Training WorkshopEnvironment Statistics Concepts and
Frameworks Providing the Foundation for Official Environment Statistics of Qatar
Doha, Qatar23-25 September, 2012
Core Set of Environment and Sustainable Development Indicators For the Arab Region
Adel Farid Abdel-KaderRegional Coordinator- West AsiaEarly Warning and Assessment
UNEP
Knowledge gained from data is fundamental to our understanding of environmental issues as well as for communicating information to policy makers and other groups in society.
However, without good quality, relevant data and indicators, the assessment loses not only valuable communication tools, but also credibility and the ability to measure progress towards sustainability goals and objectives.
Introduction
Maps
Images
Graphs
TablesPictures
Videos
Data and Indicators
• Data are neutral facts.
Why Measure?
Societies measure what they care about on the
basis that: If you can't measure it,you can't manage it !!
A Framework for Data Flows
EDB
Economic Development Board
National Planning Development Strategies
Disaggregated Data + Statistics
Integrated Databases
Disaggregated Indicators
Indicators Profiles
Simple Indices
CompositeIndices
Total Quantity of Information
Continuum from Data to Indices: From narrow to broad views
IncreasingSynoptics and
Integration
What are the relevant issues?
• Desertification• Water resources
management• Climate change• Quality of the urban
environment• Eutrophication
• Fish resources decline
• Toxic contamination• Oil resources• Disposal of waste • Depletion of the
ozone layer• Loss of Biodiversity
• Types of data
In this session…
• Quantitative
• Qualitative
• Spatial data
• Non-spatial data
Prioritize the issues
Criteria for Issue Selection Urgency & immediate impactIrreversibilityEffects on human healthEffects on economic productivityNumber of people affectedLoss of aesthetic values Impacts on cultural and historical heritages
Theme & Issue
Monitoring and Data Collection of
Environmental Trends and Conditions
• Monitoring provides tangible information on a regular basis over an extended period of time about past and present conditions of the environment.
• Monitoring can be used to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of policies implemented and actions taken.
1 February to 11 March 2006
Data Collection Steps
1) Develop a plan for data collection, considering,
a. What type of data is needed?b. What data needs are higher priority?c. What are the criteria for data collected,
including quality and cost?
2) Survey data availability for the different components of your assessment.
Steps for Data Collection
and Compilation
Source: UNEP/DEIA, Rump, P.C. (1996). State of the Environment Reporting: Source Book of Methods and Approaches. UNEP/DEIA/TR.96-1, UNEP, Nairobi.
Environmental Indicators
Environmental Indicators
• Indicator: A Parameter, or a Value Derived from parameters, Which Points to, Provides Information About, Describes the State of Environment with Significance Extending Beyond that Directly Associated with a Parameter value.
• Parameter: A property That Is Measured or Observed.
What is indicator?
• The term indicator comes from the Latin indicate, which means to point out. Indicator could also be defined as a parameter, or a value derived from parameters, which points to, provides information about, and describes the state of a phenomenon/ environment/ area.
• Environmental indicators : are scientific measurements that track environmental conditions over time.
• An indicator is something that helps you understand where you are, which way you are going and how far you are from where you want to be.
Descriptive and performance indicators
• Descriptive indicators show trends in degradation or improvement of a situation.
• Performance indicators show not only trends but distance to some threshold or goal associated with a time schedule, set by environmental policy.
General criteria for the selection of environmental indicators
• Sensitive• Policy relevant and acceptable• Measurability• Simplicity• Reliability• Validity• Predictability• Time – series data
Indicators should be SMART
specific,
measurable,
achievable,
relevant
and time-bound
Theme/Sub-theme Framework
• The rationale for the theme framework is to better assist national policy decision-making and performance measurement.
Themes For Our Meeting• Theme 1: Poverty• Theme 2: Governance • Theme 3: Health• Theme 4: Education• Theme 5: Demographics• Theme 6: Peace and Security• Theme 7: Atmosphere • Theme 8: Agriculture/Land• Theme 9: Coastal and Marine Environment• Theme 10: Water• Theme 11: Biodiversity• Theme 12: Economic Development • Theme 13: Global Partnership• Theme 14: Consumption and Production Patterns
DPSIR Framework
• Driver – Pressure – State – Impact - Response
• Shows relationships between human activity and ecosystem well-being and is used for GEO - 4.
