accident, explosion etc:
She was hit by flying debris from the blast.
Starvation Hunger, famine, deprivation
people dying of starvation
Herbivore
an animal that only eats plants
Sedimentary made of the solid substances that
settle at the bottom of the sea, rivers, lakes etc:
sedimentary rock
sedimentary deposits
Boundary Border, edge, line
The Mississippi River forms a natural boundary between Iowa and Illinois.
National boundaries are becoming increasingly meaningless in the global economy.
We would need their agreement to build outside the city boundary.
The stream curves round to mark the boundary of his property.
Anomaly Abnormality, oddity, deviation,
irregularity
In those days, a woman professor was still an anomaly.
Crater a round hole in the ground made
by something that has fallen on it or by an explosion:
craters on the moon's surface
2 THE the round open top of a volcano
Quartz a hard mineral substance that is used
in making electronic watches and clocks:
quartz crystals
a quartz watch
Reading 3
Glacier a large mass of ice which moves
slowly down a mountain valley
یخچال طبیعی
Accumulate Compile, hoard, gather, amass
It is unjust that a privileged few should continue to accumulate wealth.
hexagonal Six-sided
Lessen Lower, reduce, decrease, diminish,
dwindle,
Exercise lessens the risk of heart disease.
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Granule Grain, corn
a small hard piece of something:
coffee granules
Firn a type of snow that has been left over
from past seasons and has been recrystallized
flake
a small thin piece that breaks away easily from something else
flake of
flakes of snow
chocolate flakes
outward external
The economy and outward appearance of the area have changed considerably.
His clenched fist was the only outward sign of his anger.
Precipitation
Rain, rainfall, snow, snowfall
Exceed surpass
to be more than a particular number or amount:
Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week.
His performance exceeded our expectations.
2SCC to go beyond what rules or laws say you are allowed to do:
He was fined for exceeding the speed limit.
The riot police had exceeded their authority.
Evaporate if a liquid evaporates, or if heat
evaporates it, it changes into a gas:
Most of the water had evaporated.
The sun evaporates moisture on the leaves.
Calving
breaking off of chunks of ice at the edge of a glacier
Chunks 1 a large thick piece of something
that does not have an even shape:
ice chunks
chunk of
a chunk of bread
2 a large part or amount of something:
The rent takes a large chunk out of my monthly salary.
chunk of
A huge chunk of the audience got up and left before the end of the show.
Surplus
Extra, excess
a surplus of crude oil
Deceive Mislead, fool, cheat,
to make someone believe something
that is not true [= trick; ↪ deception]:
He had been deceived by a young man claiming to be the son of a millionaire.
deceive somebody into doing something
He tried to deceive the public into thinking the war could still be won.
deceive somebody about something
I wouldn't deceive you about anything as important as this.
Static
Motionless, fixed, immobile, stagnant, stationary
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Economists predict that house prices will remain static for a long period.
Thereby
By that, through, with, so
with the result that something else happens
thereby doing something
He became a citizen in 1978, thereby gaining the right to vote.
Engulf Absorb, overwhelm, encompass,
if an unpleasant feeling engulfs you, you feel it very strongly:
despair so great it threatened to engulf him
2 to completely surround or cover something:
The building was engulfed in flames.
TPO16
Reading 1
mainstay Chief support, backbone, bulwark,
an important part of something that makes it possible for it to work properly or continue to exist:
Agriculture is still the mainstay of the country's economy.
b) someone who does most of the important work for a group or organization:
She was the mainstay of the team.
Negotiate discuss
to discuss something in order to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics
negotiate with
The government refuses to negotiate with terrorists.
sandstone ماسه سنگ
ore سنگ معدن
jade سنگ یشمی
shepherd someone whose job is to take care of
sheep
Obsidian
a type of rock that looks like black glass
Expedition Journey, tour, travel, trip
an expedition to the North Pole
another Everest expedition
a shopping expedition
a fishing expedition
Artisan someone who does skilled work,
making things with their hands [= craftsman]
Piecework
work for which you are paid according to the number of things you produce rather than the number of hours that you spend working:
bargaining over piecework rates
Tutelage Guidance, teaching, care,
apprenticeship, coaching, protection
You can attend embroidery classes under the tutelage of Jocelyn James
parental tutelage
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Blur to become difficult to see or to make
something difficult to see, because the edges are not clear:
The street lights were blurred by the fog.
Many of the details in the picture are blurred.
2 to be unable to see clearly:
Tears blurred her eyes.
His vision was blurred.
Labor Work, activity, job
The garage charges £30 an hour for labour.
Many women do hard manual labour (=work with their hands).
Workers withdrew their labour (=protested by stopping work) for twenty-four hours.
multiplicity a large number or great variety of
things
multiplicity of
the multiplicity of courses available to language students
Guild
Association, fellowship, federation
the Women's Guild
Kinship
Family relation, affinity,
The sense of kinship between the two men is surprising.
He felt a kinship with the only other American on the base.
Mutual
Shared, common, bilateral,
Mutual respect is necessary for any partnership to work.
European nations can live together in
a spirit of mutual trust.
I didn't like Dev, and the feeling seemed to be mutual.
The two men were a mutual admiration society, gushing about how much they were learning from each other.
Egalitarian Democratic, equal
an egalitarian society
Tribal Familial, ancestral
a tribal dance
tribal cultures
Quasi
like something else or trying to be something else:
a quasi-scientific approach
a quasi-governmental organization
Flourish
to develop well and be successful [= thrive]:
The economy is booming and small businesses are flourishing.
2 [intransitive] to grow well and be very healthy [↪ thrive]:
Most plants will flourish in the rich deep soils here.
Laissez-faire
the principle that the government should allow the economy or private businesses to develop without any state control or influence:
the policy of laissez-faire
Consensus
General agreement, unity
There is a consensus among teachers that children should have a broad understanding of the world.
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The EU Council of Finance Ministers failed to reach a consensus on the pace of integration.
the current consensus of opinion
The general consensus was that technology was a good thing.
the consensus politics of the fifties
peculiar
Unique, distinctive, distinct
strange, unfamiliar, or a little surprising:
There was a peculiar smell in the kitchen.
Something peculiar is going on.
It seems very peculiar that no one noticed Kay had gone.
bond
something that unites two or more people or groups, such as love, or a
shared interest or idea [↪ tie]
bond between
the emotional bond between mother and child
bond with
the United States' special bond with Britain
bond of
lifelong bonds of friendship
aristocratic
Privileged, noble,
an aristocratic family
ethic
Moral principle, virtue, morality
The old ethic of hard work has given way to a new ethic of instant gratification.
Mercantile Concerning business, marketing,
commercial,
mercantile law
Stance Position, posture, stand, viewpoint
What is your stance on environmental issues?
The President has adopted a tough stance on terrorism.
Circumstance Condition, situation
The Soviet Union had been forced by circumstances to sign a pact with Nazi Germany.
I can't imagine a circumstance in which I would be willing to steal.
Regulation Managing, organization,
an official rule or order:
There seem to be so many rules and regulations these days.
new regulations on imports
regulations governing the safety of toys
Merchant trader
someone whose job is to buy and sell
Entrepreneurial someone who starts a new business
or arranges business deals in order to make money, often in a way that involves financial risks
Figurative Not literal, symbolic, allegorical,
metaphoric
They have a taste - figuratively speaking - for excitement.
populous Crowded, populated
Hong Kong is one of the most populous areas in the world.
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fragile Weak, delicate, feeble, frail
the country's fragile economy
Relations between the two countries are in a fragile state.
the party's fragile unity
Pastures
Grass, meadow
large areas of rough upland pasture
the lush pastures of the southern counties
Wholly
Completely, entirely, fully, thoroughly, utterly
a wholly satisfactory solution
The report claimed that the disaster was wholly unavoidable.
Intrinsic
Basic, inborn, inherent, innate,
Flexibility is intrinsic to creative management.
Monetary
Financial, fiscal, budgetary
the government's tight monetary policy
objects of little monetary value
Erode
Deteriorate, wear away, corrode
1SG if the weather erodes rock or soil, or if rock or soil erodes, its surface is gradually destroyed:
The cliffs are being constantly eroded by heavy seas.
The rocks have gradually eroded away.
2 to gradually reduce something such as someone's power or confidence:
Our personal freedom is being gradually eroded away.
Repeated exam failure had eroded her confidence.
Circumvent
Avoid, bypass, evade,
The company opened an account abroad, in order to circumvent the tax laws.
Prowl
if an animal prowls, it moves around an area quietly, especially because it is hunting another animal
Barren
Arid, desolate, infertile,
Thousands of years ago the surface was barren desert.
Peripheral
Minor, incidental
a diplomat who had a peripheral role in the negotiations
Her involvement in the case was peripheral.
Repudiate
Reject, break with, disavow,
He repudiated all offers of friendship.
Reading 2
Monumental Impressive, overwhelming, huge,
important
a monumental contribution to the field of medicine
Charles Darwin's monumental study, 'The Origin of Species'
Interplay Transaction, exchange, interaction
the interplay of ideas
interplay between
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the interplay between military and civilian populations
Alkali
a substance that forms a chemical salt when combined with an acid
قلیا
Forerunner
Herald, precursor
omeone or something that existed before something similar that developed or came later
forerunner of
Babbage's engine was the forerunner of the modern computer.
Farsighted
Perceptive, wise, shrewd, prudent
far-sighted investments
a far-sighted politician
Arsenic
a very poisonous chemical substance that is sometimes used to kill rats, insects, and weeds
Iodine
a dark blue chemical substance that is used on wounds to prevent infection.
ید
Analogous to
similar
The report's findings are analogous with our own.
Designate Name, label
to choose someone or something for a particular job or purpose
be designated something
The lake was recently designated a conservation area.
designate something as/for something
Funds were designated for projects in low-income areas.
designate somebody to do something
She has been designated to take over the position of treasurer.
2 to represent or refer to something using a particular sign, name etc:
Buildings are designated by red squares on the map.
Correspondence
Agreement, harmony
There was no correspondence between the historical facts and Johnson's account of them.
Spectrum
a complete range of opinions, people, situations etc, going from one extreme to its opposite
spectrum of
the ethnic spectrum of America
across the spectrum
The bill drew support from across the political spectrum.
broad/wide/full etc spectrum
a broad spectrum of environmental groups
The two articles here represent opposite ends of the spectrum.
Postulate Suppose, hypothesize, posit, theorize
It has been postulated that the condition is inherited.
Successive
Following, subsequent,
The team has had five successive victories.
Successive governments have tried to deal with this issue.
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Reading 3
Hub Center, core
Birmingham is at the hub of Britain's motorway network.
the commercial hub of the region
Asteroid
one of the many small planets that move around the sun, especially between Mars and Jupiter
Comet
an object in space like a bright ball with a long tail, that moves around the sun:
Halley's comet
Meteor a piece of rock or metal that travels
through space, and makes a bright line in the night sky when it falls down towards the Earth:
Astronomers track large meteors using radar.
a meteor shower (=a lot of meteors that fall down towards the Earth at the same time)
Gravitational related to or resulting from the force of
gravity:
the Moon's gravitational field
the gravitational pull of the moon
Elliptical Oval- shaped
Kepler published his discovery of the elliptical orbits of planets in 1609.
elliptical speech or writing is difficult to understand because more is meant than is actually said:
The language is often elliptical and ambiguous.
Terrestrial earthly
Markedly
Distinctly, remarkably, noticeably, obviously
Johnson and Rivera have markedly different leadership styles.
Ammonia
1 a clear liquid with a strong bad smell that is used for cleaning or in cleaning products
2 a poisonous gas with a strong bad smell that is used in making many chemicals, fertilizers etc
Meager
Small, inadequate, poor, scant
a meagre diet of bread and beans
He supplements his meager income by working on Saturdays.
a school with meagre resources
Velocity Pace, speed, acceleration
the velocity of light
The speedboat reached a velocity of 120 mph.
a high velocity bullet
Infinitesimal
small, microscopic, minuscule
infinitesimal changes in temperature
Astronomer a scientist who studies the stars and
planets
Primordial
Earliest, primitive, primeval
the primordial seas
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Condense Abridge, shorten, curtail
The gaseous metal is cooled and condenses into liquid zinc.
This whole chapter could be condensed into a few paragraphs.
void
an empty area of space where nothing exists:
She looked over the cliff into the void.
TPO17
Reading 1
Impetus Motivation, incentive, stimulus
The report may provide further impetus for reform.
The discovery gave fresh impetus to the research.
Maritime Marine, aquatic,
San Francisco has lost nearly all of its maritime industry.
Galley a kitchen on a ship:
The fire extinguishers are stored in the galley.
2SHTTW a long low Greek or Roman ship with sails which was rowed by slaves in the past
Oar a long pole with a wide flat blade at
one end, used for rowing a boat [↪ paddle]
Hull the main part of a ship that goes in the
water
Caravel A caravel is a small, highly
maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast
cargo the goods that are being carried in a
ship or plane [= freight]
cargo of
A ship carrying a cargo of oil has run aground.
a cargo plane
thrust a sudden strong movement in which
you push something forward:
He jumped back to avoid another thrust of the knife.
2 [singular] the main meaning or aim of what someone is saying or doing
thrust of
the main thrust of the government's education policy
Lateen Triangular sail that was of decisive
importance to medieval navigation.
Maneuver to move or turn skilfully or to move or
turn something skilfully, especially something large and heavy:
She managed to manoeuvre expertly into the parking space.
Astrolabe An astrolabe 1] is an elaborate
inclinometer, historically used by astronomers, navigators, and astrologers
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Latitude the distance north or south of the
equator (=the imaginary line around the middle of the world), measured in degrees
Longitude the distance east or west of a
particular meridian (=imaginary line along the Earth's surface from the North Pole to the South Pole), measured in degrees
Compass an instrument that shows directions
and has a needle that always points north:
a map and compass
Obliterate
Destroy, erase, eliminate,
to cover something completely so that it cannot be seen:
Then the fog came down, obliterating everything.
Hiroshima was nearly obliterated by the atomic bomb
Refine Clarify, purify
Car makers are constantly refining their designs.
Normative Standardizing, normalizing
describing or establishing a set of rules or standards of behaviour:
normative guidelines for senators
Reading 2
Conspicuous Obvious, apparent, evident, visible,
noticeable
The notice must be displayed in a conspicuous place.
a bird with conspicuous white markings
I felt very conspicuous in my red coat.
Amphibian animals such as frogs that can live
both on land and in water
Toad a small animal that looks like a large
frog and lives mostly on land
Chameleon a lizard that can change its colour
to match the colours around it
Aggression Attack, assault, invasion,
Television violence can encourage aggression in children.
Mate
if animals mate, they have sex to produce babies
mate with
It's quite common for male birds to mate with several females.
Spectacular
Wonderful, impressive, marvelous
a mountainous area with spectacular scenery
a spectacular success
Plumage the feathers covering a bird's body:
the parrot's brilliant blue plumage
Penetrate Pierce, crack, drill, enter, infiltrate,
permeate,
bullets that penetrate thick armour plating
Sunlight barely penetrated the dirty windows.
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Canopy the leaves and branches of trees, that
make a kind of roof in a forest:
the forest canopy
Scrublands an area of land that is covered with
low bushes
Courtship the period of time during which a man
and woman have a romantic relationship before marrying
2 [uncountable] special behaviour used by animals to attract each other for sex:
Inflate Increase, augment, boost,
The numbers of people involved have been grossly inflated by the media
Hotels ften inflate prices at particular times of the year.
