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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PROJECT REPORT
MECON LIMITED
(A Govt. of India Enterprise)
Ranchi- 834002
SUBMITTED BY
DEVANSHU KUMAR
ROLL No.10901160911
BHAGWANT UNIVERSITY
AJMER, RAJASTHAN
TRAINING DATE04.06.2012 TO 13.07.2012
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Working in an illustrated company like MECON was a great learning experience. I am
thankful to MECON LIMITED for providing me the opportunity to work and learn under the
guidance of MR. MAINAK MOITRA, without whom. I would have never been able to complete
the project. I would also like to thank MR. M.S.S.N MURTHY for his support.
Working under them was an experience unparalleled. I would be forever indebted to themfor the knowledge, support and guidance they provided during the project
DEVANSHU KUMAR
B.E. Final year
BHAGWANT UNIVERSITY
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INDEX
S.No CONTENT Page No.1. COMPANY PROFILE
2. CC-TV SYSTEM
3. TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
4. FIRE ALARM & DETECTION SYSTEM
5. LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEM
6. CONCLUSION
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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COMPANYS PROFILE
MECONMECON Limited, formerly known as (Metallurgical & Engineering Consultants (India)
Limited) is a Public Sector Undertaking under the Ministry of Steel of the Government of India.
It began in 1959 as the Central Engineering and Designing Bureau (CEDB) of the HindustanSteel Limited (HSL), the first public sector steel company. Subsequently, CEDB grew as
Metallurgical and Engineering Consultant (MECON), a subsidiary of the Steel Authority of India
Limited (SAIL) in 1973. It later became an autonomous company reporting to the Ministry of
Steel in 1978. 1st April is observed as Foundation Day in MECON.
MECON Limited provides services in Power, Energy & Environment, Infrastructure, Oil & Gas,
Metallurgy and other specialized areas. MECON is the first engineering consultancyorganization in India to be accredited with the ISO 9001 certification.
MECON GLIMPSES:
MECON LIMITED is a public sector undertaking under the Ministry of Steel,Government of India.
MECON LIMITED established in 1959 under the aegis of Central Engineering & DesignBureau (CEDB), is Indias frontline engineering, consultancy and contracting
organization, offering full range of services required for setting up of Project fromconcept to commissioning including turnkey execution.
MECON is a multi- disciplinary firm with 1285 experienced & dedicated engineers,scientists and technologists, having a network of offices spread all over the country,
experienced in handling consultancy assignments and EPC Projects.
MECON has played a significant role in the development and expansion of IndianIndustries. MECON is an ISO: 9001:2008 company and is registered with international
financial institutions like WB, ADB, AFDB and has technological tie-ups with worldleaders.
MISSION:
"Developing into an internationally recognized centre of excellence for providing quality
services in technical consultancy, design & engineering, design & supply of plant, equipment &systems, Project implementation from concept to commissioning for industrial development and
up gradation ventures, development of infrastructure and other service sectors."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Sector_Undertakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Steel_%28India%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustan_Steel_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustan_Steel_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Steel_%28India%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Steel_%28India%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Steel_%28India%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Steel_%28India%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustan_Steel_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindustan_Steel_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Steel_%28India%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Sector_Undertaking -
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QUALITY POLICY :
KEY AREAS OF ACTIVITIES :
METALS
Iron Making
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Steel Making Rolling Mills Non- Ferrous By- products & Chemicals Raw Materials & Mining
Beach Sand Mining & Mineral Beneficiation Refractories Research & Development
POWER
Power Plant- Thermal & Hydel Transmission & Distribution Non- conventional Energy sources Energy Management & Audit RLA & RMU Studies
OIL & GAS
Oil & Gas Pipelines Petrochemicals & Refineries CNG stations & City GAS Distribution POL Depots LPG bulk storage, handling, bottling & transportation Group Gathering station. Off-shore platforms & marine pipelines Retail Outlets
INFRASTRUCTURE
Civil & Structural Engineering Architecture & Town Planning Ports & Material Handling Roads, Bridges, Highways & Flyovers Defence Sector Environmental Engineering Hydro Engineering Information Technology Techno- Economics and Management Consultancy Services Healthcare Sector
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CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION
SYSTEM (CCTV)
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Introduction
As the name implies, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is a system in which the circuit is
closed and all the elements are directly connected. This is unlike broadcast television where any
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receiver that is correctly tuned can pick up the signal from the airwaves. Directly connected in
this context includes systems linked by microwave, infrared beams, etc.
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use ofvideo cameras to transmit a signal to a specific
place, on a limited set of monitors.
It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may
employ point to point (P2P), point to multipoint, or mesh wireless links. Though almost all video
cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used forsurveillance in areasthat may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, military installations, and convenience
stores.
In industrial plants, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central
control room, for example when the environment is not suitable for humans. CCTV systems may
operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form ofCCTV, utilizing Digital Video Recorders (DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years,
with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as motion-detectionand email alerts). More recently, decentralized IP-based CCTV cameras, some equipped with
megapixel sensors, support recording directly to network-attached storage devices, or internalflash for completely stand-alone operation.
The Applications for CCTV
Probably the most widely known use of CCTV is in security systems and such applications asretail shops, banks, government establishments, etc. The true scope for applications is almost
unlimited. Some examples are listed below.