HUMAN SOCIETY
ENVIRONMENT
STATE and TRENDS
IMPACTS
Human wellbeing
Economic, Social Goods & Services
RESPONSES
Mitigation and adaptation
PRESSURES
Sectors:
Human influences:
Natural processes:
DRIVERS
Step 2Step 1
Step 1
Step 1
Step 3
Step 1 What is happening to the environment and why?
Step 2 What are the consequences for the environment and humanity?
Step 3 What is being done and how effective is it?
Ecosystem Services
Indirect influence through human development
Direct influence through human interventions
Water, land, atmosphere, biodiversity
DPSIR Framework
• Driver – Pressure – State – Impact - Response
• Shows relationships between human activity and ecosystem well-being.
HUMAN SOCIETY
ENVIRONMENT
STATE and TRENDS
RESPONSES
Oil spill clean upOil tanker technology incentives
PRESSURES
Petroleum / Oil and Gas
Oil spills
ContaminationToxic effectsSmothering
DRIVERS
Step 2Step 1
Step 1
Step 1
Step 3
Step 1 What is happening to the environment and why?
Step 2 What are the consequences for the environment and humanity?
Step 3 What is being done and how effective is it?
Energy Demand
Direct influence through human interventions
Coastal water quality
declining.
COASTAL AND MARINE WATER
IMPACTS Wellbeing- Health - Recreation- Tourism- Fisheries
Services- Clean water- Biodiversity
Indices
What are Indices?
• Consist of multiple indicators combined into a composite or aggregated unit
• Are often used to assess and compare performance against benchmarks or among performers
• If using to inform policy, it is paramount that that the indicators are well constructed and accurately interpreted
Data Analysis
• Non-spatial data analysis• Spatial data analysis• Linkages to Module 7 on physical
presentation of data
Prioritize the issues
Criteria for Issue Selection Urgency & immediate impactIrreversibilityEffects on human healthEffects on economic productivityNumber of people affectedLoss of aesthetic values Impacts on cultural and historical heritages
Theme & Issue
Steps of Environment & Development Indicators
• Identifying priority environment and development issues;
• Prioritizing the issues relevant to different sectors and media;
• Identifying indicators needed;
• Identifying data available and data gaps relevant to these issues;
• Identifying responsible institutions for data that is available;
• Assessing the possibilities of generating data, where and when needed, to fulfill data gaps;
• Identifying tentative list of indicators relevant to your issue;
• Collecting data and calculating indicators.
Themes for the Core Set
• Theme 1: Poverty
• Theme 2: Governance
• Theme 3: Health
• Theme 4: Education
• Theme 5: Demographics
• Theme 6: Peace and Security
• Theme 7: Atmosphere
Themes for the Core Set
• Theme 8: Agriculture/Land
• Theme 9: Coastal and Marine Environment
• Theme 10: Water
• Theme 11: Biodiversity
• Theme 12: Economic Development
• Theme 13: Global Partnership
• Theme 14: Consumption and Production Patterns
Theme No. Sub-Themes
No. of Indicators
1. Poverty 6 8
2. Governance 2 2
3. Health 4 11
4. Education 2 5
5. Demographics 2 5
6. Peace and Security 1 2
7. Atmosphere 2 3
Theme No. Sub-Themes No. of Indicators
8. Agriculture/Land 3 6
9. Coastal and Marine Environment
2 3
10. Water 5 5
11. Biodiversity 3 5
12. Economic Development
5 13
13. Global Partnership 2 5
14. Consumption and Production Patterns
4 12
Total 43 85
Theme 1: Poverty issues and indicators
Theme 1: Poverty
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Income Poverty Income Poverty
proportion of population living below national poverty line - core indicator
percent of population livingbelow national poverty line
proportion of population below $1a day
proportion of population belowinternational poverty line ($1 or $2
Income Inequality Income Inequality
ratio of share in national income of highest to lowest quintile
ratio of share in national incomeof highest to lowest quintile
Sanitation Sanitation
proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility
proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, urban and rural
Theme: Poverty issues and indicators (continued)
Drinking Water Drinking Water
Proportion of population using an improved water source
Proportion of population with access to safe drinking water
Access to Energy Access to Energy
Share of households withoutelectricity or other modern energy services
Share of households without access to electricity or commercial energy
Living Conditions Living Conditions
Percentage of population using solid fuels for cooking
Proportion of urban population living in slums
Proportion of population living in slums
Theme 2: Governance issues and indicators
Theme 2: Governance
SUBTHEME/ Issue – CSD SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Corruption Good Governance
Percentage of population havingpaid bribes- core indicator
The proportion of cases in the ministry of justice which action has been taken within specific time period of the total cases recorded during the same period
Crime Crime
Number of intentional homicides per 100,000 population- core
Number of recorded violent crimes and homicides per 100,000 population
Theme 3: Health issues and indicators
Theme 3: Health
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Mortality Mortality
Under-five mortality rate - core indicator
Mortality rate under 5 year old
Life expectancy at birth- core Life expectancy at birth
Healthy life expectancy at birth Healthy life years expectancies