Costs were inflating.
Sac a part inside a plant or animal that is
shaped like a bag and contains liquid or air
Fling o throw something somewhere using a
lot of force
fling something into something
He flung the box into the river.
People cheered and flung their hats into the air.
Pendulous Dangling, pending, suspended,
hanging
Apparatus Device, equipment
Astronauts have special breathing apparatus.
Piercing a sound that is piercing is high, sharp,
and unpleasant:
He grinned and let out a piercing whistle.
a piercing scream
Rhinoceros a large heavy African or Asian animal
with thick skin and either one or two horns on its nose
کرگدن
Hornbill a tropical bird with a very large beak
Gibbons
a small animal like a monkey, with long arms and no tail, that lives in trees in Asia
Impediment
Obstruction, hindrance, burden, obstacle,
a physical problem that makes speaking, hearing, or moving difficult:
a speech impediment
2 a situation or event that makes it difficult or impossible for someone or something to succeed or make progress
impediment to
War is one of the greatest impediments to human progress.
Obstruct
Hinder, inhibit, prevent, restrict
A small aircraft was obstructing the runway.
The column obstructed our view of the stage.
he group is trying to obstruct the peace process.
He was fined for obstructing the work of the police.
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Ritual Ceremony, tradition,
the importance of religion and ritual in our lives
The lady of the house performs the sacred ritual of lighting two candles.
Reading 3
Symbiotic Cooperative, interdependent
a symbiotic relationship is one in which the people, organizations, or living things involved depend on each other
Parasite a plant or animal that lives on or in
another plant or animal and gets food from it
Commensalism In ecology, commensalism is a class of
relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits without affecting the other.
Mutualism Mutualism is the way two organisms of
different species exist in a relationship in which each individual benefits
Derive Acquire, get,
Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique.
Many students derived enormous satisfaction from the course.
This word is derived from Latin.
patterns of behaviour that derive from basic beliefs
Tapeworm a long flat worm that lives in the
bowels of humans and other animals and can make them ill
Vertebrate a living creature that has a
backbone
Overrun Invade, swamp,
if unwanted things or people overrun a place, they spread over it in great numbers
be overrun by/with something
a tiny island overrun by tourists
The house was overrun with mice
Expanse
a very large area of water, sky, land etc
expanse of
an expanse of blue sky
vast/wide/large etc expanse
the vast expanse of the ocean
Deliberate Intentional, on purpose
a deliberate attempt to humiliate her
The attack on him was quite deliberate.
Mosquito
پشه
Offspring Child, baby
someone's child or children - often used humorously:
a young mother trying to control her offspring
2 an animal's baby or babies:
a lion and its offspring
Genotype the genetic nature of one type of
living thing
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Strain a type of animal, plant, or disease
strain of
different strains of wheat
a new strain of the flu virus
Inadvertently Recklessly, heedlessly, carelessly
Viruses can be spread inadvertently by email users.
Robinson's name was inadvertently omitted from the list.
Graze
if an animal grazes, or if you graze it, it eats grass that is growing
graze on
Groups of cattle were grazing on the rich grass.
fields where they used to graze their sheep
Hinder
Prevent, block, obstruct
His career has been hindered by injury.
policies that will hinder rather than help families
! Do not confuse hinder and prevent even though they have similar meanings. Hinder means to make the progress or development of something slow down or stop. Prevent means to make it impossible for someone to do something: His poor health prevented him from going to work (NOT His poor health hindered him from going to work).
Legume
a plant such as a bean plant that has seeds in a pod (=a long thin case)
بنشن
Pollinate to give a flower or plant pollen so that
it can produce seeds:
flowers pollinated by bees
گرده افشانی
Horn the hard pointed thing that grows,
usually in pairs, on the heads of animals such as cows and goats
Acacia
اقاقیا
Genus
Sort, type, kind
one of the groups into which scientists divide animals or plants, in which the animals or plants are closely related but cannot produce babies together. A genus includes fewer members than a family and more members than a species.
Thorn a sharp point that grows on the stem
of a plant such as a rose
خار
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TPO18
Reading 1
Lag Move slowly, delay
She stopped to wait for Ian who was lagging behind.
Britain is lagging behind the rest of Europe.
Moderate Temperate, balanced, mild, modest
Even moderate amounts of alcohol can be dangerous.
a moderate degree of success
a student of moderate ability
Moderate exercise, such as walking, is recommended.
Bake the pie for 30 minutes in a moderate oven.
moderate to strong winds
niche if you find your niche, you find a job or
activity that is very suitable for you:
Amanda soon found her niche at the club.
He's managed to create a niche for himself in local politics.
2 [singular]BB an opportunity to sell a product or service to a particular group of people who have similar needs, interests etc
Implication
Association, meaning, significance
a suggestion that is not made directly but that people are expected to
understand or accept [↪ imply]:
They are called 'Supertrams', the implication being that (=which is meant to suggest that) they are more advanced than earlier models.
Harbor an area of water next to the land
where the water is calm, so that ships are safe when they are inside it:
as they sailed into Portsmouth Harbour
Abolish Terminate, abrogate
to officially end a law, system etc, especially one that has existed for a long time:
Slavery was abolished in the US in the 19th century.
strait
a narrow passage of water between two areas of land, usually connecting two seas:
the Bering Strait
تنگه
Corruption
Dishonesty, crime, extortion, fraud
dishonest, illegal, or immoral behaviour, especially from someone with power:
officials charged with bribery and corruption
The investigation uncovered widespread corruption within the police force.
Grandiose
Grand, noble
grandiose plans sound very important or impressive, but are not practical
grandiose scheme/plan/idea etc
grandiose schemes of urban renewal
Peasant a poor farmer who owns or rents a
small amount of land, either in past times or in poor countries:
Most villagers are peasant farmers.
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Orientation Direction, location
the type of activity or subject that a person or organization seems most interested in and gives most attention to
orientation towards/to
The company needs to develop a stronger orientation towards marketing its products.
How can we get students to adopt a serious orientation to learning?
Contribute Donate, give, grand
The volunteers contribute their own time to the project.
Stake out
to say publicly that you think you have a right to have or own something
stake (out) a claim to
Both countries staked a claim to the islands.
Fluctuation Variation, change
the fluctuation in interest rates
Prices are subject to fluctuation.
notorious Infamous, popular
famous or well-known for something bad [= infamous]:
a notorious computer hacker
notorious cases of human rights abuses
notorious for
a judge notorious for his cruelty and corruption
Prosperity
Affluence, success, welfare, well- being
when people have money and
everything that is needed for a good life:
a time of economic prosperity
prosperity of
the future prosperity of the country
Pork the meat from pigs
Reading 2
Yawn to open your mouth wide and breathe
in deeply because you are tired or bored:
Alan stretched and yawned.
Reverse to change something, such as a
decision, judgment, or process so that it is the opposite of what it was before
reverse a decision/verdict/policy etc
The decision was reversed on appeal.
reverse a trend/process/decline etc
More changes are required to reverse the trend towards centralized power.
Flaw Imperfection, defect, fault, weakness
a flaw in the software
A design flaw (=a mistake or weakness in the way something was made) caused the engine to explode.
Trigger Cause to happen, prompt, set off
The assassination triggered off a wave of rioting.
Certain forms of mental illness can be triggered by food allergies.
hiccup a sudden repeated stopping of the
breath, usually caused by eating or drinking too fast
Don't drink so fast - you'll get hiccups.
سکسکه
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suppress Repress, withhold, restrain
to stop people from opposing the government, especially by using force:
The uprising was ruthlessly suppressed.
if important information or opinions are suppressed, people are prevented from knowing about them, even if they have a right to know:
The police were accused of suppressing evidence.
Fetus
baby or young animal before it is born [↪ embryo
Amniotic fluid While in the womb, the baby floats in
the amniotic fluid
secrete if a part of an animal or plant secretes
a liquid substance, it produces it:
The toad's skin secretes a deadly poison.
Congenital
Inborn
a congenital medical condition or disease has affected someone since they were born:
congenital abnormalities
a congenital defect
Skeptical Suspicious, dubious, doubtful,
I'm extremely sceptical about what I read in the press.
Environmental groups are sceptical of the government's claims.
Empirical
Factual, experimental, observed,
empirical evidence
anecdotal consisting of short stories based on
someone's personal experience:
His findings are based on anecdotal evidence rather than serious research.
Impending Forthcoming, approaching, imminent,
an impending event or situation, especially an unpleasant one, is going to happen very soon
impending danger/doom/death/disaster etc
She had a sense of impending disaster.
impending changes in government legislation
Incongruous Absurd, bizarre, contradictory,
inconsistent, not in harmony
strange, unexpected, or unsuitable in a particular situation:
The new theatre looks utterly incongruous in its setting.
Inflate Expand, enlarge,
The numbers of people involved have been grossly inflated by the media.
Hotels often inflate prices at particular times of the year.
Costs were inflating.
Precede to happen or exist before something or
someone, or to come before
something else in a series [↪ preceding]:
a type of cloud that precedes rain
Lunch will be preceded by a short speech from the chairman.
2 to go somewhere before someone else:
The guard preceded them down the corridor.
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Reading 3
Discharge to send out gas, liquid, smoke etc, or
to allow it to escape
discharge something into something
Sewage is discharged directly into the sea.
Pellet a small ball of a substance:
food pellets for rabbits
2 a small ball of metal made to be fired from a gun:
shotgun pellets
collision Accident
The school bus was involved in a collision with a truck.
Two people were killed in a head-on collision (=between two vehicles that are moving directly towards each other) on highway 218.
Illuminate
Make light, brighten, highlight
to make a light shine on something, or to fill a place with light:
A single candle illuminated his face.
At night the canals are beautifully illuminated.
Flagpole a tall pole on which a flag hangs [=
flagstaff]
initiate Begin, start, commence,
They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper.
Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism.
surge Rush
to suddenly move very quickly in a particular direction
surge forward/through etc
The taxi surged forward.
The crowd surged through the gates.
strike
Heat hard, beat, collide, crash, smack
She fell heavily, striking her head against the side of the boat.
A snowball struck him on the back of the head.
Several cars were struck by falling trees.
The last rays of the setting sun struck the garden windows.
! In spoken and ordinary written English it is much more usual to use hit.
Forked
having one end divided into two or more parts:
Snakes have forked tongues.
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TPO19
Reading 1
Troops Army, military, soldiers in an organized
group
Both countries agreed to withdraw their troops.
Johnson took the popular step of sending in American troops.
Camp a place where people stay in tents,
shelters etc for a short time, usually in the mountains, a forest etc:
Let's go back to camp - it's getting dark.
a camp near Lake Ellen Wilson
Fortification
Barricade, fortress,
towers, walls etc built around a place in order to protect it or defend it:
a site of ancient fortifications dating from about 500 B.C.
Assess Evaluate, determine, judge,
a report to assess the impact of advertising on children
The technique is being tried in classrooms to assess what effects it may have.
Uneven not equal or equally balanced:
an uneven distribution of resources
Incorporate
Include, combine, mix, assimilate, integrate
We've incorporated many
environmentally-friendly features into the design of the building.
Our original proposals were not incorporated in the new legislation.
Empire
a group of countries that are all controlled by one ruler or government:
the Roman empire
station
Headquarter, base,
a small military establishment:
an isolated naval station
a building or place that is a centre for a particular kind of service or activity:
a police station
a fire station
Imposition
the introduction of something such as a rule, punishment, tax etc
imposition of
the imposition of martial law
2 [countable usually singular] formal something that someone expects or asks you to do for them, which is not convenient for you:
I know it's an imposition, but could I use your bathroom?
Requisition Demand, request,
if someone in authority, especially the army, requisitions a building, vehicle, or food, they officially demand to have it during an emergency such as a war [= commandeer]:
The building was requisitioned as a military hospital for the duration of the war.
territory Domain,
land that is owned or controlled by a
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particular country, ruler, or military force:
Hong Kong became Chinese territory in 1997.
Fort
Fortification, stronghold, camp, castle, fortress, station
a strong building or group of buildings used by soldiers or an army for defending an important place
rob
Steal, deprive, strip
to take away an important quality, ability etc from someone or something:
The illness robbed him of a normal childhood.
Stunt
to stop something or someone from growing to their full size or developing properly:
Lack of sunlight will stunt the plant's growth.
Disaffection Resentment, antipathy, animosity,
dissatisfaction,
the disaffected youth from poor neighborhoods
Suppress
Restrain, subdue, prevent, stop
to stop people from opposing the government, especially by using force:
The uprising was ruthlessly suppressed.
if important information or opinions are suppressed, people are prevented from knowing about them, even if they have a right to know:
The police were accused of suppressing evidence.
sow Plant, grow
past tense sowed, past participle sown or sowed
These fields used to be sown with oats.
rebellion
Disobedience, revolution
an organized attempt to change the government or leader of a country,
using violence [↪ coup, revolution]:
an armed rebellion
rebellion against
a rebellion against the military regime
in rebellion
The Bretons rose in rebellion against the King.
substantial
Important, extraordinary, considerable
We have the support of a substantial number of parents.
a substantial salary
a substantial breakfast
The document requires substantial changes.
Campaign
to lead or take part in a series of actions intended to achieve a particular social or political result
campaign for/against
a group campaigning against the destruction of the rainforests
Friction
disagreement, angry feelings, or unfriendliness between people [= tension]
cause/create friction
Having my mother living with us causes friction at home.
friction between
the usual frictions between parents
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and their teenage children
friction with
His independent attitude was a constant source of friction with his boss.
engage Employ, hire
to be doing or to become involved in an activity
engage in/on/upon
Only 10% of American adults engage in regular exercise.
The two parties engaged upon an escalating political struggle.
Mr Armstrong was engaged in prayer.
Kilns a special oven for baking clay pots,
bricks etc
Infrastructure Foundation, framework, base,
Some countries lack a suitable economic infrastructure.
a $65 billion investment package in education, health care and infrastructure
Thrive Prosper, develop, flourish, secceed
plants that thrive in tropical rainforests
a business which managed to thrive during a recession
fulfill if you fulfil a hope, wish, or aim, you
achieve the thing that you hoped for, wished for etc:
Visiting Disneyland has fulfilled a boyhood dream.
Being deaf hasn't stopped Karen fulfilling her ambition to be a hairdresser.
It was then that the organization finally began to fulfill the hopes of its
founders.
fulfil an aim/a goal/an objective
an analysis of how different countries are attempting to fulfill their political goals
Entwine to twist two things together or to wind
one thing around another:
They walked together with their arms entwined.
2 be entwined (with something) to be closely connected with something in a complicated way:
Our views of leadership are entwined with ideas of heroism.
Entitled to to give someone the official right to do
or have something
be entitled to (do) something
Full-time employees are entitled to receive health insurance.
entitle somebody to something
Membership entitles you to the monthly journal.
Settlement a group of houses and buildings where
people live, especially in a place where few people have lived before:
The railway stations created new settlements.
an early Iron Age settlement
4new area/places [uncountable]SA when a lot of people move to a place in order to live there, especially in a place where not many people have lived before
settlement of
the settlement of the American West
auxiliary Supplementary, ancillary, extra
an auxiliary nurse
auxiliary staff
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an auxiliary power supply
auxiliary equipment
recruit
to find new people to work in a company, join an organization, do a job etc:
We're having difficulty recruiting enough qualified staff.
Many government officials were recruited from private industry.