Monitoring traffic on a bridge. Recording the inside of a baking oven to find the cause of problems. A temporary system to carry out a traffic survey in a town centre. Time lapse recording for the animation of plasticine puppets. Used by the stage manager of a show to see obscured parts of a set. The well-publicised use at football stadiums. Hidden in buses to control vandalism. Recording the birth of a gorilla at a zoo.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Video_Recordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-attached_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-attached_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Video_Recordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera -
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Making a wildlife program using a large model helicopter. Reproducing the infrared vision of a goldfish! Aerial photography from a hot air balloon. Production control in a factory.
The list is almost endless and only limited by the imagination.
A mobile closed-circuit TV van monitoring a street market
The shop manager provides the closedcircuit television system for Control and supervision of
technological processes at points, which are difficult to be observed directly, or which require
monitoring from a remote control centre & General supervision.
Some of the uses are discussed in details:
>>Industrial processes
Industrial processes that take place under conditions dangerous for humans are today oftensupervised by CCTV. These are mainly processes in the chemical industry, the interior of
reactors or facilities for manufacture ofnuclear fuel. Special cameras for some of these purposes
include line-scan cameras and thermo graphic cameras which allow operators to measure the
temperature of the processes. The usage of CCTV in such processes is sometimes required bylaw.
>>Traffic monitoring
Many cities and motorway networks have extensive traffic-monitoring systems, using closed-circuit television to detect congestion and notice accidents. Many of these cameras however, are
owned by private companies and transmit data to drivers'GPSsystems.
TheHighways Agencyhas a publicly-owned CCTV network of over 1,200 cameras covering the
English motorway and trunk road network. These cameras are primarily used to monitor trafficconditions and are not used asspeed cameras. With the addition of fixed cameras for theActive
Traffic Managementsystem, the number of cameras on the Highways Agency's CCTV network
is likely to increase significantly over the next few years.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#Line-scan_camera_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#Line-scan_camera_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Traffic_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Traffic_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Traffic_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Traffic_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Traffic_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Traffic_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#Line-scan_camera_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry -
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TV CAMERA:
The camera unit shall be complete with all electronic circuitry, devices, components,control switches, standard mount foe lenses, mounting assemblies etc. Controls like
back focus lens select, phase adjustment, power ON/OFF etc. provided at the rear for on
the spot adjustment.
The mounting assemblies of the cameras shall be individually selected depending upon
the special requirements as per actual site conditions. The camera mounting platform
shall be suitable for, mounting the camera assembly on the walls/ false ceilings/ column/structures as per the area to be covered by the individual camera.
Technical data Camera:
TV system : CCIR-PAL, 625 lines, and 50 fields/sec.
Scanning system : 2:1 interlaced scanningMinimum scene : 10 lux for usable picture illuminationVideo output : 1.0V (p-p), 75 ohms
Lens type : Motorized zoom / fixed focal length
The camera mounting platform shall be suitable for mounting the camera assembly on
walls/ false ceilings/ column/ structures as per the area to be covered by the individual
camera.
The camera lenses shall be remote controlled motorized zoom/ fixed focal length type.
The choice of lenses, their focal length and viewing angle shall be judiciously done for
effective monitoring suited to the specific application requirements in the shop floor.
Auto iris lenses with internal spot filters shall be used for varying lighting conditions.
Protective Arrangements:
To protect the CCTV camera from high temperature, dust, humidity, corrosion of the
steel plant environment, weather proof housing (conforming to IP 54) shall be providedfor the cameras.
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The housing shall be made of rugged die-cast aluminium alloy and painted against
corrosion. All latches fasteners and mounting used in the weatherproof housing shall beof anti corrosion/ anti rust metal. Heavy duty type wash & wipe unit for cleaning the
front glass of the housing and blower fan for cooling the housing shall be provided as
part of the weather proof housing. The control for the wash & wipe unit blower unitshall be provided in the control panel at the operators deck.
Water cooling jacket for the camera
At the locations where the ambient temperature is high, the protective camerahousings will be provided with water cooling jacket to protect the camera againsthigh temperature in against high temperature in areas having ambient
temperature up to 120 degrees Celsius. Cooling water will be supplied to the
jacket continuously to cool the camera and keep it frilly efficient & operational.
Double walled stainless steel housing will be provided for protective camera
high temperature. Back cover of the water cooled housing will be detachable so
that the camera can be taken out / installed from the rear for service andinspection.
The cooling jacket will have temperature sensor to monitor the temperature ofthe camera, a toughened glass front, filter & an annuciator. Whenever the camera
temperature crosses the upper threshold limit of the desired temperature there
will be audio visual indication in the control panel at the operator desk.
Technical Parameter
SL. NO. DESCRIPTION PARAMETERS
1. Type of camera used C/CS
2. Temperature range 60-120 degree Celsius
3. Cooling water Industrial grade cooling waterat 35 degree Celsius
PAN AND TILT UNIT:
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The remote controlled pan & tilt unit shall be rugged in construction and smooth in
operation. This unit shall be used to cover large area of interest for surveillance in
different directions, as required by the control room operator.
The unit shall be suitable for mounting on walls / column / structures / hanging from
ceiling to meet the indoor surveillance requirement. The unit shall have completefreedom of movement throughout the entire pan & tilt scan.