Health Care Delivery Health Care Delivery
Percent of population with access to primary health care facilities (core)
Percent of population with access to primary health care facilities (core)
Immunization against infectiouschildhood diseases (core)
Immunization against infectious childhood diseases
Contraceptive prevalence rate Contraceptive prevalence rate
Theme: Health issues and indicators (continued)
Nutritional Status Nutritional Status
Nutritional status of children Nutritional status of children (percentage of underweight and obese children)
Health Status and Risks Health Status and Risks
Morbidity of major diseases suchas HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis (core)
Prevalence of major diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Tuberculosis
Prevalence of tobacco use Smoking prevalence
Suicide rate Prevalence of mental health problems (suicide rates as proxy)
Theme 4: Education issues and indicators
Theme 4: Education
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Education Level Education Level
Gross intake ratio to last grade of primary education (core indicator)
Gross intake into last year of primary education, by sex
Net enrolment rate in primaryeducation (core)
Net enrolment rate in primary education
Adult secondary (tertiary) schooling attainment level (core)
Adult secondary (tertiary) schooling attainment level, by sex
Life long learning Life long learning
Literacy Literacy
Adult literacy rate Adult literacy rate, by sex
Theme 5: Demographics issues and indicators
Theme 5: Demographics
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Population Population Change
Population growth rate (core) Population growth rate, rural and urban
Dependency ratio (core) Percent of rural population from total
Total fertility rate total fertility rate
Dependency ration (young and old)
Tourism Migration [to be confirmed]
Ratio of local residents to touristsin major tourist regions and destinations
Rate of Migration from rural to urban areas [to be confirmed]
Theme 6: Natural Hazards/ Peace and Security issues and indicators
Theme 6: Natural Hazards Theme 6: Peace and Security
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Vulnerability to Natural Hazards Absence of Peace and Security
Percentage of population living in hazard prone areas (core)
Number of people displaced andrefugees due to wars
Economic and human loss due towar, as percentage of population and of GDP
Disaster Preparedness and Response
Human and economic loss dueto natural disasters
Theme 7: Atmosphere issues and indicators
Theme 7: Atmosphere
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Climate Change Climate Change
Carbon dioxide emissions (core) Emissions of greenhouse gases
Emissions of greenhouse gases
Ozone Layer Depletion Ozone Layer Depletion
Consumption of ozone depletingsubstances
Consumption of ozone depletingsubstances
Air Quality Air Quality
Ambient concentration of airpollutants in urban areas
Ambient concentration of airpollutants in urban areas
Theme 8: Land/ Agriculture issues and indicators
Theme 8:Land/ Agriculture
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Land Use and Status Land Use
Land use change Land use change
Land degradation
Desertification Land Degradation - Desertification
Land affected by desertification Land affected by desertification/degradation
Vegetation cover/composition
Agriculture Agriculture
Arable and permanent croplandarea (core)
Arable and permanent crop land area
Fertilizer use efficiency Use of fertilizers
Use of agricultural pesticides Use of agricultural pesticides
Area under organic farming
Theme 8: Land/ Agriculture issues and indicators (continued)
Forest
Proportion of land area covered by forests (core)
Percent of forest trees damagedby defoliation
Area of forest under sustainable forest management
Theme 9: Oceans and Marine Environment issues and indicators
theme 9: Oceans, Seas and Coasts
theme 9: Coastal and Marine Environment
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Coastal Zone Coastal Degradation
percentage of total population living in coastal areas (core)
percent of total population living in coastal areas
bathing water quality annual fish catch
percentage of coastal land reclamation
Fisheries
proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
Theme: Oceans, Seas and Coastsissues and indicators (continued)
Marine Environment Marine Pollution
proportion of marine area protected (core)
releases of nitrogen and phosphorus to coastal waters
marine tropic index
area of coral reef ecosystems and percentage live cover
Theme 10: Freshwater/ Water issues and indicators
Theme 10: Freshwater Theme 10: Water
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Water Quantity (core) Availability of Water by Source
proportion of total water resources used annual withdrawals of ground and surface water as a percent of available water
water use intensity by economic activity
Water Quality Water Demand/ Utilization of Water Efficiency
presence of faecal coliforms in freshwater (core)
annual utilization or withdrawals of water by type(agriculture domestic industrial commercial, others demand
biochemical oxygen demand in water bodies
wastewater treatment waste water treatment by category (primary, secondary, tertiary) in urban areas
Theme 10: Freshwater/ Water issues and indicators
Water Pollution
BOD in Water Bodies[to be confirmed]
Water Management
Wastewater Treatment Coverage [to be confirmed]
Access to Water