2 [intransitive and transitive]PM to get people to join the army,
navy etc [↪ conscript]:
Most of the men in the village were recruited that day.
hereditary
Genetic, inherited, inborn,
a quality or illness that is hereditary is passed from a parent to a child before
the child is born [↪ genetic]
2 British EnglishSSF a hereditary position, rank, or title can be passed from an older to a younger person in the same family, usually when the older one dies:
Regiments
a large group of soldiers
a large number of people, animals, or things
regiment of
a regiment of ants
Province District, zone, region, territory
Computers were once the exclusive province of scientists and mathematicians.
Cosmopolitan
a cosmopolitan place has people from many different parts of the world - use this to show approval:
a vibrant, cosmopolitan city
a lively hotel with a cosmopolitan atmosphere
2 a cosmopolitan person, belief, opinion etc shows a wide experience of different people and places:
Brigitta has such a cosmopolitan outlook on life.
Frontier the border of a country
frontier between/with
Lille is close to the frontier between France and Belgium.
on/at the frontier
Troops established a road block on the frontier.
frontier town/area/post etc (=a town etc on a frontier)
Garrisons
a group of soldiers living in a town or fort and defending it:
The garrison was called out when news of the enemy's advance was received.
a garrison town
2 the buildings where a garrison of soldiers live
Presumably Likely, supposedly, probably,
apparently
It's raining, which presumably means that your football match will be cancelled.
Circumstances Situation, condition, case, status
The Soviet Union had been forced by circumstances to sign a pact with Nazi Germany.
I can't imagine a circumstance in which I would be willing to steal.
Prisoners can only leave their cells under certain circumstances (=if
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particular conditions exist).
He was found dead in suspicious circumstances (=in a way that makes you think something illegal has happened).
Unless there are extenuating circumstances (=reasons which make it reasonable to break a rule), all students must be present on the day of the exam.
Self-Sustaining Independent, self- centered,
خودگردان
Reading 2
Succession Series, sequence,
She won the championship four times in succession.
He fired two shots in quick succession.
Climax Top, zenith, turning point, apex,
the climax of his naval career
a thrilling climax to the game
The festival reaches its climax with the traditional boat-burning ceremony.
Eruption Explosion, burst, break out, outburst,
outbreak
Violence erupted after police shot a student during the demonstration.
A political row erupted over the MP's comments.
Volcanic eruption
Invade Attack, penetrate,
to enter a country, town, or area using military force, in order to take control of it:
The Romans invaded Britain 2000
years ago.
Herbaceous plants that are herbaceous have soft
stems rather than hard stems made of wood
Shrub Bush
درختچه بوته
Substantiate Back up, confirm, verify, corroborate,
Katzen offered little evidence to substantiate his claims.
Trend Flow, current, direction, movement,
tendency
Lately there has been a trend towards hiring younger, cheaper employees.
trend in
recent trends in education
The current trend is towards more part-time employment.
the general trend towards the centralization of political power
A disturbing trend is that victims of violence are getting younger.
The growing trend is for single mothers to bring up children by themselves.
Even so, the underlying trend is positive.
national and international economic trends
the downward trend in the price of gold
Successive presidents have tried to reverse this trend, but without success.
Exposure [uncountable] when someone is in
a situation where they are not protected from something dangerous or unpleasant
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exposure to
Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause skin cancer.
2truth [uncountable] the action of showing the truth about someone or something, especially when it is bad
exposure of
the exposure of his underground political activity
Precipitation rain, snow etc that falls on the ground,
or the amount of rain, snow etc that falls
Equilibrium Balance, evenness, stability
The government is anxious not to upset the economic equilibrium.
Misleading Deceptive, confusing, ambiguous
likely to make someone believe something that is not true:
The article was misleading, and the newspaper has apologized.
Metaphor استعاره
Legitimately fair or reasonable:
That's a perfectly legitimate question.
Most scientists believe it is legitimate to use animals in medical research.
2 acceptable or allowed by law:
Their business operations are perfectly legitimate.
Biome a type of environment that is described
according to the typical weather conditions and plants that exist there
Flora Vegetable life, vegetation, plants
Tourism is damaging the flora and fauna (=plants and animals) of the island.
Fauna Animal world
all the animals living in a particular area or period in history
Spruce صنوبر
Moose گوزن شمالی
Cohesion Coherence, adhesion, union
if there is cohesion among a group of people, a set of ideas etc, all the parts or members of it are connected or related in a reasonable way to form a whole:
a sense of community and social cohesion
habitat
Residence, dwelling, environment,
the natural home of a plant or animal:
watching monkeys in their natural habitat
The grassland is an important habitat for many wild flowers.
Locality
Environment, habitat
a small area of a country, city etc [= area]:
weather reports from several different localities
in the locality
Both sea fishing and fresh water angling are available in the locality.
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Glaciers a large mass of ice which moves
slowly down a mountain valley
یخچال طبیعی
Erosion Deterioration, destruction, wearing
away,
the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea:
the problem of soil erosion
the erosion of the coastline
2 the process by which something is gradually reduced or destroyed
erosion of
the gradual erosion of our civil liberties
Sedimentation the natural process by which small
pieces of rock, earth etc settle at the bottom of the sea etc and form a solid layer
Accumulation Gathering, pile, mass,
the accumulation of data
Moraine
ridge
a mass of earth or pieces of rock moved along by a glacier and left in a line at the bottom of it
Heterogeneous
miscellaneous, dissimilar, diverse, mixed
consisting of parts or members that are very different from each other [≠ homogeneous]:
a heterogeneous collection of buildings
Accurate Detailed, precise, careful, exact
The brochure tries to give a fair and accurate description of each hotel.
The evidence she gave to the court was not strictly accurate (=not exactly accurate).
It is difficult to get accurate figures on population numbers.
Epoch
a period of history [= era]:
the Victorian epoch
The king's death marked the end of an epoch.
the beginning of a new epoch
Corresponding equivalent, matching,
Sales are up 10% on the corresponding period last year.
Retreat to move away from the enemy after
being defeated in battle [≠ advance]:
The rebels retreated to the mountains.
They were attacked and forced to retreat.
2move back written
a) to move away from someone or something:
He saw her and retreated, too shy to speak to her.
Shrinkage
Reduction, decrease,
the act of shrinking, or the amount that something shrinks:
Pollution led to a shrinkage of grasslands.
Withdraw to stop taking part in an activity,
belonging to an organization etc, or to make someone do this
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withdraw from
A knee injury forced her to withdraw from the competition.
calls for Britain to withdraw from the European Union
withdraw something/somebody from something
Parents have the right to withdraw their children from religious education lessons if they wish.
to stop giving support or money to someone or something, especially as the result of an official decision:
One of the minority parties had withdrawn its support for Chancellor Kohl.
Union members will vote on whether to withdraw their labour (=stop working).
a government decision to withdraw funding
drift
a large pile of snow or sand that has been blown by the wind
drift of
The road is blocked with massive drifts of snow.
a snow drift
terminal
final, deadly
a terminal illness cannot be cured, and causes death:
terminal cancer
interval
the period of time between two events, activities etc:
He left the room, returning after a short interval with a message.
interval between
The interval between arrest and trial can be up to six months.
modify Alter, change, customize
to make small changes to something in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective [= adapt]:
The feedback will be used to modify the course for next year.
The regulations can only be modified by a special committee.
oceanography the scientific study of the ocean
—oceanographer noun [countable]
TPO20
Reading 1
Livestock animals such as cows and sheep that
are kept on a farm
Cultivation
Horticulture, farming, gardening
the preparation and use of land for growing crops:
soil cultivation
under cultivation
These fields have been under cultivation (=used for growing crops) for years.
2TAC the planting and growing of plants and crops:
Terraces for rice cultivation covered the hillsides.
cultivation of
the cultivation of tobacco
Commodity Product, goods, property
a product that is bought and sold:
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agricultural commodities
Commodity prices fell sharply.
wheat
the grain that bread is made from, or the plant that it grows on:
a field of wheat
گندم
spectacular
wonderful, impressive, astounding, astonishing, dazzling
a mountainous area with spectacular scenery
a spectacular success
peak
Top, apex, zenith, highest point
The British Empire was at its peak in the mid 19th century.
Sales this month have reached a new peak.
Most athletes reach their peak in their mid 20s.
He's past his peak as a tennis player.
Oil production is down from its peak of two years ago.
artisan
Craftsperson,
someone who does skilled work, making things with their hands
Uproot
Destroy, annihilate, eradicate, exterminate
to make someone leave their home for a new place, especially when this is difficult or upsetting:
He rejected the idea of uprooting himself and moving to America.
Thereafter Consequently, after that, following,
10,000 men had volunteered by the end of September; thereafter, approximately 1,000 men enlisted each month.
Sophie was born in France, but shortly thereafter her family moved to the United States.
tie
a strong relationship between people, groups, or countries
close/strong ties
the importance of strong family ties
tie between/with
close ties between the two countries
economic/diplomatic/personal etc ties
Japan's strong economic ties with Taiwan
Stratified
having different social classes:
a stratified society
2HEG having several layers of earth, rock etc:
stratified rock
Inherit
gain as possession from someone's death
to receive money, property etc from someone after they have died
inherit something from somebody
He inherited a fortune from his grandmother.
inherited wealth
rigid Stiff, strict, severe,
rigid methods, systems etc are very strict and difficult to change [≠ flexible]:
rigid and authoritarian methods of education
2 someone who behaves in a rigid
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way is very unwilling to change their ideas or behaviour [≠ flexible]:
rigid adherence to old-fashioned ideas
She maintained rigid control over her emotional and sexual life.
3 stiff and not moving or bending [≠ flexible]:
rigid plastic
Inveterate
long-standing, established, lifelong
inveterate liar/smoker/womanizer etc someone who lies a lot, smokes a lot etc and cannot stop
2 inveterate fondness/distrust/hatred etc an attitude or feeling that you have had for a long time and cannot change
ambitious
determined to be successful, rich, powerful etc:
Alfred was intensely ambitious, obsessed with the idea of becoming rich.
ambitious for
mothers who are highly ambitious for their children (=who want their children to be successful)
Nomadic
Itinerant, wandering, pastoral, migrant
a member of a tribe that travels from place to place instead of living in one place all the time, usually in order to find grass for their animals
Fringe Border, edge, verge,
on the fringes (of something)
a) not completely belonging to or accepted by a group of people who share the same job, activities etc:
a small group on the fringes of the art world
b) also on the fringe at the part of something that is farthest from the
centre [= on the edge of something]:
Nina remained on the fringe of the crowd.
Alluvial
made of soil left by rivers, lakes, floods etc:
alluvial flood plains
رسوبی
Fecund Productive, fruitful,
able to produce many children, young animals, or crops [= fertile]
Fecund soil
loam good quality soil consisting of sand,
clay, and decayed plants
prairie
a wide open area of fairly flat land in North America which is covered in grass or wheat
tempting
Alluring, inviting, enticing, attractive, seductive, charming,
a tempting job offer
That pie looks tempting.
Plague to cause pain, suffering, or trouble to
someone, especially for a long period of time
be plagued by/with something
He was plagued by eye troubles.
Financial problems continued to plague the company.
depletion Reduction, deficiency
the depletion of the ozone layer
Salmon populations have been severely depleted.
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Proliferation a sudden increase in the amount or
number of something
proliferation of
the proliferation of global media networks
2 [uncountable]HB the very fast growth of new parts of a living thing, such as cells
negotiate Bargain, discuss, haggle,
to discuss something in order to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics
negotiate with
The government refuses to negotiate with terrorists.
negotiate an agreement/contract etc
Union leaders have negotiated an agreement for a shorter working week.
His first aim is to get the warring parties back to the negotiating table (=discussing something).
Surplus
Extra, excess, spare
Any surplus can be trimmed away.
surplus of
a surplus of crude oil
bulky Huge, heavy, ponderous, cumbersome
a bulky parcel
Andrew is a bulky man.
Presage
to be a sign that something is going to happen, especially something bad:
The large number of moderate earthquakes that have occurred recently could presage a larger quake soon.
Turnpikes Highway, roadway, freeway,
expressway
a large road for fast traffic that drivers have to pay to use:
the New Jersey Turnpike
Supersede if a new idea, product, or method
supersedes another one, it becomes used instead because it is more modern or effective [= replace]:
Their map has since been superseded by photographic atlases.
freight
Goods, load, shipment,
We'll send your personal belongings by air freight and your furniture by sea freight.
Span
to include all of a period of time:
a career which spanned nearly 60 years
2 to include all of a particular space or area:
The Mongol Empire spanned much of Central Asia.
Reading 2
Momentous Important, serious, crucial,
a momentous decision
Momentous events are taking place in the US.
His colleagues all recognized that this was a momentous occasion.
one of the most momentous days in British sport
sparse very few and scattered
existing only in small amounts:
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his sparse brown hair
rural areas with sparse population
Forage
to go around searching for food or other supplies
forage for
People are being forced to forage for food and fuel.
In the summer, the goats forage freely (=in any place they want to go).
2 to search for something with your hands in a bag, drawer etc [= ferret around]
forage around/through/among etc
She foraged around in her purse and produced her ticket
Pollen a fine powder produced by flowers,
which is carried by the wind or by insects to other flowers of the same type, making them produce seeds
گرده
Foothills
one of the smaller hills below a group of high mountains:
the foothills of the Himalayas
Sedentary
Inactive, motionless,
health problems caused by our sedentary lifestyles
2 technical a sedentary group of people tend always to live in the same place:
a sedentary people living north of the Danube
Flourish
to develop well and be successful [= thrive]:
The economy is booming and small businesses are flourishing.
2 [intransitive] to grow well and be
very healthy [↪ thrive]:
Most plants will flourish in the rich deep soils here.
exploit 1 to treat someone unfairly by
asking them to do things for you, but giving them very little in return - used to show disapproval:
Homeworkers can easily be exploited by employers.
2 to try to get as much as you can out of a situation, sometimes unfairly:
The violence was blamed on thugs exploiting the situation.
3 to use something fully and effectively:
The new TV companies are fully exploiting the potential of satellite transmission.
4 to develop and use minerals, forests, oil etc for business or industry:
the urgent need to exploit the resources of the Irish Sea
slope
a piece of ground or a surface that slopes:
a steep slope
a gentle (=not steep) slope
She looked back up the grassy slope.
شیب سطح شیب دار
Gazelle
a type of small deer, which jumps very gracefully and has large beautiful eyes
غزال
Lowlands
an area of land that is lower than the
land around it [↪ highlands]:
the Scottish lowlands
—lowland adjective [only before noun]
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a wild lowland landscape
lowland farmers
Seashell
the empty shell of a small sea creature:
jewelry made out of seashells
صدف
exotic
not native or usual; mysterious
something that is exotic seems unusual and interesting because it is related to a foreign country - use this to show approval:
exotic birds
exotic places
artifact
an object such as a tool, weapon etc that was made in the past and is historically important:
ancient Egyptian artefacts
Obsidian
a type of rock that looks like black glass
Afar
from afar from a long distance away:
I saw him from afar.
flotation
a time when shares in a company are made available for people to buy for the first time:
The company has decided to postpone its flotation on the stock market.
2 flotation chamber/compartment etcT a container filled with air or gas, fixed to something to make it float
the process of separating small particles of various materials by
treatment with chemicals in water in order to make some particles adhere to air bubbles and rise to the surface for removal while others remain in the water.