The unit shall comprise of pan & tilt head and control unit. The control unit shall be
installed in the control panel at the operators deck. The remote control unit shall bedesigned to move the camera both in horizontal and vertical planes.
Operating angle : Horizontal 0 to 355 degree, Vertical +/- 90 degree
Operating speed : Panning 4 degree/second, Tilting 4 degree/second
SL. NO. DESCRIPTION PARAMETERS
1. Angular travel in horizontal plane 0 to 355
2. Angular travel in vertical plane +/- 90 degree
3. Operating speed Panning (no loadcondition)
6 deg./sec
4. Operating speed Tilting (no load
condition)
6 deg./sec
5. Maximum load (Load rating to be
compatible for camera, lens and housing
fitted)
6. Braking Mechanical friction type
7. Rated temperature range Up to 120 degree Celsius
CCTV MONITOR:
The Black & white / colour CCTV monitor shall be suitable for industrial application and
compatible for the TV cameras.
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It shall be of fully solid state, modular in design and shall provide a bright, clear and
well-defined picture display on the TV screen.
All controls for power supply on/off, brightness, contrast, vertical hold etc. shall be
provided on front panel for readily adjusting the video signal.
The rear panel shall be equipped with input and output BNC connectors for coupling the
video output to other TV equipment.
The video monitor shall be housed in a dust- proof metal enclosure with antidazzling
light shield. It shall be suitable for rack mounting / moon control console / ceiling hangtype as par the site requirement.
The specifications of the Camera to be used and different requirements:
Picture tube size : 19 diagonal
Scanning system : CCIR-B PAL, 625 lines and 50 field/sec
Horizontal resolution : Better than 600 lines
Vertical scan rate : 50 Hz
Power supply : 240V, 50Hz, single phase AC.
VIDEO SWICHING UNIT:
The unit shall be suitable for switching & channelling of incoming video signals from
different TV cameras to a single monitor.
The switching unit shall have on screen camera identification and on screen operation
status. It shall confirm to the technical parameters given below.
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CONTROL PANEL:
The control panel shall facilitate easy operation and enable the operator to have a clear
and easy view of the pictures transmitted by various cameras.
All remote camera controls i.e.; control of camera, control of motorized zoom lens
assembly, pan & tilt head , control of blower unit , wipe & wash unit of the weather proofhousing and its associated equipment shall be mounted on one desk mounted type console
and shall be installed in the control pulpits.
The control panel shall indicate the temperature of the camera (the temperature inside the
water-cooling jacket) & there will be an audiovisual indication in case the temperature
violates the desired limits.
INTERCONNECTING CABLES:
The inter connection cables shall include:
Coaxial cable for transmission of video signal from camera to the monitor. Multi-core control cable for remote control of camera and pan & tilt unit through
remote control units from the operator console, as required.
Power supply cables for providing power supply to various equipments.
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Coaxial Cable Multi-core Cable Power Supply CableThe supplier shall furnish detailed technical specification of various types of cables
proposed to be used for providing interconnection between various units of the CCTV
system.
POWER SUPPLY:
All the equipment of the CCTV system shall work on 240 V, 50Hz, single phase AC
power supply.
The tenderer shall also supply and install the necessary power supply equipment required
for feeling stabilized power supply to CCTV system.
An uninterrupted power supply (UPS) system shall be supplied and installed by the
tenderer for providing necessary stabilized and continuous power supply to the completeequipment at the control centre. The power supply equipment shall include all
transformers, chargers and maintenance free battery bank (for 30 minutes back up),inverters, distribution boards etc. including all necessary cabling and other accessories.
Technological developments:
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Todays High-definition CCTV cameras have many computer controlled technologies that allow
them to identify, track, and categorize objects in their field of view.
>>Video Content Analysis:
VCA is the capability of automatically analyzingvideoto detect and determine temporal eventsnot based on a singleimage. As such, it can be seen as the automated equivalent of the biological
visual cortex.
A system using VCA can recognize changes in the environment and even identify and compareobjects in the database using size, speed, and sometimes color. The cameras actions can be
programmed based on what it is seeing. For example; an alarm can be issued if an object has
moved in a certain area, or if a painting is missing from a wall, and if someone has spray painted
the lens.
VCA analytics can also be used to detect unusual patterns in a videos environment. The system
can be set to detect anomalies in a crowd of people, for instance a person moving in the oppositedirection in airports where passengers are only supposed to walk in one direction out of a plane
or in a subway where people are not supposed to exit through the entrances.
VCA also has the ability to track people on a map by calculating their position from the images.
It is then possible to link many cameras and track a person through an entire building or area.This can allow a person to be followed without having to analyze many hours of film. Currently
the cameras have difficulty identifying individuals from video alone, but if connected to a key-
card system, identities can be established and displayed as a tag over their heads on the video.
There is also a significant difference in where the VCA technology is placed, either the data is
being processed within the cameras (on the edge) or by a centralized server. Both technologieshave their pros and cons.
>>Facial recognition system:
It is a computer application for automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital
image or a video frame from a video source. One of the ways to do this is by comparing selectedfacial features from the image and a facialdatabase.