Access to Safe Drinking Water [to be confirmed]
Theme 12: Economic Development issues and indicators
Theme 11: Biodiversity
Ecosystem Degradation of Ecosystem
Abundance of key species Abundance of Selected Key Species
Proportion of terrestrial area protected, total and by ecological region
Protected Area as a Percent of Total Area
Area of Selected Key Ecosystems Area of Selected Key Ecosystems
Management effectiveness of protected areas Loss of Species
Fragmentation of habitats Percentage of Threatened Species
Species Alien (invasive) Species
Change in threat status of species Number of Alien (invasive) Species/Abundance
Abundance of invasive alien species
Theme 12: Economic Development issues and indicators
Theme 12: Economic Development
Macroeconomic Performance Macroeconomic Performance (new indicator)
gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (core)
GDP per capita
investment share in GDP (core) investment share in GDP
gross saving net saving rate
adjusted net savings as percentage of grossnational income (GNI)
cost of environmental degradation(optional)
inflation rate inflation
Sustainable Pubic Finance Sustainable Pubic Finance
debt to GNI ratio (core) debt to GNP ratio
Employment Employment
labor productivity and unit labor cost (core) labor productivity by sector
share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector (core)
employment rate, disaggregated by sex
share of women in wage employment inthe non-agricultural sector (core)
employment status, by sex
vulnerable employment
Theme 12: Economic Development issues and indicators (continued)
Information and Communication Technologies
Information and Communication Technologies
internet users per 100 population (core) internet users per 100 population
fixed telephone lines per 100 population fixed telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population
mobile cellular telephone subscribersper 100 population
unit labor costs by sector
personal computer per 100 population (could be deleted, depending on the outcome of revision on MDG indicators)
Research and Development
gross domestic expenditure on R&D asa percent of GDP
Tourism Tourism
tourism contribution to GDP (core) tourism contribution to GDP and employment
Theme 13: Global Economic Partnership issues and indicators
Theme 13: Global Economic Partnership Theme 13: Global Partnership
Trade Trade
Current account deficit as percentage of GDP (core)
Current account deficit as percentage of GDP
Share of imports from developing countries and from LDCs
Share of imports and exports by sector for total GDP
Average tariff barriers imposed on exports form developing countries and LDCs
External Financing External Financing
Net official development assistance(ODA) given or received as a percentage of GNI (core)
Total official development assistance (ODA) given or received as a percentage of GNI
Foreign direct investment (FDI) net inflows and net outflows as percentage of GDP
Net FDI inflows and outflows as percentage of GNI
Remittances as percentage of GNI Remittances as percentage of GNP (inflows and outflows)
Technology Transfer
Received assistance from developed countries & organizations
Theme 14: Consumption and production patterns issues and indicators
Theme 14: Consumption and production patterns
Theme 14: Consumption and production patterns
Material Consumption Material Consumption
material intensity of the economy (core) intensity of material use
domestic material consumption annual material use per capita, total and by sector
Energy Use Energy Use and Production
annual energy consumption, total and by main user category (core)
annual (commercial) energy consumption per capita, total and per sector
intensity of energy use, total and by economic activity (core)
share of consumption of renewable energy resources
share of renewable energy sourcesin total energy use
intensity of energy use electricity generation by fuel (new added indicator)
Theme 14: Consumption and production patterns issues and indicators (continued)
Waste Generation and Management Waste Generation and Management
generation of hazardous waste (core) generation of waste by industry /sector
waste treatment and disposal (core) generation of hazardous waste
generation of waste management of radioactive waste
management of radioactive waste waste treatment and disposal by method of treatment (recycled, incinerated, land filled)
Transportation Transportation
modal split of passenger transportation (core)
share of cars in passenger transportation
modal split of freight transport road share of freight transport
energy intensity of transport fuel use by distance of passenger transportation (energy intensity of transport
METHODOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION EXAMPLS THEME: WATER
Arab Region
Subthemes: Indicator
Availability of water by source Annual Availability of conventional water
Definition:
Assess the conventional water which is the freshwater resources and their availability in a country (surface water resources or runoff and groundwater
CSD
Subthemes: Indicator
Water Quantity Proportion of total water resources used
Definition:
Total annual volume of groundwater and surface water withdrawn from their source for human use; expressed as percentage of the total volume of water available annually through the hydrological cycle (total renewable water resources). The terms water resources and water use are understood as freshwater resources and freshwater use.