Cramped
Congested, overcrowded, small, tiny
The kitchen was small and cramped.
a cramped apartment
The troops slept in cramped conditions with up to 20 in a single room.
pit
a hole in the ground, especially one made by digging:
The female digs a pit in which to lay the eggs.
a five-foot deep pit
dwell
Live in, reside, inhabit,
They dwelt in the forest.
damp
Wet, humid
Wipe the leather with a damp cloth.
a cold, damp day
Permanent
Constant, lasting, enduring,
continuing to exist for a long time or for all the time in the future [≠ temporary]:
He gave up a permanent job in order to freelance.
a permanent change in your eating habits
The blindness that the disease causes will be permanent.
Miller soon became a permanent fixture (=someone or something that is always there) on the team.
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subsist to stay alive when you only have small
amounts of food or money [= survive]
subsist on
We had to subsist on bread and water.
Old people often have to subsist on very low incomes.
Elaborate
Detailed, intricate, complicated,
pure silks embroidered with elaborate patterns
2 carefully planned and organized in great detail:
a very elaborate telecommunications network
Clan Tribe, family
1 a large group of families that often share the same name:
the Campbell clan
warring clans
2 informal a very large family:
The whole clan will be here over Christmas.
Descent your family origins, especially your
nationality or relationship to someone important who lived a long time ago
of Russian/Italian etc descent
young men and women of Asian descent
descent from
The emperor claimed descent from David.
Excavation if a scientist or archaeologist
excavates an area of land, they dig carefully to find ancient objects, bones etc:
Schliemann excavated the ancient city of Troy.
Botanist someone whose job is to make
scientific studies of wild plants
Pistachio پسته
Vicinity Neighborhood, proximity,
in the area around a particular place:
The stolen car was found in the vicinity of the station.
There used to be a mill in the vicinity.
disperse Distribute, scatter,
Police used tear gas to disperse the crowd.
The clouds dispersed as quickly as they had gathered.
Abruptly
Short, suddenly, unexpectedly
an abrupt change of plan
Herd to make animals move together in a
group:
It was Thomas's duty to herd the cows.
Domesticated
Tame, trained
domesticated animals are able to work for people or live with them as pets
Einkorn wild species of wheat
Pulses A pulse, sometimes called a "grain
legume", is an annual leguminous crop yielding from one to twelve seeds of variable size, shape, and color within a pod
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close-knit a close-knit group of people is one in
which everyone knows each other well and gives each other support when they need it:
a close-knit community
telltale
Revealing, informative, meaningful, evidential
telltale signs/marks etc signs etc that clearly show something has happened or exists, often something that is a secret:
They examined the child carefully, looking for telltale signs of abuse.
Abrasion an area on the surface of your skin
that has been injured by being rubbed against something hard:
She was treated for cuts and abrasions.
خراش ساییدگی
tether
to tie an animal to a post so that it can only move around within a limited area
bind
to tie someone so that they cannot move or escape:
They bound my arms and legs with rope.
testify
Vouch for, give testimony,
to make a formal statement of what is true, especially in a court of law:
Mr Molto has agreed to testify at the trial.
testify against
Later, the witness who had testified against Muawad withdrew his allegation.
Reading 3
Preservation maintenance, protection, conservation,
care, security
Eliot campaigned for the preservation of London's churches.
We are working for the preservation of the environment.
the preservation of our cultural heritage
methods of food preservation
Scavengers Hunter
if an animal scavenges, it eats anything that it can find:
Pigs scavenged among the rubbish.
scavenge for
rats scavenging for food
2 if someone scavenges, they search through things that other people do not want for food or useful objects:
There are people who live in the dump and scavenge garbage for a living.
scavenge for
Women were scavenging for old furniture.
—scavenger noun [countable]
Foxes and other scavengers go through the dustbins.
Invertebrate a living creature that does not have a
backbone
Spines
ستون فقرات
decay to be slowly destroyed by a natural
chemical process, or to make
something do this [↪ rot]:
Her body was already starting to
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decay.
Most archaeological finds are broken, damaged, or decayed.
decaying organic matter
2 [intransitive] if buildings, structures, or areas decay, their condition gradually becomes worse:
Hundreds of historic buildings are being allowed to decay.
Britain's decaying inner cities
particle
a very small piece of something:
dust particles
particle of
tiny particles of soil
Terrestrial
relating to the Earth rather than to the moon or other planets
immerse Submerge in liquid, bathe,
Immerse your foot in ice cold water to reduce the swelling.
Tar
a black substance, thick and sticky when hot but hard when cold, used especially for making road surfaces قیر
Quicksand
1 wet sand that is dangerous because you sink down into it if you try to walk on it
2 a bad situation that keeps getting worse, and that you cannot escape from
Engulf
if an unpleasant feeling engulfs you, you feel it very strongly:
despair so great it threatened to engulf him
2 to completely surround or cover something:
The building was engulfed in flames.
Ash the soft grey powder that remains after
something has been burned:
cigarette ash
The house burnt to ashes.
petrification In geology, petrifaction or petrification
is the process by which organic material is converted into stone through the replacement of the original material and the filling of the original pore spaces with minerals
Literally
Word for word, exactly, precisely
The name of the cheese is Dolcelatte, literally meaning 'sweet milk'.
I said I felt like quitting, but I didn't mean it literally (=I did not mean exactly what I said)!
Clam snail
حلزون
Dissolution
the act of formally ending a parliament,
business, or marriage [↪ dissolve]:
The president announced the dissolution of the National Assembly.
2 the act of breaking up an organization, institution etc so that it no longer exists:
the dissolution of the monasteries
3 the process by which something gradually becomes weaker and disappears:
the eventual dissolution of class barriers
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Ornamentation decoration on an object that makes it
look attractive:
a bronze plate with gold ornamentation
Prospect Outlook
the possibility that something will happen
prospect of doing something
I see no prospect of things improving here.
There is every prospect (=a strong possibility) of the weather remaining dry this week.
prospect for
There are good prospects for growth in the retail sector.
prospect that
There's a real prospect that England will not qualify for the World Cup.
volatile Explosive, changeable,
an increasingly volatile political situation
the highly volatile stock and bond markets
2 someone who is volatile can suddenly become angry or violent
constituent
Component, part
one of the substances or things that combine to form something
constituent of
Sodium is one of the constituents of salt.
silhouette
a dark image, shadow, or shape that you see against a light background
silhouette of
a dark silhouette of domes and minarets
silhouette against
Soon the bombers would return, black silhouettes against a pale sky.
in silhouette
The old windmill stood out in silhouette.
2 [uncountable and countable] a drawing of something or someone, often from the side, showing a black shape against a light background:
silhouette pictures of snowmen and reindeer
in silhouette
a picture of Mozart in silhouette
نیمرخ نقاشی سیاه یکدست
Slabs
a thick flat piece of a hard material such as stone:
a concrete slab
paving slabs
slab of
They used a slab of concrete as a lid.
roc in ancient Eastern stories, a bird of
great size and strength which, in the story of Sindbad the Sailor, carried Sindbad out of the valley of diamonds
سیمرغ
tentacle one of the long thin parts of a sea
creature such as an octopus which it uses for holding things
Viscera
the large organs inside your body, such as your heart, lungs, and stomach
احشا
oozing if a thick liquid oozes from something
or if something oozes a thick liquid,
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that liquid flows from it very slowly
ooze from/out of/through
The ice cream was melting and oozing out of its wrapper.
A cut on his cheek was still oozing blood.
shale a smooth soft rock which breaks easily
into thin flat pieces
Lethal Deadly, killing, mortal, fatal
a lethal dose of heroin
a lethal weapon
death by lethal injection
a lethal cocktail of drink and pills
lethal to
These chemicals are lethal to fish.
bubble a ball of air or gas in liquid:
When water boils, bubbles rise to the surface.
soap bubbles
She was blowing bubbles in her milk with a straw.
silt
sand, mud, soil etc that is carried in water and then settles at a bend in a river, an entrance to a port etc
Superb
Excellent, great, best
extremely good [= excellent]:
The food was superb.
superb weather
Iridescent
showing colours that seem to change in different lights:
small iridescent blue flies
رنگین کمانی
Intact Flawless, perfect, untouched
Only the medieval tower had remained intact.
His reputation survived intact.
TPO21
Reading 1
Geothermal relating to or coming from the heat
inside the earth:
a geothermal energy plant
plate Tectonics the study of the forming and
movement of the large sheets of rock that form the surface of the Earth
Pumped Push out, draw out,
The fire department is still pumping floodwater out of the cellars.
We were able to pump clean water from several of the wells.
reservoir Repository, Tank, storage, source,
container
a lake, especially an artificial one, where water is stored before it is supplied to people's houses
2 a large amount of something that is available and has not yet been used
reservoir of
She found she had reservoirs of unexpected strength.
Fractures
Break, rupture, crack
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if a bone or other hard substance fractures, or if it is fractured, it breaks or cracks:
The immense pressure causes the rock to fracture.
He fractured his right leg during training.
Molten
Melted
molten metal or rock has been made into a liquid by being heated to a very high temperature:
molten iron
seep Permeate, ooze
1 to flow slowly through small holes or spaces
seep into/through/down etc
Blood seeped down his leg.
2 to move or spread gradually
seep away/into/through etc
His tension was seeping away.
drill
to make a hole in something using a drill:
Drill a hole in each corner.
drill into/through
He accidentally drilled into a water pipe.
harness
to control and use the natural force or power of something:
We can harness the power of the wind to generate electricity
Reading 2
Equatorial استوایی
Oscillate Vacillate,
1 formalT to keep changing between two extreme amounts or limits:
The stock market is oscillating wildly at the moment.
oscillate between
His income oscillated between £1500 and £2000 a month.
2 formal to keep changing between one feeling or attitude and another
oscillate between
Her attitude towards me oscillated between friendship and hostility.
3 to move backwards and forwards in a regular way:
The needle on the dial began to oscillate.
Brusquely abruptly
Cognitive Psychological, mental,
related to the process of knowing, understanding, and learning something:
cognitive psychology
Fluidity Facility, fluency
a situation that is fluid is likely to change
2 fluid movements are smooth, relaxed, and graceful:
a loose, fluid style of dancing
Sophisticated having a lot of experience of life, and
good judgment about socially important things such as art, fashion etc:
a sophisticated, witty American
Clarissa's hair was swept up into a sophisticated style.
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2 a sophisticated machine, system, method etc is very well designed and very advanced, and often works in a complicated way:
sophisticated software
a highly sophisticated weapons system
Possess
Own, have
Different workers possess different skills.
He no longer possessed the power to frighten her.
Neither of them possessed a credit card.
Campbell was found guilty of possessing heroin.
Dilemma Crisis, predicament, impasse,
I'm in a dilemma about this job offer.
This placed Robert Kennedy in a dilemma.
Many women are faced with the dilemma of choosing between work and family commitments.
emergence
Rise, evolution, appearance
1 when something begins to be known or noticed
emergence of
the emergence of Japan as a world leader
2 when someone or something comes out of a difficult experience
emergence from
the company's emergence from bankruptcy
Anthropomorphism
the belief that animals or objects have the same feelings and qualities as humans
2RR technical the belief that God can appear in a human or animal form
Totemism Totemism is a system of belief in which
each human is thought to have a spiritual connection or a kinship with another physical being, such as an animal or plant
Manipulate
1 to make someone think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skilfully deceiving or influencing them:
He was one of those men who manipulated people.
You have the constant feeling you are being manipulated.
manipulate somebody into (doing) something
The thought that any parent would manipulate their child into seeking fame just appalled me.
2 to work skilfully with information, systems etc to achieve the result that you want:
software designed to store and manipulate data
You can integrate text with graphics and manipulate graphic images.
3 medicalMH to move and press bones or muscles to remove pain in them
4 to use skill in moving or handling something:
The workmen manipulated some knobs and levers.
Pastoralism
Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock
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Horticulture Cultivation, gardening, farming
the practice or science of growing
flowers, fruit and vegetables [↪ gardening, agriculture]
Illiterate
Uneducated
someone who is illiterate has not learned to read or write
2 badly written, in an uneducated way:
It was an illiterate letter, full of mistakes.
Contention Argument, controversy
Her main contention is that doctors should do more to encourage healthy eating.
The issue of hunting is a source of contention.
Reading 3
Intrigue
if something intrigues you, it interests you a lot because it seems strange or mysterious:
Other people's houses always intrigued her.
2 [intransitive] formal to make secret plans to harm someone or make them lose their position of power
intrigue against
While King Richard was abroad, the barons had been intriguing against him.
Ample
sufficient
more than enough [= sufficient; ≠ insufficient]
ample time/evidence/opportunity
You'll have ample time for questions
later.
There is ample evidence that climate patterns are changing.
ample room/space etc
She found ample room for her things in the wardrobe.
Lengthy Extended, long,
continuing for a long time, often too long [≠ brief]:
A lengthy period of training is required.
An accident is causing some lengthy delays.
a lengthy report
Represent
to officially speak or take action for another person or group of people:
Mr Kobayashi was chosen to represent the company at the conference.
to be a sign or mark that means something [= stand for]:
Brown areas represent deserts on the map.
to be a symbol of something [= symbolize]:
He hated the school and everything it represented.
Narrative
a description of events in a story, especially in a novel:
At several points in the narrative the two stories cross.
2 [uncountable] the process or skill of telling a story
—narrative adjective:
a narrative poem
narrative structure
recount
Tell, depict, narrate
to tell someone a story or describe a
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series of events
recount how/what
Alan recounted how he and Joyce had met.
fairly
Rather, somewhat
The house had a fairly large garden.
She speaks English fairly well.
The instructions seem fairly straightforward.
cohesive
United, adhesive, close-knit, tenacious, connected
a cohesive community
Historically, sport has been a cohesive force in international relations.
blossom
if trees blossom, they produce flowers:
The apple trees are just beginning to blossom.
2 also blossom out to become happier, more beautiful, more successful etc:
Pete's blossomed out in his new school.
blossom into
The idea blossomed into a successful mail order business.
radical
Fundamental, basic
a radical change or difference is very big and important:
They are proposing radical changes to the way the company is run.
a radical reform of the tax system
There are radical differences between the two organizations.
elaborate to give more details or new information
about something:
He said he had new evidence, but refused to elaborate any further.
elaborate on
McDonald refused to elaborate on his reasons for resigning.
foundation
Base, infrastructure
It took the builders three weeks to lay the foundations.
The earthquake shook the foundations of the house.
intertwine
if two situations, ideas etc are intertwined, they are closely related to each other
be closely/inextricably intertwined
The problems of crime and unemployment are closely intertwined.
2 if two things intertwine, or if they are intertwined, they are twisted together
intertwine with
a necklace of rubies intertwined with pearls
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TPO22
Reading 1
Spartina commonly known as cordgrass or
cord-grass, is a genus of 14 species of grasses in the family Poaceae
Deciduous deciduous trees lose their leaves in
winter [≠ evergreen]
Perennial
continuing or existing for a long time, or happening again and again:
Lack of resources has been a perennial problem since the beginning.
Teddy bears are a perennial favorite with children.
2HBP a plant that is perennial
lives for more than two years [↪ annual]
Dominant Superior, prevalent, principal
The dominant male gorilla is the largest in the group.
Japan became dominant in the mass market during the 1980s.
its dominant position within the group
Marsh
an area of low flat ground that is always wet and soft [↪ bog, swamp]
—marshy adjective:
The crane lives in marshy habitats.