The combination of CCTV and facial recognition has been tried as a form of mass surveillance,but has been ineffective because of the low discriminating power of facial recognition
technologyand the very high number offalse positivesgenerated. This type of system has beenproposed to compare faces at airports and seaports with those of suspected terrorists or other
undesirable entrants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Content_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Content_Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Content_Analysis -
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Eye-in-the-sky surveillance dome camera watching from a high steel pole
Computerized monitoring of CCTV images is under development, so that a human CCTVoperator does not have to endlessly look at all the screens, allowing an operator to observe many
more CCTV cameras. These systems do not observe people directly. Instead, they track their
behavior by looking for particular types of body-movement behavior, or particular types ofclothing or baggage.
>>Retention, storage and preservation:
Most CCTV systems record and store digital video and images to a Digital Video Recorder or in
the case of IP cameras directly to a server, either on-site or offsite.
The amount of data stored and the retention period of the video or pictures are subject to
compression ratios, images stored per second, image size and duration of image retention beforebeing overwritten.
Recordings are usually kept for a preset amount of time and then automatically archived,
overwritten or deleted. The amount of time the videos are kept allow retrieval and review in theevent a crime was committed or the information needs to be studied for any number of reasons.
>>Closed-circuit digital photography (CCDP)
Closed-circuit digital photography (CCDP) is more suited for capturing and saving recorded
high-resolution photographs, whereas closed-circuit television (CCTV) is more suitable for live-monitoring purposes.
However, an important feature of some CCTV systems is the ability to take high resolutionimages of the camera scene, e.g. on a time lapse or motion-detection basis. Images taken with a
digital still camera often have higher resolution than those taken with some video cameras.Increasaingly, low-cost high-resolution digital still cameras can also be used for CCTV purposes.
Images may be monitored remotely when the computer is connected to a network.
>>IP cameras
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A growing branch in CCTV is internet protocol cameras (IP cameras). IP cameras use the
Internet Protocol(IP) used by mostLocal Area Networks(LANs) to transmit video across data
networks in digital form.
Easy Connect WirelessIP camera
IP can optionally be transmitted across the public internet, allowing users to view theircamera(s) through any internet connection available through a computer or a 3Gphone. Forprofessional or public infrastructure security applications, IP video is restricted to within a
private network orVPN.
>>Wireless security cameras
Many consumers are turning to wireless security cameras for home surveillance also. Wireless
cameras do not require a video cable for video/audio transmission, simply a cable for power.
Wireless security camera
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_security_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_security_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorex_digital_wireless_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intellinet_Network_Solutions_NSC11-WN_Home_Network_IP_Camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorex_digital_wireless_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intellinet_Network_Solutions_NSC11-WN_Home_Network_IP_Camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_security_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camera -
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Wireless cameras are also easy and inexpensive to install. Previous generations of wirelesssecurity cameras relied on analog technology; modern wireless cameras use digital technology
which delivers crisper audio, sharper video, and a secure and interference-free signal.
CCTV camera vandalism
Unless physically protected, CCTV cameras have been found to be vulnerable against a variety
of (mostly illegal) tactics:
Some people will deliberately destroy cameras. Some cameras can come with Dust-Tight, Pressurized, Explosion proof, and bullet-resistant housings.
Spraying substances over the lens can make the image too blurry to be read. Lasers can blind or damage them. However, since most lasers are monochromatic, color
filters can reduce the effect of laser pointers. However, filters will also impair image
quality and overall light sensitivity of cameras (see laser safety article for details on
issues with filters). Also, complete protection from infrared, red, green, blue and UVlasers would require use of completely black filters, rendering the camera useless.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_safety -
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TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
The telephone exchange presently being used in the industrial complexes are
designed with latest digital switching technology and offer utmost reliability and
efficiency in operation ensuring instant communication. The number of extensionlines may vary from 50 lines to 1, 00,000 lines depending upon the requirement.
INTRODUCTION:
The telephone exchange is microprocessor based, stored program controlled,
employing time division multiplexing and pulse code modulation technique.
The telephone exchange is modular in construction, thus enabling system up
gradation to meet future requirements in small steps.
Redundancy is provided in the exchange control unit & other critical components
to ensure uninterrupted operation of the exchange functions even in case of failure
of these units/components.
The telephone exchange are capable of simultaneously accepting, processing and
delivering information in various forms such as voice, data and text in wholly
integrated manner.
The exchange provide all familiar distinct tones, such as dial tone, busy tone, NU
tone, ring back tone etc.
Adequate protection of exchange is provided against electrical short circuits and
heavy current flow as a result of induced or conducted lightning or power systems
faults. The exchange is also protected against electromagnetic and electrostatic
interference.
Present day telephone exchange provides introduction of remote maintenance of
the exchange.
The exchange shall work on48V DC power supply. All auxiliary power supplies
required for equipment shall be derived internally from the 48 V supply.
All the components used in the telephone exchange are rated for round the clock
continuous operation.
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Equipment details:
The telephone exchange system shall broadly comprise of :
Telephone exchange equipment and peripherals Main distribution frame with protection devices Power supply equipment including rectifier cum charger Back up battery set and interconnecting cables & wires Auto-telephone instruments Telephone cable network comprising cables wires distribution & termination
devices and associated accessories required for connecting the telephone
instruments to the telephone exchange.