METHODOLOGICAL DEFINITION EXAMPLS THEME: Biodiversity
Arab Africa Regions
Subthemes: Indicator
Degradation of Ecosystem Area of selected key ecosystems
Definition:
This indicator will use trends in the extent area of identified key ecosystems to assess the relative effectiveness of measures for conserving biodiversity at ecosystem level and as a tool to estimate the need for specific conservation measures to maintain the biological diversity in a country or region
CSD
Subthemes: Indicator
Ecosystem Area of selected key ecosystems
Definition:
This indicator will use trends in the extent area of identified key ecosystems to assess the relative effectiveness of measures for conserving biodiversity at ecosystem level and as a tool to estimate the need for specific conservation measures to maintain the biological diversity in a country or region
METHODOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
THEME/SUBTHEME
1- INDICATOR
Name
Brief Definition
Unit of Measurement
Placement in the CSD Indicator set
2- POLICY RELEVANCE
Purpose
Relevance to Sustainable/Unsustainable Development (theme/sub-theme)
International Conventions and Agreements
International Targets/Recommended Standards
Linkages to Other Indicators
METHODOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
3- METHODOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION
Underlying Definitions and Concepts
Measurement Methods
Limitations of the Indicator
Status of Methodology
Alternative Definitions/Indicators
4- ASSESSMENT DATA
Data Needed to Compile the Indicator
National and International Data Availability and Sources
Data References
5- AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDICATOR
Lead Agency
Other Contributing Organizations
METHODOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
6- REFERENCES
Readings
Internet site
Vision
“Enable global leaders, innovators and decision-makers to focus on an issue critical to the conservation of our planet ... ensuring effective access to the world’s expanding pool of environmental and societal data by all of those who need it.”
Objectives
• Eye on Earth’s (EoE) mission is to connect networks and people to bridge the environmental knowledge gap for a more sustainable future
Special Initiatives
• Eye on Water Security• Eye on Oceans & Blue Carbon• Eye on Biodiversity• Eye on Community Sustainability & Resilie
ncy• Eye on Disaster Management• Eye on Access for All• Eye on Environmental Education• Eye on Global Network of Networks
• Data networks • Earth observations• Analytical tools
and methods• Indicator
development• Access and review
of scientific literature
• Partnerships with science community
Manage Key Data and Information
Synthesize and Communicate
Knowledge
Support Decision Making
Policy Analysis ACTION
Bringing Science to Policy and Action
• Policy relevant outputs
• Tools for policy analysis
• Environmental law training
• Communication and outreach
• Policy analysis
• Policy development
• Internationa/ Regional/ National implementation
• Departments• Government• NGOs, IGOs• UNDAC
UNEP Sub- programmes
Medium-Term Strategy 2010-13
• Scientific environmental assessments and outlooks
• Emerging issues and hot-spots
• E-learning tools• Science experts
and networks• Scientific
Collaborating Centres
Science Strategy
Catalyzing and Capacity Building
Succeeding Through Strategic Partnerships
National Environmental Information Network- Thematic and functional mix of nodes
Thank you