لجن زار باتلاق مرداب
Intertidal zone The intertidal zone, also known as the
foreshore and seashore and sometimes referred to as the littoral zone, is the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide
Wetland an area of land that is partly covered
with water, or is wet most of the time
Seaweed a plant that grows in the sea
Shrimp a small sea creature that you can eat,
which has ten legs and a soft shell
میگو
Fiddler crab نوعی خرچنگ
Snails حلزون
Digest to change food that you have just
eaten into substances that your body can use:
Most babies can digest a wide range of food easily.
Excrete secrete
to get rid of waste material from your body through your bowels, your skin etc
Sparrow گنجشک
Rodent any small animal of the type that has
long sharp front teeth, such as a rat or a rabbit
جونده
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Exceedingly Very, exceptionally, enormously,
extremely, excessively
Thank you. You've been exceedingly kind.
Stem
the long thin part of a plant, from which leaves, flowers, or fruit grow [= stalk]
ساقه
Germinate if a seed germinates, or if it is
germinated, it begins to grow [= sprout]
2 [intransitive] if an idea, feeling etc germinates, it begins to develop:
The idea of setting up his own company began to germinate in his mind.
Salinity
Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water.
Sediment
solid substances that settle at the bottom of a liquid:
a thick layer of sediment
Component Part, element, constituent
one of several parts that together make up a whole machine, system etc [= constituent]:
companies that make electronic components for computer products
component of
each component of their work
key/major/important etc component
Exercise is one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle.
Estuary the wide part of a river where it goes
into the sea:
the Thames estuary
Stabilizer
a chemical that helps something such as a food to stay in the same state, for example to prevent it from separating into different liquids
2TT a piece of equipment that helps make something such as a plane or ship steady
Nursery
a place where plants and trees are grown and sold
Substrate
In biology, a substrate is the surface on which a plant or animal lives
Elevation a height above the level of the sea
elevation of
The road climbs steadily to an elevation of 1400 feet.
Oysters
صدف خوراکی
Tidal relating to the regular rising and falling
of the sea:
tidal currents
Mudflat an area of muddy land that is covered
by the sea when it comes up at high tide and uncovered when it goes down at low tide
2 American English the muddy bottom of a dry lake
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Inhospitable Unfriendly, unfavorable, hostile
an inhospitable place is difficult to live or stay in because the weather conditions are unpleasant or there is no shelter:
an inhospitable climate
He trekked across some of the most inhospitable terrain in the world.
2 an inhospitable person does not welcome visitors in a friendly way
inhospitable to
Some governments are inhospitable to aid workers.
Waterfowl
a wild bird that swims and lives near water:
the varied waterfowl of North America
Hamper
to make it difficult for someone to do something:
She tried to run, but was hampered by her heavy suitcase.
An attempt to rescue the men has been hampered by bad weather.
Interfere
Meddle, intervene, prevent, hamper, hinder,
My daughter-in-law said that I was interfering, but I was only trying to help.
interfere in
It's not the church's job to interfere in politics.
Anxiety can interfere with children's performance at school.
Recreation an activity that you do for pleasure or
amusement [↪ hobby, pastime, leisure]:
His only recreations are drinking beer and watching football.
the provision of recreation facilities (=places or equipment for people to use to enjoy themselves)
Waterfronts the part of a town or an area of land
next to the sea, a river etc:
The hotel is down on the waterfront.
Meadow a field with wild grass and flowers
Dredge
to remove mud or sand from the bottom of a river, harbour etc, or to search for something by doing this:
They dredged for oysters.
Herbicide a substance used to kill unwanted
plants
Cobblestone a small round stone set in the ground,
especially in the past, to make a hard surface for a road
سنگ فرش
smother cover
to completely cover the whole surface of something with something else, often in a way that seems unnecessary or unpleasant
smother something with/in something
noodles smothered in garlic sauce
mow
to cut grass using a machine:
It's time to mow the lawn again.
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Reading 2
Obscure Enigmatic, ambiguous, cryptic, cloudy,
shadowy, vague
obscure legal phrases
For some obscure reason, the group is very popular.
Pinhole
a very small hole in something, especially one made by a pin
Authenticity
Genuineness,
the quality of being real or true
authenticity of
Archaeological evidence may help to establish the authenticity of the statue.
Obsolete Antiquated, out of date, archaic, no
longer in use
obsolete weapons
computer hardware that quickly became obsolete
Will computers render (=make) books obsolete?
Privileged having advantages because of your
wealth, social position etc [≠ underprivileged]:
Students from a privileged background have an advantage at university.
Only the privileged few can afford private education.
Prolific Fruitful, productive, rich,
a prolific artist, writer etc produces many works of art, books etc:
Handel's prolific output of opera
2 a prolific sports player produces a lot of runs, goals etc:
the most prolific goalscorer this decade
3 an animal or plant that is prolific produces many babies or many other plants
4 existing in large numbers:
the prolific bird life
Destiny the things that will happen to someone
in the future, especially those that cannot be changed or controlled [= fate]
somebody's destiny
Nancy wondered whether it was her destiny to live in England and marry Melvyn.
Successor someone who takes a job or position
previously held by someone else [↪ predecessor]:
His successor died after only 15 months in office.
I'm sure she will be a worthy successor (=someone who is very good and deserves to be someone's successor).
successor to
her successor to the post
successor as
Sloan will be Barrett's successor as treasurer.
2 formal a machine, system etc that exists after another one in a process of development:
the transistor's successor, the microchip
Reluctant Unwilling,
slow and unwilling:
She gave a reluctant smile.
reluctant to do something
Maddox was reluctant to talk about it.
—reluctantly adverb:
Reluctantly, he agreed.
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Compromised to reach an agreement in which
everyone involved accepts less that what they wanted at first:
She admitted that she was unable to compromise.
compromise with
His work-mates demanded that he never compromise with the bosses.
compromise on
The new regime was prepared to compromise on the oil dispute.
2 [transitive] to do something which is against your principles and which therefore seems dishonest or shameful
compromise your principles/standards/integrity etc
As soon as you compromise your principles you are lost.
compromise yourself
She had already compromised herself by accepting his invitation.
Crop
to cut someone's hair short:
Stella's had her hair closely cropped.
2TCP [transitive] to cut a part off a photograph or picture so that it is a particular size or shape
Trim
to make something look neater by cutting small pieces off it:
Pete was trimming the lawn around the roses.
I have my hair trimmed every six weeks.
trim something away/off
Trim away any excess glue with a knife.
2reduce to reduce a number, amount, or the size of something:
We need to trim costs by £500m.
The bill would trim the number of immigrants to the US.
trim something from/off something
The company trimmed £46,000 from its advertising budget.
duplicate to copy something exactly:
New copies of the form can be duplicated from a master copy.
The video was duplicated illegally.
2 to repeat something in exactly the same way:
We don't want staff to duplicate each other's work.
equivalent
Same, similar, identical
a qualification which is equivalent to a degree
I had no dollars, but offered him an equivalent amount of sterling.
etch
to cut lines on a metal plate, piece of glass, stone etc to form a picture or words
etch on
a gravestone with three names etched on it
A laser is used to etch a pattern in the smooth surface of the disc.
engraving
a picture made by cutting a design into metal, putting ink on the metal, and then printing it
multitude
a very large number of people or things:
I had never seen such a multitude of stars before.
a multitude of possible interpretations
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emulsion a mixture of liquids that do not
completely combine, such as oil and water
2 technicalTCP the substance on the surface of photographic film or paper that makes it react to light
candid
telling the truth, even when the truth may be unpleasant or embarrassing [= frank]
candid about
She was quite candid about the difficulties the government is having.
candid with
He was remarkably candid with me.
It struck me as an unusually candid confession for a politician.
Reading 3
Meteor a piece of rock or metal that travels
through space, and makes a bright line in the night sky when it falls down towards the Earth:
Astronomers track large meteors using radar.
a meteor shower (=a lot of meteors that fall down towards the Earth at the same time)
Plummet Fall, collapse, crash,
Profits plummeted from £49 million to £11 million.
House prices have plummeted down.
2 to fall suddenly and quickly from a very high place [= plunge]:
The plane plummeted towards the earth.
Fragment Particle, part, piece
a small piece of something that has broken off or that comes from something larger:
glass fragments
fragment of
fragments of broken pottery
Specimen
Example, sample
a small amount or piece that is taken from something, so that it can be tested or examined:
a blood specimen
specimen of
a specimen of rock
Crust a thin hard dry layer on the surface of
something:
A hard gray crust had formed on the bottom of the tea kettle.
the hard outer layer of the Earth:
deep within the Earth's crust
Reveal Show, display, indicate
He may be prosecuted for revealing secrets about the security agency.
a test that can reveal a teacher's hidden skills
reveal (that)
He revealed that he had been in prison twice before.
reveal yourself (as/to be something)
The violinist revealed himself as a talented interpreter of classical music.
Assortment a mixture of different things or of
various kinds of the same thing
assortment of
a wide assortment of friends
an odd assortment of knives and forks
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Distinctive Different, unique
a rock band with a distinctive sound
Spherical having the shape of a sphere [= round]
Embed
to put something firmly and deeply into something else, or to be put into something in this way
be embedded in something
A piece of glass was embedded in her hand.
Nebula
a mass of gas and dust among the stars, which often appears as a bright cloud in the sky at night
Interstellar happening or existing between the
stars
Chondrite Chondrites are stony meteorites that
have not been modified due to melting or differentiation of the parent body
Allusion Hint, reference
The committee made no allusion to the former President in its report.
Eliot's poetry is full of biblical allusions.
In his poetry we find many allusions to the human body.
Spheres a ball shape
Enigma Mystery, puzzle, riddle,
The neighbors regarded him as something of an enigma.
Perplexing Puzzling, baffling, complicated,
Shea's symptoms perplexed the doctors.
a perplexing problem
Condensation small drops of water that are formed
when steam or warm air touches a cold surface:
There was a lot of condensation on the windows.
2 [uncountable] technicalHP when a gas becomes a liquid
Pristine Clean, pure, untouched
The car has been restored to pristine condition.
a pristine white shirt
pristine African rainforest
Aggregate
to be a particular amount when added together:
Sheila's earnings from all sources aggregated £100,000.
2 [intransitive,transitive usually passive] to put different amounts, pieces of information etc together to form a group or a total
aggregate with
A wife's income is no longer aggregated with that of her husband.
Composition the way in which something is made
up of different parts, things, or
members [↪ compose]
composition of
The composition of the group that is studied depends on the interests of the researcher.
Some minerals have complex chemical compositions.
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Distill to make a liquid such as water or
alcohol more pure by heating it so that it becomes a gas and then letting it cool. Drinks such as whisky are made this way:
distilled water
2 to remove a chemical substance from a plant, for example by heating or pressing it
refractory
Resistant
deliberately not obeying someone in authority and being difficult to deal with or control [= unruly]
2 medical a refractory disease or illness is hard to treat or cure
sludge
soft thick mud, especially at the bottom of a liquid
lump
a small piece of something solid, without a particular shape:
Strain the custard to remove lumps.
lump of
Melt a lump of butter in your frying-pan.
2 a small hard swollen area that sticks out from someone's skin or grows in their body, usually because of an illness:
You should never ignore a breast lump.
TPO23
Reading 1
Sewage Waste, garbage
the mixture of waste from the human body and used water that is carried away from houses by pipes under the ground:
Chlorine is used in sewage treatment.
The factory secretly dumped millions of gallons of raw sewage (=that had not been treated) into the Ohio River.
Surpass Exceed,
to be even better or greater than someone or something else:
He had surpassed all our expectations.
The number of multiple births has surpassed 100,000 for the first time.
Configuration Shape, form, structure
the configuration of pistons in an engine
Metropolis a very large city that is the most
important city in a country or area:
The city has become a huge, bustling metropolis.
Skyscraper
a very tall modern city building
Impenetrable Impervious, close,
impossible to get through, see through, or get into:
The trees formed a dark and
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impenetrable barrier.
the impenetrable blackness of the night
2 very difficult or impossible to understand:
impenetrable legal jargon
Intensity the quality of being felt very strongly or
having a strong effect:
The intensity of the hurricane was frightening.
2 [uncountable] the quality of being serious and having very strong feelings or opinions:
He spoke with great intensity.
3 [uncountable and countable] technical the strength of something such as light or sound:
an instrument which measures light intensity
insulate
Protect, shield,
to cover or protect something with a material that stops electricity, sound, heat etc from getting in or out
insulate something from/against something
Pipes may need insulating against the cold.
an insulated attic
dome
a round roof on a building
a shape or building like a ball cut in half
peculiarity
something that is a feature of only one particular place, person, situation etc
peculiarity of
The lack of a written constitution is a peculiarity of the British political system.
2 [countable] a strange or unusual habit, quality etc:
Margaret regarded her mother's peculiarities with a fond tolerance.
3 [uncountable] the quality of being strange or unfamiliar
peculiarity of
She was well aware of the peculiarity of her own situation.
moisture
Dampness, wetness
small amounts of water that are present in the air, in a substance, or on a surface:
Plants use their roots to absorb moisture from the soil.
Your skin's moisture content varies according to weather conditions.
turbulence
Agitation, disturbance
irregular and violent movements of air or water that are caused by the wind
2 a political or emotional situation that is very confused:
A period of political turbulence followed the civil war.
Reading 2
Fodder food for farm animals
علوفه
Flax کتان الیاف کتان
Madder
روناس
Turnip
شلغم
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Sector Area, subdivision, part, zone, district
the agricultural sector of the economy
public/private sector (=business controlled by the government or by private companies)
Legendary
Famous, well known
very famous and admired:
Lonnie Johnson, the legendary blues guitarist
Her singing was legendary.
Reclamation
to get back an amount of money that you have paid [= claim back]:
You may be entitled to reclaim some tax.
2TBTA to make an area of desert, wet land etc suitable for farming or building:
This land will be reclaimed for a new airport.
3 to get back something that you have lost or that has been taken away from you:
I want to reclaim the championship that I lost in 1999.
4TI to obtain useful products from waste material [↪ recycle]:
You can reclaim old boards and use them as shelves.
Drain to make the water or liquid in
something flow away:
The swimming pool is drained and cleaned every winter.
drain something from something
Brad drained all the oil from the engine.
Can you drain the spaghetti, please (=pour away the water from the pan)?
Merchant trader
He had a job with an Edinburgh wine merchant.
Astonishing Surprising, startling, impressive,
an astonishing decision
their astonishing success
livestock animals such as cows and sheep that
are kept on a farm
husbandry farming:
animal husbandry
yield to produce crops, profits etc:
Each of these oilfields could yield billions of barrels of oil.
The tourist industry yielded an estimated $2.25 billion for the state last year.
These investments should yield a reasonable return.
windmill a building or structure with parts that
turn around in the wind, used for producing electrical power or crushing grainاسیاب بادی
lease a legal agreement which allows you to
use a building, car etc for a period of time, in return for rent
They took out a lease on a seven-acre field.
The landlord refused to renew his lease.
The 99-year lease expired in 1999.
Do you understand all the terms of the lease?
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Reading 3
Discern to notice or understand something by
thinking about it carefully
discern what/where/why etc
Officials were keen to discern how much public support there was.
2 to be able to see something by looking carefully [= perceive]:
We could just discern a town in the distance.
Incomprehensible
difficult or impossible to understand:
legal documents full of incomprehensible jargon
I find your attitude quite incomprehensible.
incomprehensible to
His accent made his speech incomprehensible to me.
Motif
Pattern, subject, idea
The theme of creation is a recurrent motif in Celtic mythology.