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE:
The exchange cabinet is complete with central processing unit,
control/extension/junction line/conference facility cards, switching circuits,
interfacing module and devices for processing and interconnection of speech, data
& text and service circuits, power supply modules, maintenance console, operator
console, interconnecting cables, wires, connectors and other auxiliary equipment.
The exchange is basically called as EPABX (Electronics Private Automatic Branch
Exchange). The main manufactures of such exchange are SIEMENS, NEON etc.
The one that used in MECON is NE1000 series which have its modules bigger in
size than that of SIEMENS. These are digital electronic circuits with normally
extensions from 512-6144. It uses pulse code modulation for speech path. It allows
the transmission of data, voice and image processing for office automation. It also
allows internet, word processing, simultaneous and bidirectional communication of
data along with mail service.
The main cabinet of an exchange mainly consist of two parts namely basic cabinet,and Link Terminal Equipment (LTE). Also there is a possibility for adding
additional cabinet units or LTEs depending on the requirement. In MECON, the
exchange uses 650 lines which can be extendible up to 1000 lines.
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LINK TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (LTE):
A LTE is equipment that is used to connect actual calls between different users. It
is terminated at the exchange mother-board through an Inter Unit Highway Bus.
For a typical exchange, there will be a number of LTEs present. It also consists ofMiscellaneous Equipment (MSEA) which is used as a Level adjustor.
Each LTE consists of number of PCBs. Each PCB can have a maximum of 8
numbers connected to it. These are all again interconnected using inter unit buses.
Each Printed Circuit Board (PCB) has a number of integrated chips (IC),
capacitors, resistors, and LEDs present on it. These are used for the proper
operation of the exchange. The LEDs are used to show the status of a particular
line. Since there are a maximum of 8 lines present, there will be 8 LEDs present on
each PCB for each line.
The PCB consists of a 16-bit microprocessor embedded in it which is used to make
computation and processing. It is also used to generate system clock and calendar.
There are also other applications like mathematical manipulations and also ability
of storage present in the microprocessor.
The LTE also consist of electronic switching circuits that are used to switch
between different users. These switching circuits are all controlled by the central
Mother-board present in the exchange. The entire cabinet is divided into a number
of rows. All the basic cabinets and LTEs are placed in these rows. The LTEs
normally must be mounted from the lower row. To increase the capacity of the
cabinet, additional units are simply mounted on to the previous rows.
Each LTE has two cords connected to it. They are power supply cord and a Bus
Interface Cord. The power supply cord gives the LTE a voltage of about 5V and a
current of 16A. The Bus Interface cord is used to interface the LTE section to the
Mother-board.
The maintenance of the cabinet and the motherboard along with all its equipment is
done by using peripherals like a computer, and a Line printer. Software called
Hyper Terminal is used in the maintenance works. The one that is used at MECON
is cgl.ht. Using the computer, the operator can know which lines are on and for
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what time. So this can be used to calculate the bills, the number of hours a line is
on etc.
The format that is used in this software is given by,
Interrupt FNC : p1, p2 :
ESCAPE FUNCTION delimit parameter End
Code section code section
The Function section is used to classify the function to be performed. The
parameter section takes in the addresses of LTEs and the numbers of the callers i.e.
the address of the terminal. The other parts are nothing but the syntax used in thesoftware.
MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (MDF):
MDF serves as a common terminating point of the telephone cable network. The
MDF shall be compact with systematic wiring and termination, following a
numbering scheme facilitating easy maintenance. MDF acts as a connection
between the exchange and the actual phone lines. So it has two sides present in it
namely the Exchange side, and the Line side. The exchange side is the side where
the MDF is connected to the cabinet. The line side is the side where it isconnected
to the phone lines.
MDF is mainly an interface between input and output lines. The main reason for
the use of MDF is that it allows a more number of phone lines to be connected than
what actually are present in the cabinet i.e. if there are some 600 lines in the
cabinet, then actually if no MDF is present there would be only 600 phones
connected to it. If MDF is present, it connects more than 600 phones (say 650
lines) to the cabinet. This is done by generalizing that not all the 650 phones are
actually used simultaneously. So using this principle it increases the number of
telephones that are connected to the exchange. MDFs that are used are of Krone
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type. MDF also consist of Tag blocks that are used to connect to the actual lines.
These are then connected to the MDF through normal cables.
MDF mainly consist of two section- one for input and other for outputs. Each
section has a number of blocks depending upon the requirements. Each block has10 pairs of wires connected to it and these can be allotted to 10 subscribers or 10
telephones. One block will be in the line side and the other will be in the exchange
side i.e. one is connected to the phone lines and the other to the exchange. The size
of the MDF depends on the number of phone lines and the capacity of the
exchange.
Each MDF block in the line side is provided with protection devices. These
protection devices are used to provide protection to the exchange from effects like
short circuit, open circuit and other voltage fluctuations. One of the mostly usedprotection devices is the Glass Discharge Tube (GDT). A GDT consists of a glass
discharge tube that is filled inside with vacuum at the centre. When a signal goes
through it, it is discharged through the tube in such a way that it is accordance with
the current present in the signal. So, based on the input current of the signal, the
signal is sent through it to the exchange side avoiding any adverse effects. This
protection should be given at line side because generally the variations are more in
the signal coming from the main phone line.
Generally the MDF is mounted on a wall and the connecting wires are made
through the ceiling or the flooring.
Power Supply Equipment:
Power supply to the exchange is provided from 240V, 50Hz, single phase, AC
supply. The exchange shall work off 48V DC obtained through a Rectifier cum
Charger or Automatic Charger cum Booster.
The power supply equipment shall comprise of suitably rated stabilized rectifiercum charger feeding to the Exchange and a set of battery in parallel float working
principle. The set of battery (lead acid type) works as a backup for providing un
interrupted power supply to the exchange equipment in case of AC mains failure.
A switching circuit in the power supply unit automatically change-over from
rectifier to battery supply in case of AC mains failure.
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The automatic charger cum booster is connected to the battery equipment and the
also is connected to the AC mains. When the electric mains are on, AC power is
delivered to the exchange. When there is no electric mains supply, then it
automatically changes to the battery unit for getting the supply. When the AC
mains are present, the rectifier automatically charges the battery unit. Also abooster unit is present inside, which is used to boost the power supply when
needed i.e. to increase the power supply instantaneously.
Battery Unit:
This unit consists of four batteries (may be of lead acid), each with a capacity of
12V. These are all connected in series to provide a total supply of 48V DC. This
battery unit should be kept in a separate room since there is a possibility of these
batteries leaking the acid out. These batteries are charged through the rectifier cum
charger when the supply mains are on. Some of the companies that provide
batteries are EXCIDE, Amara raja, VARTA etc.
This battery unit requires a completely independent room because of its heavy size.
But recently, the batteries have shrunk in size and the capacity is also increased.
The capacity of the batteries is measured in terms of the ampere-hours it can
produce. Typically, a battery unit will have about nearly 180 Amp-Hr. This value
will provide the information about how long a battery can give a backup to theexchange. Basing on the load it drives, which is about 25 A in a typical 1000 line
exchange, the capacity of battery unit will be around 7-8 hours continuously.
The battery room should have acid-resistance flooring and should have an exhaust
fan attached to the wall. The illumination to the room may be low.
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Telephone Instruments:
Telephone instruments are desk/wall mounted type, rugged in construction suitable
for industrial application. The telephone instruments shall be
Standard table top model Standard wall mounted model Executive secretary model Loud ringing model Multi-key model Cordless model
A standard telephone unit consists of mainly 4 sections:
Cradle unit Speech unit Dial unit Bell unit
Cradle Unit:
The cradle unit consists of a spring. This acts as a switch between the line in and
bell unit. When the spring is in depressed position, there will be a connection
between the line in and bell unit. Since the lines in has the signal input which
consists of 48V DC, the bell unit will be provided with a voltage. So whenever a
call comes, and then signal in comes and the bell unit gets the voltage and the bell
rings. Also when the spring is not in a depressed position i.e. the handset is lifted,
then the connection between bell unit and the signal in will be removed. But the
speech unit is connected always to the line in. so when the spring is not depressed,
i.e. the handset is released, the speech unit gets a signal from the exchange which
gives a dial tone to the line in.
Speech Unit:
The speech unit consists of an Integrated Chip TEA1060. It is mainly used to send
the speech signals to the exchange and from there to the other phone. It is also used
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to get the dial tone and other tones from the exchange. It will be connected to the
signal in always so that it gets the input voltage at all times.
Dial Unit:
The dial unit consists of an IC UM 9559E, a number pad and sensors. Whenever
the handset is lifted, the dial tone is heard. Then the number is pressed on the
number pad. The dialing can be of two types-
Tone Dialing Pulse Dialing
In the tone dialing, each number will be given some frequency, and if a number is
pressed, then that particular frequency is set and given to the exchange. At the
exchange the digit is identified by using the frequency.
In the pulse dialing, when a digit is pressed, then the circuit is selected a number of
times equivalent to the digit pressed. So, based on the number of times a circuit is
selected, the digit is identified.
The digit pad is attached with a sensor for each digit. These sensors are used to
sense the digit that is pressed and give to the exchange, based on whether tone
dialing is being used or pulse dialing. A 10 line parallel bus is used to connect the
digit pad to the actual circuit, this is if the form of parallel gateway.
Bell Unit:
This unit consists of an IC LS1240, a condenser and a volume control knob. The
bell unit is connected to the line in through the cradle unit. The spring in the cradle
unit acts as a switch between the bell unit and the line in. Whenever the spring is
depressed, there will be connection between the bell unit and the line in. Then if a
call comes, there will be a signal from the line in, which in turns on the beli byproviding a voltage required for the bell. When the handset is lifted, i.e. the spring
is not depressed, and then there will be no connection between the bell unit and the
line in.
The IC produces a sound based on the input voltage it obtained. A condenser or a
capacitor will be there to maintain a uniform voltage and to reduce the variations in
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the input voltage. It is also used in speech recognition. It is typically of 350 V DC
and 1.5 micro farad (+/- 10%). There is also a volume control knob to adjust the
sound of the ring of the phone. This is done by using a resistor-capacitor network
which changes the voltage coming to the IC. Thus the IC produces the sound based
on the input voltage applied and so the ring sound changes accordingly.
There will also be a bridge circuit to reduce the microphone signal. Also there will
be points for in line coming from the exchange and for connecting the handset.
Sound proof booths for telephones:
Soundproof booths are provided for the telephones to be installed in noisy areas in
the shop floor. These booths are provided with audio visual indication facilities for
incoming calls.