2 a small picture or pattern used to decorate something plain:
a white T-shirt with a blue fish motif
Peck Bite, tap, dig
if a bird pecks something or pecks at something, it makes quick repeated movements with its beak to try to eat part of it, make a hole in it etc
Antiquity ancient times
in antiquity
The common household fork was nearly unknown in antiquity.
2 [uncountable] the state of being very old:
a building of great antiquity
3 [countable usually plural] a building or object made in ancient times:
a collection of Roman antiquities
Predetermined
decided or arranged before something happens, so that it does not happen by chance
predetermined level/limit/amount etc
a predetermined level of spending
—predetermine verb [transitive]
The colour of your eyes is predetermined by the colours of your parents' eyes.
indigenous Native, inborn, domestic
Blueberries are indigenous to America.
the many indigenous cultures which existed in Siberia
concentric
having the same centre [↪ eccentric]:
concentric circles
figurative
Not literal, symbolic, descriptive, metaphoric
He's my son, in the figurative sense of the word.
iconography
the way that a particular people, religious or political group etc represent ideas in pictures or images:
Native American iconography
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TPO24
Reading 1
Seep Leak, ooze, permeate
to flow slowly through small holes or spaces
seep into/through/down etc
Blood seeped down his leg.
2 to move or spread gradually
seep away/into/through etc
His tension was seeping away.
Outflow when money, goods etc leave a bank,
country etc
outflow of
the outflow of capital from the developed countries
2 the flow of water or air from something
outflow of
an outflow of gas escaping from the main duct
the outflow valve
Gauge to measure or calculate something by
using a particular instrument or method:
The thermostat will gauge the temperature and control the heat.
Conversely Contrary, reverse, opposite, against
American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, British buyers like brown eggs.
Residence the state of living in a place [=
residency]:
Rome was his main place of residence.
Demonstrate Display, show, exhibit,
The study demonstrates the link between poverty and malnutrition.
demonstrate that
Hitchcock's films demonstrate that a British filmmaker could learn from Hollywood.
Extent Range, degree, intensity
We all to some extent remember the good times and forget the bad.
I do agree with him to an extent
Per Annum for each year:
a salary of $40,000 per annum
Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration is the sum of
evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the atmosphere
Renewal
Rebirth, revival
when an activity, situation, or process begins again after a period when it had stopped
renewal of
a renewal of the recent conflict
Spring is a time of renewal.
spring a place where water comes up
naturally from the ground:
spring water
There are several hot springs in the area.
discharge
Send out
Hospitals now tend to discharge patients earlier than in the past.
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The judge discharged the jury.
Sewage is discharged directly into the sea.
pond
a small area of fresh water that is smaller than a lake, that is either natural or artificially made
Reading 2
Respiration breathing
the process of breathing
Sigh
to breathe in and out making a long sound, especially because you are bored, disappointed, tired etc:
'Well, there's nothing we can do about it now,' she sighed.
آه کشیدن
Overriding Most important, main, paramount
more important than anything else:
a question of overriding importance
Their overriding concern is with efficient crime control.
Cessation
Ending, stop, stoppage, pause
a cessation of hostilities (=when the fighting stops in a war)
Inhale to breathe in air, smoke, or gas [≠
exhale]:
It is dangerous to inhale ammonia fumes.
Myra lit another cigarette and inhaled deeply (=breathed in a lot of smoke).
Collapse Fall down, fail, decrease
if a building, wall etc collapses, it falls down suddenly, usually because it is weak or damaged:
Uncle Ted's chair collapsed under his weight.
The roof had collapsed long ago.
2illness/injury [intransitive] to suddenly fall down or become unconscious because you are ill or weak:
He collapsed with a heart attack while he was dancing.
Marion's legs collapsed under her.
Congestion blockage
Considerable Abundant, large, noticeable
We've saved a considerable amount of money.
Michael has already spent considerable time in Barcelona.
issues of considerable importance
The series has aroused considerable interest.
Irritants Annoyance, bother, trouble, burden
something that keeps annoying you over a period of time:
Low flying aircraft are a constant irritant in this area.
2MI a substance that can make a part of your body painful and sore:
a skin irritant
Rib one of the 12 pairs of curved bones
that surround your chest:
She was taken to hospital with a broken arm and ribs.
He was punched and kicked in the ribs.
دنده
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contraction the process of becoming smaller or
narrower:
the contraction of metal as it cools
Wax and wane
wax and wane to increase and decrease over time:
Interest in the show has waxed and waned.
Reading 3
Pueblos a small town, especially in the south
west U.S.
Traumatic Scary, shocking
His son's death was the most traumatic event in Stan's life.
Communal shared by a group of people or
animals, especially a group who live together:
a communal bathroom
2 involving people from many different races, religions, or language groups:
the worst communal violence in two years
3 relating or belonging to all the people living in a particular community:
crops grown on communal land
Arable Farmable, cultivable
relating to growing crops:
arable farming
arable land (=land that is suitable for growing crops)
Terrace a row of houses that are joined to each
other, or a street with one of these rows in it
2place you can sitTBB a flat outdoor area next to a building or on a roof, where you can sit outside to eat, relax etc
Infringing
Violate, intrude, trespass,
to do something that is against a law or someone's legal rights:
A backup copy of a computer program does not infringe copyright.
to limit someone's freedom in some way:
Some students argued that the rule infringed on their right to free speech.
Accustomed
to be familiar with something and accept it as normal:
We were accustomed to working together.
become/grow/get accustomed to something
Her eyes quickly became accustomed to the dark.
! In spoken English, it is more usual to say be/get used to (doing) something you’ll soon get used to the hot climate.
hygienic
Clean, healthful, sterile, wholesome,
An inspector ensures that food is prepared in hygienic conditions.
culminate
End up, wind up
A series of events for teachers and students will culminate in a Shakespeare festival next year.
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prompt to make someone decide to do
something
prompt somebody to do something
What prompted you to buy that suit?
2 [transitive] to make people say or do something as a reaction:
The decision prompted an outcry among prominent US campaigners.
Onset
the onset of something the beginning of something, especially something bad:
the onset of winter
contend
Compete, fight,
to compete against someone in order to gain something
contend for
Three armed groups are contending for power.
Inevitably, fights break out between the members of contending groups.
2 [transitive] to argue or state that something is true
contend (that)
Some astronomers contend that the universe may be younger than previously thought.
patchy
Uneven, not consistent
happening or existing in some areas but not in others:
patchy fog
2 not complete enough to be useful:
His knowledge of French remained pretty patchy.
There is only patchy evidence of the animal's existence.
3 especially British English good in some parts but bad in others:
I thought the performance was patchy.
Ally Partner, friend, helper,
a country that agrees to help or support another country in a war:
a meeting of the European allies
2 the Allies the group of countries including Britain and the US that fought together in the First and Second World Wars
3 someone who helps and supports you when other people are trying to oppose you:
Ridley was one of the Queen's closest allies.
a staunch ally (=very close ally) of President Soares
a network of political allies
She knew she had found an ally in Ted.
4 something that helps you succeed in a difficult situation:
Exercise is an important ally in your campaign to lose weight.
TPO 25
Reading 1 Crater – bulge – Olympus – mere –
plate – Martian - crust – intermittent – prominent – mariner – pit – obliterate – boulder - splash
Crater 1 a round hole in the ground made by
something that has fallen on it or by an explosion
craters on the moon's surface
2 the round open top of a volcano
دهانه آتشفشان
Bulge 1 a curved mass on the surface of
something, usually caused by something under or inside it
The gun made a bulge under his
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jacket.
2 a sudden temporary increase in the amount or level of something
a bulge in the birthrate
Olympus also Mount Olympus
a mountain in northern Greece, the highest mountain in Greece. In Greek mythology, it was the place where the gods lived
Mere 1 used to emphasize how small or
unimportant something or someone is He's a mere child.
It can't be a mere coincidence that they left at the same time.
2 used to emphasize that something which is small or not extreme has a big effect or is important
The mere thought of food made her feel sick.
The mere fact that the talks are continuing is a positive sign.
Plate
one of the very large sheets of rock that form the surface of the Earth
Martian
an imaginary creature from the planet Mars
—Martian adjective
Crust the hard outer layer of the Earth
deep within the Earth's crust
Intermittent Sporadic
Irregular
stopping and starting often and for short periods
The weather forecast is for sun, with intermittent showers.
Prominent 1 important a prominent Russian scientist
play a prominent part/role (in something)
The World Cup will have a prominent place on the agenda.
2 something that is in a prominent place is easily seen
prominent place/position
The statue was in a prominent position outside the railway station.
Mariner literary a sailor
Pit
to put small marks or holes in the surface of something
be pitted with something
The whole street was pitted with potholes.
Obliterate
1 to destroy something completely so that nothing remains
Hiroshima was nearly obliterated by the atomic bomb.
2 to remove a thought, feeling, or memory from someone's mind
Nothing could obliterate the memory of those tragic events.
3 to cover something completely so that it cannot be seen
Then the fog came down, obliterating everything.
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Boulder
a large round piece of rock
Splash 1 if a liquid splashes, it hits or falls on something and makes a noise
splash against/on/over
The ocean splashed against the pier.
2 also splash about/around to make water fly up in the air with a loud noise by hitting it or by moving around in it
The children were splashing about in the pool.
Reading 2 Decline – resurgence – intermediary –
row – shipyard – foothill – unrest – monopoly – outclass – emigrate - noble
Decline Dwindling Lessening
There has been a decline in the size of families.
rapid/sharp/steep/dramatic decline
a rapid decline in unemployment
steady/gradual/long-term decline
The island's population initially numbered 180, but there was a gradual decline until only 40 people were left.
fall/go etc into decline
The port fell into decline (=became less important and less busy) in the 1950s.
Resurgence the reappearance and growth of
something that was common in the past
resurgence of
There has been a resurgence of
interest in religion over the last ten years.
resurgence in
a resurgence in the popularity of 60s music
Intermediary
a person or organization that tries to help two other people or groups to
agree with each other [↪ go-between] Jackson acted as an intermediary
between the two parties.
—intermediary adjective
an intermediary role in the talks
Row
to make a boat move across water using oars
row away/towards/across
She rowed across the lake.
Jenny used to row at college (=as a sport).
—row noun
Why don't we go for a row?
—rower noun [countable]
Shipyard
a place where ships are built or repaired
Foothill
one of the smaller hills below a group of high mountains
the foothills of the Himalayas
Unrest
a political situation in which people protest or behave violently
There is growing unrest throughout the country.
political/social/industrial etc unrest
The protests were the biggest show of social unrest since the government came to power.
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Monopoly 1 if a company or government has a
monopoly of a business or political activity, it has complete control of it so that other organizations cannot compete with it
امتیاز انحصاری
They are demanding an end to the Communist Party's monopoly of power.
the state monopoly of television
For years Bell Telephone had a monopoly on telephone services in the US.
Outclass
to be or do something much better than someone or something else
He won his next race, completely outclassing his rivals.
Emigrate
to leave your own country in order to
live in another country [↪ immigrate]
emigrate to/from
He emigrated to Australia as a young man.
Noble
a member of the highest social class with a title such as 'Duke' or 'Countess'
Reading 3
Evolutionary – adaptation – starch – habitat- subject – desolate – inhospitable – terrestrial – pioneer – nutrient – stiffen – Embryo - pollen
Evolutionary
1 relating to the way in which plants and animals develop and change gradually over a long period of time
تکاملی
the evolutionary development of birds
2 relating to the way in which ideas or situations gradually change and develop over a long period of time
He is in favour of gradual, evolutionary social change.
Adaptation
the process of changing something to make it suitable for a new situation
adaptation to
adaptation to the environment
Starch
a substance which provides your body with energy and is found in foods such as grain, rice, and potatoes, or a food that contains this substance [= carbohydrate]
He eats a lot of starch.
Avoid fatty foods and starches.
Habitat
the natural home of a plant or animal
watching monkeys in their natural habitat
The grassland is an important habitat for many wild flowers.
Subject
subject somebody/something to something
to force someone or something to experience something very unpleasant, especially over a long time
Police subjected him to hours of questioning.
subject somebody to an ordeal/abuse/harassment
Barker subjected his victim to awful abuse
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Desolate a place that is desolate is empty and
looks sad because there are no people there
a desolate landscape
Inhospitable an inhospitable place is difficult to live
or stay in because the weather conditions are unpleasant or there is no shelter
an inhospitable climate
He trekked across some of the most inhospitable terrain in the world.
Terrestrial
relating to the Earth rather than to the moon or other
Pioneer
to be the first person to do, invent or use something
The new cancer treatment was pioneered in the early eighties by Dr Sylvia Bannerjee.
Nutrient
a chemical or food that provides what is needed for plants or animals to live and grow
The plant absorbs nutrients from the soil.
—nutrient adjective
Stiffen
1 if you stiffen, your body suddenly becomes firm, straight, or still because you feel angry or anxious [≠ relax]
He touched her, and she stiffened.
2 to become stronger, more severe, or more determined, or to make something do this
Their opposition only stiffened my resolve.
3 to make material stiff so that it will
not bend easily
Embryo 1 an animal or human that has not yet
been born, and has just begun to
develop [↪ foetus]
2 in embryo
at a very early stage of development
The system already exists in embryo.
Pollen
a fine powder produced by flowers, which is carried by the wind or by insects to other flowers of the same type, making them produce seeds
گرده
TPO 26
Reading 1
Prominence – viable – shaft – spin – coke - refined – instrumental – finished – boom – revolutionize – in turn – implication – freight – initiate – entrenched – keep pace with - entrepreneur
Prominence 1 the fact of being important and well-
known
prominence of
the prominence of pressure groups as political forces
come to/rise to/achieve prominence (as something)
She first came to prominence as an artist in 1989.
2 give something prominence/give prominence to something
to treat something as specially important
Every newspaper gave prominence to the success of England's cricketers.
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Viable Reasonable, Practicable, Feasible,
Applicable
a viable idea, plan, or method can work successfully
viable alternative/proposition/option etc
The committee came forward with one viable solution.
economically/commercially/financially viable
Will a hotel here be financially viable?
Shaft
a thin long piece of metal in an engine or machine that turns and passes on power or movement to another part of the machine
a drive shaft
Spin
1 turn around
The plane's propellers were spinning.
She grabbed Norm's arm and spun him around to face her.
2 to make cotton, wool etc into thread by twisting it
3 if a spider or insect spins a web or cocoon, it produces thread to make it
Coke
a solid black substance produced from coal and burned to provide heat
Refined
1 a substance that is refined has been made pure by an industrial
process [↪ raw, crude; ≠ unrefined]
refined sugar/oil/petroleum
2 a method or process that is refined has been improved to make it more
effective [↪ sophisticated]
Laser surgery has become much more refined over the last decade.
Instrumental be instrumental in (doing) something
(Formal) to be important in making something happen
He was instrumental in developing links with European organizations.
Finished
fully and properly made or completed
It took a long time to do, but the finished product was worth it.
Boom
increase in business
[≠ slump]
The boom has created job opportunities.
a sudden boom in the housing market
The economy went from boom to bust (=from increasing to decreasing) very quickly.
Revolutionize
Transform
to completely change the way people do something or think about something
New technology is going to revolutionize everything we do.
My teacher’s trainings revolutionized my life.
In turn
1) as a result of something
Interest rates were cut and, in turn, share prices rose.
2) one after the other, especially in a particular order
Each of us in turn had to describe how alcohol had affected our lives.
Implication
1 a possible future effect or result of an action, event, decision etc
What are the implications of these
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proposals?