Cable Network:
The telephone exchange has a separate cable network for facilitating the provision
of the specified number of telephones in various units of the plant complex.
For interplant cabling, cables shall generally be laid in the manner as follows
Directly buried in ground or in cable trenches with cables laid in racks In underground cable tunnels & overhead cable galleries In concrete ducts/ pipes buried in ground where burial are not possible due
to presence of other service lines.
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FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fireby
monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is
classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm
systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other
emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services,
and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke.
FIGURE: Fire alarm system
Purpose of a fire alarm system:
It is the task of the fire alarm systems to detect a fire soon after it breaks out and o warn
persons who are able to initiate suitable protective measures.
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The sooner an alarm signal reaches the central alarm unit, the greater is the chance that
the fire can be brought under control in good time. This helps to keep the extent of damage and
the associated sequential damage and the losses due to the interruption of the plant operation as
low as possible.
General principles for design of fire detection and alarm system:
Detect quickly enough to fulfill its intended functions. Reliability transmits the detection signal. Remains insensitive to phenomena other than those, which its function is to detect. Signal immediately and clearly and supervised fault that might jeopardize the correct
performance of the system
Standards and statutory requirements:
The system offered shall conform to the latest editions of the following Indian standards
(IS), British standards (BS), and relevant stipulations of National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) of USA.
IS 2189: Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of automatic
(Amend. In 1989) fire detection and alarm system.
All requirements shall comply with statutory requirements of the Government of India &
the state government, which may be enforced during the execution of the contract.
Design and arrangement of a fire alarm system:
After the fire protection goals are established - usually by referencing the minimum
levels of protection mandated by the appropriate model building code, insurance agencies, and
other authorities - the fire alarm designer undertakes to detail specific components,
arrangements, and interfaces necessary to accomplish these goals. Equipment specifically
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manufactured for these purposes are selected and standardized installation methods are
anticipated during the design.
Fire alarm system generally consists of the following components:
Fire alarm control panel: This component, the hub of the system, monitors inputs andsystem integrity, controls outputs and relays information.
Primary Power supply: Commonly the non-switched 120 or 240 Volt AlternatingCurrent source supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications,
a branch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. "Dedicated
branch circuits" should not be confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supply
energy to a single appliance.
Secondary (backup) Power supplies: This component, commonly consisting of sealedlead-acid storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used to
supply energy in the event of a primary power failure.
Initiating Devices: This component acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit and areeither manually or automatically actuated. Examples would be devices like pull stations
or smoke detectors.
Notification appliances: This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarmsystem or other stored energy source, to inform the proximate persons of the need to take
action, usually to evacuate. This is done by means of a flashing light, strobe light,
electromechanical horn, speaker, or a combination of these devices.
Building Safety Interfaces: This interface allows the fire alarm system to control aspectsof the built environment and to prepare the building for fire and to control the spread of
smoke fumes and fire by influencing air movement, lighting, process control, human
transport and exit.
Automatically actuated devices can take many forms intended to respond to any numberof detectable physical changes associated with fire: convicted thermal energy; heat detector,
products of combustion; smoke detector, radiant energy; flame detector, combustion gasses;
carbon monoxide detector and release of extinguishing agents; water-flow detector. The
newest innovations can use cameras and computer algorithms to analyze the visible effects of
fire and movement in applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection methods.
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Automatic Fire detectors or fire identifiers:
Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm Systems have two main purposes, in the event of a fire:
to provide a warning to the occupants of a building. and to initiate the emergency plan for the premises which can include evacuation.
Figure: Automatic fire detector
When properly installed and maintained, these systems can be a significant factor in reducing
the risk to life and limiting damage to your property in the event of a fire. These systems can
help us to respond very quickly to genuine emergencies.
Depending on the criterion to which they respond, automatic fire detectors are classified as
follows:
Heat detectors:
A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the convicted
thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The
thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the
element. All heat detectors have this thermal lag. Heat detectors have two main
classifications of operation, "rate-of-rise" and "fixed temperature."
Fixed temperature heat detector:
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This is the most common type of heat detector. Fixed temperature detectors operate
when the heat sensitive eutectic alloy reaches the eutectic point changing state from a
solid to a liquid. Thermal lag delays the accumulation of heat at the sensitive element so
that a fixed-temperature device will reach its operating temperature sometime after the
surrounding air temperature exceeds that temperature. The most common fixed
temperature point for electrically connected heat detectors is 136.4F (58C).
Technological developments have enabled the perfection of detectors that activate at a
temperature of 117F (47C), increasing the available reaction time and margin of safety.
This type of technology has been available for decades without the use of batteries or
electricity as shown in the picture.
Figure: Fixed temperature heat detector
Smoke detector:
A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.
Commercial, industrial, and mass residential devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system,
while household detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or
visual alarm from the detector itself.
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Figure: Smoke detector
Ionization smoke detector:
An ionization smoke detector uses a radioisotope such as americium-241 to
produce ionization in air; a difference due to smoke is detected and an alarm is generated.
Ionization detectors are more sensitive to flaming fires than optical detectors, while
optical detectors are more sensitive to smoldering fires.
An ionization type smoke detector is generally cheaper to manufacture than an
optical smoke detector; however, it is sometimes rejected because it is more prone to
false (nuisance) alarms than photoelectric smoke detectors. It can detect particles of
smoke that are too small to be visible.