This election has profound implications for the future of U.S. democracy.
practical/financial/political etc implications
2 a suggestion that is not made directly but that people are expected to
understand or accept [↪ imply]
The law bans organized protests and, by implication, any form of opposition.
Freight
goods that are carried by ship, train, or aircraft, and the system of moving these goods
freight services
We'll send your personal belongings by air freight and your furniture by sea freight.
Initiate
Start
Commence
Trigger
They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper.
Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism.
Entrenched
strongly established and not likely to change - often used to show disapproval
entrenched in
Ageism is entrenched in our society.
entrenched attitudes/positions/interests etc
a deeply entrenched belief in male superiority
—entrench verb [transitive]
Keep pace with
keep pace (with something/somebody)
to change or increase as fast as something else, or to move as fast as someone else
Salaries have not always kept pace with inflation.
The supply of materials cannot keep pace with demand.
Slow down! I can't keep pace with you.
Entrepreneur
someone who starts a new business or arranges business deals in order to make money, often in a way that involves financial risks
Reading 2
Intolerable – Tissue – texture – topography - perennial – dwarf – annual – ephemeral – counter – wilt – taproot – assure – palm tree – mesquite - spring – margin – prolonged – torpor – spell – morphology - ostrich – plumage - convection
Intolerable Unendurable
Unbearable
Unaccepted
too difficult, bad, annoying etc for you to accept or deal with [≠ tolerable]
'This is intolerable!' exclaimed Sir Rufus.
The pain had become intolerable.
intolerable burden/strain/pressure
Caring for an elderly relative can become an intolerable burden.
Tissue
the material forming animal or plant cells
lung/brain etc tissue
Texture the way a surface or material feels
when you touch it, especially how smooth or rough it is
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smooth/silky/rough etc texture
the smooth texture of silk
a designer who experiments with different colours and textures
Topography
1 the science of describing an area of land, or making maps of it
2 [+ of] the shape of an area of land, including its hills, valleys etc
—topographer noun
—topographical adjective
Perennial a plant that lives for more than two
years
Dwarf to be so big that other things are made
to seem very small
The cathedral is dwarfed by the surrounding skyscrapers.
Annual
a plant that lives for one year or season
Ephemeral
existing or popular for only a short time
Fashion is by nature ephemeral.
Counter
1 to say something in order to try to prove that what someone said was not true or as a reply to something
counter an argument/an allegation/a criticism etc
He was determined to counter the bribery allegations.
2 to do something in order to prevent something bad from happening or to reduce its bad effects
Exercise helps to counter the effects of stress.
Wilt if a plant wilts, it bends over because it
is too dry or old [↪ droop]
پژمرده شدن گیاه
Taproot
the large main root of a plant, from which smaller roots grow
assure
to make something certain to happen or to be achieved [= ensure]
Excellent reviews have assured the film's success.
assure somebody (of) something
A win on Saturday will assure them of promotion to Division One.
Palm tree
palm tree a tropical tree which grows near beaches or in deserts, with a long straight trunk and large pointed leaves at the top
coconut palms
Mesquite
an American tree or bush, or the wood from it that is used to give food a special taste when cooking on a barbecue
Spring
a place where water comes up naturally from the ground
چشمه
spring water
There are several hot springs in the area.
Margin
1 the empty space at the side of a page
Someone had scribbled a note in the margin.
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Use double spacing and wide margins to leave room for comments.
حاشیه
2 an additional amount of something such as time, money, or space that you include in order to make sure that you are successful in achieving something
It'll take about 30 minutes to dry but I'd allow a safety margin of, say, another 10 minutes.
Prolonged
continuing for a long time
prolonged exposure to the sun
a prolonged period of time
Torpor
(formal)
Lethargy, sloth
a state of being not active because you are lazy or sleepy
She tried to rouse him from the torpor into which he had sunk.
Spell
a period of a particular kind of activity, weather, illness etc, usually a short period
spell of
a spell of bad luck
cold/wet/dry spell
Water the young plants carefully during dry spells.
a day of sunny spells and scattered showers
He began to suffer from dizzy spells.
Morphology
1 the study of the morphemes of a language and of the way in which they are joined together to make
words [↪ syntax]
2 the scientific study of the form and structure of animals and plants
3 the structure of an object or system or the way it was formed
—morphological adjective
the morphological features of cells
Ostrich
شترمرغ
Plumage
the feathers covering a bird's body
the parrot's brilliant blue plumage
Convection
Convection is the process by which heat travels through air, water, and other gases and liquids
انتقال گرما
Reading 3
Patron – sovereign – mercy – biblical – clamor – script – incise – stylus – wedge – theology – tablet - sledge – mount – copper – tin - saw- scythe
Patron
1 someone who supports the activities of an organization, for example by giving money
a wealthy patron
patron of
a patron of the arts
2 a famous person who is officially involved with an organization, such as acharity, and whose name is used to help advertise it
Sovereign
(noun) formal a king or queen
(adjective)
1 having the highest power in a country
sovereign power/control
2 a sovereign country or state is independent and governs itself
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Biblical relating to or written in the Bible
The disease dates back to biblical times.
biblical story/text/reference
the biblical story of Noah
Clamor
1 a very loud noise made by a large group of people or animals
غوغا
He shouted over the rising clamor of voices.
2 the expression of feelings of anger and shock by a large number of people - used especially in news reports
Trouillot disregarded the growing public clamor for her resignation.
Mercy
at the mercy of somebody/something
unable to do anything to protect yourself from someone or something
After the boat's motor failed, they were at the mercy of the weather.
She was completely at his mercy.
Script
(formal)
writing done by hand
a diary entry written in neat black script
دست نوشته
کتیبه
Incise
to cut a pattern, word etc into something, using a sharp instrument
an inscription incised in stone
حجاری ، کنده کاری کردن
Stylus a thing shaped like a pen, used for
writing on wax, making marks on metal, writing on a special computer screen etc
قلم حکاکی
Wedge
1 a piece of wood, metal etc that has one thick edge and one pointed edge and is used especially for keeping a door open or for splitting wood
2 a piece of food shaped like a wedge
Garnish with lemon wedges.
wedge of
a wedge of cheese
Theology
1 the study of religion and religious ideas and beliefs
He studied theology at college.
الهیات
2 a particular system of religious beliefs and ideas
According to Muslim theology there is only one God.
Tablet
a flat piece of stone or clay with words cut into it, for example above someone's grave
لوح، صفحه
Sledge
a small vehicle used for sliding over snow, often used by children or in
some sports [↪ sleigh]
Mount
1 organize
mount a campaign/challenge/search etc
Friends of the Earth are mounting a
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campaign to monitor the illegal logging of trees.
Guerrillas have mounted an attack on the capital.
2 increase
Tension here is mounting, as we await the final result.
3 To get on a horse/bicycle
[≠ dismount]
He mounted his horse and rode on.
4go up a step or stairs
He mounted the stairs and looked around him slowly.
Copper
مس
Tin
قلع Saw
اره Scythe
داس
TPO 27
Reading 1
Craft – Mesopotamia – escalate – notorious – commute – mold – rim – bevel – scoop – seal – legible – lump - bolt
Craft a job or activity in which you make
things with your hands, and that you
usually need skill to do [↪ handicraft]
traditional rural crafts
Mesopotamia
بین النهرین
Escalate 1 if fighting, violence, or a bad
situation escalates, or if someone escalates it, it becomes much worse
escalate into
Her fear was escalating into panic.
2 to become higher or increase, or to make something do this
The costs were escalating alarmingly.
—escalation noun
a rapid escalation in value
Notorious
famous or well-known for something bad [= infamous]
a notorious computer hacker
notorious cases of human rights abuses
notorious for
a judge notorious for his cruelty and corruption
Commute the journey to work every day
My morning commute takes 45 minutes.
Mold
قالب
Rim
1 the outside edge of something circular
rim of
the rim of a glass
plates with a gold band around the rim
2 gold-rimmed/red-rimmed etc
with a gold, red etc rim
gold-rimmed spectacles
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Bevel 1 a sloping edge or surface, usually
along the edge of a piece of wood or glass
2 a tool for making this kind of edge or surface
—bevelled adjective
bevelled glass
Scoop
1 to pick something up or remove it using a scoop or a spoon, or your curved hand
Cut the tomato in half and scoop out the seeds with a teaspoon.
2 to be the first newspaper to print an important news report
Time and again we have scooped our rivals.
Seal
a piece of wax, paper, wire etc that you have to break in order to open a container, document etc
Legible
written or printed clearly enough for you to read [≠ illegible]
خوانا
Her handwriting was so tiny it was barely legible.
Lump
a small piece of something solid, without a particular shape
Strain the custard to remove lumps.
lump of
Melt a lump of butter in your frying-pan.
Bolt
پیچ
Reading 2 Crust – Plate tectonics – uneventful –
interior – coral - instructive – erode – plume – hot spot – backtrack
Crust پوسته
Plate tectonics
the study of the forming and movement of the large sheets of rock that form the surface of the Earth
Uneventful
Monotonous
Dull
An uneventful job
Interior
inside or indoors [≠ exterior]
The interior walls are all painted white.
Coral
مرجان
Instructive Informative
Providing useful information
He provided an instructive answer.
Erode
Wear down
فرسایش یافتن
The cliffs are being constantly eroded by heavy seas.
The rocks have gradually eroded away.
Plume
1 a cloud of smoke, dust etc which rises up into the air
plume of smoke/dust/gas/spray etc
A black plume of smoke rose above the city.
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Hot spot 1 a place where there is a lot of heat
or radiation Many microwaves heat unevenly,
leading to hot spots in the milk.
2 a place that is popular for entertainment or a particular activity
They played regularly at legendary hot spots such as the UFO Club.
3 a place where there is likely to be fighting or a particular problem
The report identified eight pollution hot spots.
4 a place where a fire can spread from
Backtrack 1 to change an opinion or promise that
you gave so that it is not as strong as
it was earlier [↪ backpedal]
backtrack on
The President is backtracking on his promise to increase healthcare spending.
2 to return by the same way that you came
We had to backtrack about a mile.
Reading 3 Willow – twig – shoe – roughly –
bivalve – monopolize - standpoint
Willow
درخت بید
Twig
شاخه کوچک
Shoe
نعل اسب
Roughly
Crudely
Approximately
There were roughly 200 people there.
Roughly speaking, I'd say we need about $500.
Bivalve
any sea animal that has two shells joined together
bivalve molluscs
Monopolize
1 to have complete control over something so that other people cannot share it or take part in it
The company has monopolized the soft drinks market.
He monopolized the conversation all evening.
2 to use a lot of someone's time or attention
Virtually all her time and energy is now monopolized by the children.
Standpoint
Point of view
a way of thinking about people, situations, ideas etc
from a theoretical/political/economic etc standpoint
Let's look at the questions from an economic standpoint.
a discussion of marriage from the standpoint of women
TPO 28
Reading 1 Potable – extract – term – tortuous -
impermeable – igneous – coating - intersect
Potable potable water is safe to drink
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Extract Remove
Pull out
Oils are extracted from the plants.
You'll have to have that tooth extracted.
Term
to use a particular word or expression to name or describe something
This condition is sometimes termed RSI, or repetitive strain injury.
Roosevelt termed himself and his policies 'liberal'.
These developments are loosely termed 'advanced manufacturing techniques'.
Tortuous
1 a tortuous path, stream, road etc has a lot of bends in it and is therefore difficult to travel along
a tortuous path over the mountains to Kandahar
پر پیچ و خم
2 complicated and long and therefore confusing
The book begins with a long, tortuous introduction.
Impermeable
not allowing liquids or gases to pass through [≠ permeable]
No paint is impermeable to water vapour.
Igneous
igneous rocks are formed from lava (=hot liquid rock)
Coating
Layer
coating of
a fine coating of dust
The tent has a waterproof coating on both sides.
Intersect
1 if two lines or roads intersect, they meet or go across each other
2 to divide an area with several lines, roads etc
The plain is intersected by a network of canals.
Reading 2
Pastoral – albeit – undergo – Antelope – Ox – herd – beast – at will – confined – inbreeding – tame – juxtapose – intimate – adze – bow and arrow – endeavor - deteriorate
Pastoral
1 relating to the duties of a priest, minister etc towards the members of their religious group
his pastoral work among the congregation
2 literary typical of the simple peaceful life in the country
a charming pastoral scene
Pastoralist :
a sheep or cattle farmer.
Albeit
Although
Even though
Notwithstanding
He accepted the job, albeit with some hesitation.
Chris went with her, albeit reluctantly.
Undergo
if you undergo a change, an unpleasant experience etc, it happens to you or is done to you
The country has undergone massive changes recently.
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He has been released from prison to undergo medical treatment in the United States.
She has been undergoing tests since Monday.
Teachers should be expected to undergo mid-career training and development.
Antelope
بز کوهی
Ox
plural oxen [countable]
1 a bull whose sex organs have been removed, often used for working on farms
2 a large cow or bull
Herd
a group of animals of one kind that
live and feed together[↪ flock]
گله
herd of
a herd of cattle
herds of elephants
Herder : گله دار
Beast an animal, especially a large or
dangerous one
At will
whenever you want and in whatever way you want
He can't just fire people at will, can he?
Confined
1 be confined to somebody/something
to exist in or affect only a particular place or group
The risk of infection is confined to
medical personnel.
2 a confined space or area is one that is very small
It wasn't easy to sleep in such a confined space.
Inbreeding
when children, animals, or plants are produced from closely related members of the same family
He was born with a rare bone disease, probably the result of aristocratic inbreeding.
Tame
2 to train a wild animal to obey you and not to attack people [= domesticate]
The Asian elephant can be tamed and trained.
Juxtapose
to put things together, especially things that are not normally together, in order to compare them or to make something new
juxtapose something with something
a style of decor that juxtaposes antiques with modern furniture
Intimate
intimate knowledge of something:
very detailed knowledge of something as a result of careful study or a lot of experience
his intimate knowledge of the coal industry
Adze
تیشه نجاری
Bow and Arrow
تیر و کمان
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Endeavor an attempt to do something new or
difficult
scientific/creative etc endeavor
an outstanding example of
human endeavor
endeavor to do something
Despite our best endeavors, we couldn't start the car.
Deteriorate
1 to become worse
Ethel's health has deteriorated.
America's deteriorating economy
2 deteriorate into something
to develop into a bad or worse situation
The argument deteriorated into a fight.
Reading 3
Buck – rub – scrape – conspicuous – strip – bark – combat – sniff – lick – scent – gland – olfactory – synchronize – induce - urinate
Buck
a male rabbit, deer, and some other male animals
Rub
to rub something or massage someone for a short time
مالیدن Rub (v)
Give the table a good rub with a damp cloth.
Scrape
a mark or slight injury caused by rubbing against a rough surface [= graze]
I came away from the accident with only cuts and scrapes.
Conspicuous Obvious
Very easy to notice
Apparent
Discernible
The notice must be displayed in a conspicuous place.
a bird with conspicuous white markings
I felt very conspicuous in my red coat.
Strip
to remove something that is covering the surface of something else
Strip the beds and wash the sheets.
strip something off/from something
We need to strip the wallpaper off the walls first.
strip something of something
Tall windows stripped of curtains
Bark
the outer covering of a tree
Combat
Battle
Conflict
Fight
We flew over 200 combat missions.
training in unarmed combat (=fighting without weapons)
Sniff
when you breathe in air noisily through your nose, for example in order to smell something, because you have a cold, or in order to show your disapproval
a sniff of disapproval
She gave a loud sniff.
Lick when you move your tongue across
the surface of something
Can I have a lick of your ice cream?
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Scent a pleasant smell that something
has [= fragrance]
a yellow rose with a lovely scent
scent of
the sweet scent of ripe fruit
بو
رایحه
Gland
غده
Olfactory
connected with the sense of smell
the olfactory cells in the nose
Synchronize
to happen at exactly the same time, or to arrange for two or more actions to happen at exactly the same time
synchronize something with something
Businesses must synchronize their production choices with consumer choices.
Induce
1 to persuade someone to do something, especially something that does not seem wise
induce somebody to do something
Nothing would induce me to vote for him again.
2 to cause a particular physical condition
Patients with eating disorders may use drugs to induce vomiting.
Urinate
to get rid of urine from your body
TPO 29
Reading 1 Shatter – blemish – brittle – fragile –
stack – elusive – shard – dump – entirely - substantial – gigantic – afield – humble - farmstead
Shatter
to break suddenly into very small
pieces, or to make something break in this way
shatter into
The plate hit the floor, and shattered into tiny bits.
The explosion shattered the building.
Blemish
a small mark, especially a mark on someone's skin or on the surface of an object, that spoils its appearance
Flaw
Brittle
hard but easily broken
شکننده
The branches were dry and brittle.
Joanna was diagnosed as having brittle bones.
Fragile
easily broken or damaged [= delicate; ≠ strong]
fragile bones
Be careful with that vase - it's very fragile.
Stack
1 a neat pile of things [↪ heap]
stack of
a stack of papers
stacks of dirty dishes
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2 a chimney
3 the stacks
[plural] the rows of shelves in a library where the books are kept
Elusive
1 an elusive person or animal is difficult to find or not often seen
She managed to get an interview with that elusive man.
2 an elusive result is difficult to achieve
She enjoys a firm reputation in this country but wider international success has been elusive.
3 an elusive idea or quality is difficult to understand
For me, the poem has an elusive quality.
Shard shard also sherd [countable]
a sharp piece of broken glass, metal etc
shard of
a shard of pottery
Dump 1 a place where unwanted waste is
taken and left
an underground nuclear waste dump
a dump site
2 a place where military supplies are stored, or the supplies themselves
There has been a series of explosions in an ammunition dump.
3 a place that is unpleasant to live in because it is dirty, ugly, untidy etc
' What a dump,' she added as they entered the village.
Entirely
Completely and in every possible way
Our situation is entirely different.
The ridge consists entirely of volcanic rock.
Her reasons were not entirely clear.
Substantial Large in amount
Considerable
Significant
We have the support of a substantial number of parents.
a substantial salary
The document requires substantial changes.
Gigantic
extremely big [= huge]
a gigantic skyscraper
Afield
far/further/farthest afield
far away, especially from home
They were exporting as far afield as Alexandria.
students who come from further afield
Humble
having a low social class or position
He started his career as a humble peanut farmer.
Farmstead
a farmhouse and the buildings around it
Reading 2
Mechanism – indigenous – Herbivore – rodent – Pliocene – Isthmus – graphically – regulate
Mechanism
1 a system or a way of behaving that helps a living thing to avoid or protect itself from something difficult or dangerous
defence/control/survival mechanism
When a person is ill, the body's natural defence mechanisms come into
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operation.
2 the way that something works
mechanism of
the mechanism of the brain
Indigenous
indigenous people or things have always been in the place where they are, rather than being brought there from somewhere else [= native]
indigenous to
Blueberries are indigenous to America.
the many indigenous cultures which existed in Siberia
Herbivore
an animal that only eats plants
Rodent
جوندگان ، مانند خرگوش
Pliocene
belonging to the period in the Earth's history that started about 5 million years ago and continued about 3 million years
Isthmus
a narrow piece of land with water on both sides, that connects two larger areas of land:
the Isthmus of Panama
Graphically
if you describe something graphically, you describe it very clearly with a lot of detail [= vividly]
Regulate
1 to control an activity or process, especially by rules
strict rules regulating the use of
chemicals in food
2 to make a machine or your body work at a particular speed, temperature etc
People sweat to regulate their body heat.
Reading 3
Harness – waterwheel – grind – by no means – application – in principle – Kinetic Energy – take over – obsolete – hydro – patent – supersede - power station – plant – renewable energy
Harness
to control and use the natural force or power of something
Utilize
We can harness the power of the wind to generate electricity.
Waterwheel
a large wheel that is turned by water and is used to drive machinery
چرخ چاه
Grind 1 a) to break something such as corn
or coffee beans into small pieces or powder, either in a machine or between two hard surfaces
freshly ground pepper
b) American English to cut food, especially raw meat, into very small pieces by putting it through a machine [= mince ]
ground beef
2 press
He ground out his cigarette on the window ledge.
By no means Not at all
It is by no means certain that the game will take place.
She's not a bad kid, by any means.
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Application (noun) Use
The application of waterpower
In principle
a) if something is possible in principle, there is no good reason why it should not happen, but it has not actually happened yet
In principle, the new software should make the accounting system a lot simpler.
b) if you agree to something in principle, you agree about a general plan or idea but have not yet considered the details
The government has agreed in principle to a referendum.
Kinetic Energy
انرژی جنبشی
Take over
to take control of something [↪ takeover]take something ↔ over
His only reason for investing in the company was to take it over.
Ruth moved into our apartment and promptly took over.
Obsolete
no longer useful, because something newer and better has been invented[↪ out-of-date]:obsolete weapons
computer hardware that quickly became obsolete
Will computers render (=make) books obsolete?
Hydro 1 relating to water, or using water
hydroelectricity (=produced by water power)
hydrotherapy (=treatment of disease
using water)
2 relating to hydrogen, or containing it
Hydrocarbons
Patent
to obtain a special document giving you the right to make or sell a new invention or product
Supersede
if a new idea, product, or method supersedes another one, it becomes used instead because it is more modern or effective [= replace]
Their map has since been superseded by photographic atlases.
Power Station
نیروگاه برق
Plant
کارخانه
Renewable Energy
انرژی تجدیدپذیر
TPO 30
Reading 1 In any case – leap – primate –
considerable – outweigh - rat – enrich – maze – dim – synapse – Cerebellum – stalk – pounce – comparative - courtship – submissive – countless – peer – aggression – delineate – wag – tail - potentially
In any case
whatever happens or happened
I don't see why I couldn't do it. In any case, I'm going to try.
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He's too young to come and in any case I want him to spend the time with Mom.
Leap
to jump high into the air or to jump in order to land in a different place
She leapt over the fence.
The smaller animals can easily leap from tree to tree.
b) literary to jump over something
Brenda leaped the gate and ran across the field.
Primate
a member of the group of animals that includes humans and monkeys
Considerable
Noticeable
Marked
Significant
Substantial
Considerable costs
Outweigh
to be more important or valuable than something else
The benefits of the scheme outweigh the disadvantages.
Rat
موش صحرایی
Enrich
to improve the quality of something, especially by adding things to it
Add fertilizer to enrich the soil.
Education can greatly enrich your life.
≠ impoverish
Maze 1 a complicated and confusing
arrangement of streets, roads etc
I was led through a maze of corridors.
2 a large number of rules, instructions etc which are complicated and difficult to understand
a maze of new laws
3 a specially designed system of paths, often in a park or public garden, which is difficult to find your way through
We got completely lost in the maze.
the famous Hampton Court maze
4 a children's game on paper in which you try to draw a line through a complicated group of lines without crossing any of them
Dim
dark fairly dark or not giving much light, so
that you cannot see well[≠ bright]
in the dim light of the early dawn
a dim glow
Synapse the place where nerve cells meet,
especially in the brain
—synaptic adjective
Cerebellum
مخچه
Stalk to follow a person or animal quietly in
order to catch and attack or kill
them [↪ shadow]
a tiger stalking its prey
We know the rapist stalks his victims at night.
Pounce
to suddenly move forward and attack someone or something, after waiting to attack them
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The cat was hiding in the bushes, ready to pounce.
pounce on
Kevin pounced on Liam and started hitting him.
Comparative
Relative
After a lifetime of poverty, his last few years were spent in comparable comfort.
She didn't want to leave the comparative safety of the shelter.
Courtship
special behavior used by animals to attract each other for sex
courtship rituals
Courtship and mating in animals
Submissive
always willing to obey someone and never disagreeing with them, even if they are unkind to you [≠ assertive]
In those days women were expected to be quiet and submissive.
Countless
too many to be counted
a famous film clip which has been shown countless times
Peer
your peers are the people who are the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc
American children did less well in math than their peers in Japan.
Staff members are trained by their peers.
Aggression
angry or threatening behavior or feelings that often result in fighting
Television violence can encourage aggression in children.
aggression towards
Our dogs have never shown aggression towards other dogs.
Delineate
1 to describe or draw something carefully so that people can understand it
The document delineates your rights and your obligations.
2 to make the borders between two areas very clear:
The boundaries of these areas should be clearly delineated.
Wag
if a dog wags its tail, or if its tail wags, the dog moves its tail many times from one side to the other
Tail
دم حیوان
Potentially
Possibly
Likely
something that is potentially dangerous, useful etc is not dangerous etc now, but may become so in the future
a potentially dangerous situation
Reading 2
Pace – enliven – increment – all but – obscure – innumerable – comforting – posit – locality - compelling – clam – jerky – uneven – conceive – occasionally - exhaustive
Pace The speed at which something
happens The pace of Evolutionary change
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Enliven to make something more interesting Humour can help enliven a dull
subject.
Increment
a regular increase in the amount of money someone is paid
a salary of £18,000, with annual increments of 2.5%
All but
Almost completely
Changes are all but invisible over the short time.
Obscure
1 to make something difficult to know or understand
Recent successes have obscured the fact that the company is still in trouble.
2 to prevent something from being seen or heard clearly
The view was obscured by mist.
Innumerable very many, or too many to be counted
[= countless]
She's served on innumerable committees.
Comforting
Reassuring
Making you feel less worried
His voice was strangely comforting.
Posit
to suggest that a particular idea should be accepted as a fact
posit that
He posited that each planet moved in a perfect circle.
Locality a small area of a country, city
etc [= area]
weather reports from several different localities
in the locality
Both sea fishing and fresh water angling are available in the locality.
Compelling
Persuasive
1 compelling reason/argument/case etc
an argument etc that makes you feel certain that something is true or that you must do something about it
The court was presented with compelling evidence that she'd murdered her husband.
2 very interesting or exciting, so that you have to pay attention
His life makes a compelling story.
Clam
a shellfish you can eat that has a shell in two parts that open up
clam chowder (=a type of soup)
Jerky
jerky movements are rough, with many starts and stops [≠ smooth]
His skin was dry and hot, his breathing rapid and jerky.
The bus came to a jerky halt.
Uneven 1 not smooth, flat, or level
She walked back carefully over the uneven ground.
2 not regular
His breathing had become uneven.
3 not equal or equally balanced
an uneven distribution of resources
4 good in some parts and bad in others
an uneven performance
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Conceive to imagine a particular situation or to
think about something in a particular way
(cannot) conceive of (doing) something
Many people can't conceive of a dinner without meat or fish.
conceive that
He could not conceive that anything really serious could be worrying his friend.
conceive what/why/how etc
I can hardly conceive what it must be like here in winter.
conceive of something/somebody as something
Language may be conceived of as a process which arises from social interaction.
Occasionally
Once in a while Sometimes, but not regularly , not
often
Occasionally Alice would look up from her books.
We only see each other very occasionally (=rarely).
Exhaustive extremely thorough and complete
an exhaustive investigation
The list is by no means exhaustive.
Reading 3
Collective – ration – compatible – authoritative – discrepancy – discord – strife – drive out – ironically – undermine - Equinox – reckon – municipal – spoil – pilgrimage – sacred – relic – ingenuity – relentless - pioneer
Collective shared or made by every member of a
group or society
a collective decision made by all board members
our collective responsibility for the environment
Ration 1 to control the supply of something
because there is not enough Fuel was rationed during the war.
2 to allow someone only a small amount of something
the need to ration health care resources
diets which ration fat
ration somebody/something to somethin
He rationed himself to 4 cigarettes a day.
I try to ration the children's television viewing to an hour a day.
Compatible
1 if two pieces of computer equipment are compatible, they can be used together, especially when they are made by different
companies[↪ compatibility]
The new software is IBM compatible (=can be used with IBM computers).
2 able to exist or be used together without causing
problems [↪ compatibility]
Stephen's political views often weren't compatible with her own.
3 two people that are compatible are able to have a good relationship because they have similar opinions or interests
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authoritative 1 Official
2 an authoritative book, account etc is respected because the person who wrote it knows a lot about the subject
the most authoritative work on English surnames
3 behaving or speaking in a confident, determined way that makes people respect and obey you
He has a commanding presence and an authoritative voice.
Discrepancy
a difference between two amounts, details, reports etc that should be the same
discrepancy in
Police found discrepancies in the two men's reports.
discrepancy between
There is a large discrepancy between the ideal image of motherhood and the reality.
Discord
1 disagreement or arguing between people
marital discord
discord within NATO
Strife
trouble between two or more people or groups [= conflict]
ethnic/religious/civil etc strife
a time of political strife
Drive out
1 to force someone or something to leave
Downtown stores are being driven out by crime.
2 written to make something stop existing
As we went forward, our fear was
driven out by horror.
Ironically
1 used when talking about a situation in which the opposite of what you expected happens or is true
Ironically, his cold got better on the last day of his holiday.
2 in a way that shows you really mean the opposite of what you are saying
'Oh, no problem!' said Terry, ironically.
Undermine
to gradually make someone or something less strong or effective
economic policies that threaten to undermine the health care system
undermine somebody's confidence/authority/position/credibility etcThe constant criticism was beginning to undermine her confidence.
Equinox
one of the two times in a year when night and day are of equal length
the spring equinox
Reckon
(spoken)
to think or suppose something
reckon (that)Do you reckon he'll agree to see us?
The police reckon that whoever killed Dad was with him earlier that day.
'There's nothing we can do about it.' 'You reckon (=used to express doubt or disagreement)?'
Municipal relating to or belonging to the
government of a town or city
the municipal waste dump
municipal elections
TPO 1 – 30
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Spoil
things taken by an army from a defeated enemy, or things taken by thieves
the spoils of war/victory etc
Pilgrimage
1 a journey to a holy place for religious reasons
make a pilgrimage/go on (a) pilgrimage
the chance to go on pilgrimage to Mecca
2 a journey to a place connected with someone or something famous
Presley's home has become a place of pilgrimage.
Sacred relating to a god or religion
a sacred vow
the miraculous powers of sacred relics
Certain animals were considered sacred.
sacred to
The land is sacred to these tribesmen.
Relic 1 an old object or custom that reminds people of the past or that has lived on from a past time
Roman relics found in a field
relic of
the books and photos, relics of Rob's university days
Everything in the house seemed old and untouched, like relics of an ancient time.
Ingenuity
Skill at inventing things and thinking of new ideas
Relentless
1 strict, cruel, or determined, without ever stopping
her relentless determination to succeed
a regime that was relentless in its persecution of dissidents
2 something bad that is relentless continues without ever stopping or getting less severe [= endless]
the relentless crying of a small baby
a family facing relentless financial problems
Pioneer 1 someone who is important in the
early development of something, and whose work or ideas are later developed by other people
pioneer of
John Whitney was a pioneer of computer animation.
He was a pioneer in the field of biotechnology.
2 one of the first people to travel to a new country or area and begin living there, farming etc
the early pioneers of the Dakota territory