Figure: Ionization smoke detector
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Optical smoke detector:
An optical detector is a light sensor. When used as a smoke detector, it includes a light
source (incandescent bulb or infrared LED), a lens to collimate the light into a beam, and a
photodiode or other photoelectric sensor at an angle to the beam as a light detector. In the
absence of smoke, the light passes in front of the detector in a straight line. When smoke enters
the optical chamber across the path of the light beam, some light is scattered by the smoke
particles, directing it at the sensor and thus triggering the alarm.
Also seen in large rooms, such as a gymnasium or an auditorium, are devices that detect a
projected beam. A wall-mounted unit sends out a beam, which is either received by a separate
monitoring device or reflected back via a mirror. When the beam becomes less visible to the
"eye" of the sensor, it sends an alarm signal to the fire alarm control panel.
According to the National Fire Protection Agency, "photoelectric smoke detection is
generally more responsive to fires that begin with a long period of smoldering (called smoldering
fires)." Also, studies by Texas A&M and the NFPA cited by the City of Palo Alto California
state, "Photoelectric alarms react slower to rapidly growing fires than ionization alarms, but
laboratory and field tests have shown that photoelectric smoke alarms provide adequate warning
for all types of fires and have been shown to be far less likely to be deactivated by occupants."
Although optical alarms are highly effective at detecting smoldering fires and do provide
adequate protection from flaming fires, fire safety experts and the National Fire Protection
Agency recommend installing what are called combination alarms, which are alarms that either
detect both heat and smoke, or use both the ionization and photoelectric / optical processes. Also
some combination alarms may include a carbon monoxide detection capability.
Not all optical or photoelectric detection methods are the same. The type and sensitivity
of the photodiode or optical sensor, and type of smoke chamber differ between manufacturers.
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Figure: optical smoke detector
Flame detector:
There are several types of flame detector. The optical flame detector is a detector that
uses optical sensors to detect flames. There are also ionization. flame detectors, which use
current flow in the flame to detect flame presence, and thermocouple flame detectors.
Combined with the ionization smoke detector it is also suitable for supervising high room
e.g. oir craft hanger & rooms with highly inflammable materials. it can also be used where
deception probability due to simulation flame characteristics is especially high e.g. motor test
stand
The flame detectors respond to the modulated radiation in the infra red range emitted by
flames.
Non automatic fire detectors:
The person in the affected room or area operates non automatic fire detectors by hand,
usually. The non-automatic fire detectors are preferable mounted in escape routes at exits,
stairways, in areas with a special fire hazard and spread over buildings covering a large area.
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Depending on where they are used, there are different type manual fire alarm call points.
Fire Alarm Control Panel:
Fire Alarm Control Panel is the controlling component of a Fire Alarm System. The
panel receives information from environmental sensors designed to detect changes associated
with fire, monitors their operational integrity and provides for automatic control of equipment,
and transmission of information necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a
predetermined sequence. The panel may also supply electrical energy to operate any associated
sensor, control, transmitter, or relay. There are four basic types of panels: coded panels,
conventional panels, addressable panels, and multiplex systems.
Figure: Fire alarm control panel
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Conventional panels have been around ever since electronics became small enough tomake them viable. conventional panels are used less frequently in large buildings than in the
past, but are not uncommon on smaller projects such as small schools, stores, restaurants, andapartments.
A conventional Fire Alarm Control Panel employs one or more circuits, connected tosensors (initiating devices) wired in parallel. These sensors are devised to dramatically decrease
the circuit resistance when the environmental influence on any sensor exceeds a predetermined
threshold. In a conventional fire alarm system, the information density is limited to the numberof such circuits used.
To facilitate location and control of fire within a building, the structure is subdivided intodefinite areas or zones. Floors of a multistory building are one type of zone boundary.
An Initiating Device Circuit connected to multiple devices within the same "zone" ofprotection, effectively provides 2 bits of information about the zone corollary to the state of the
circuit; normal, or off normal and alarm or quiescent. The state of each Initiating Device Circuitwithin a zone displays at the Fire Alarm Control Panel using visible indications called
Annunciators.
These Annunciates may employ a graphical representation of the Zone boundaries on afloor plan (Zone map) using textual descriptions, illuminated icons, illuminated sections, orilluminated points on the map corresponding to Initiating Circuits connected to the Fire Alarm
Control Panel.
For this reason, slang often inaccurately refers to initiating circuits of a Fire Alarm
Control Panel as Zones.
Larger systems and increasing demand for finer diagnostic detail beyond broad area
location and control functions expanded the control by Zone strategy of conventional systems byproviding multiple initiating circuits within a common Zone, each exclusively connected to a
particular type of initiating device, or group of devices. This arrangement forms a device type by
Zone matrix whose information is particularly suited to the Tabular Annunciate orIn multistory
buildings employing a Tabular Annunciate or for Example; rows of indicators define the floorshorizontally in their stacked relationship and the type of device installed on that floor displays as
columns of indicators vertically aligned through each floor. The intersection of the floor and
device indicators provides the combined information. The density of information however
remains a function of the number of circuits employed.
Even larger systems and demands for finer diagnostic and location detail led to the
introduction ofaddressable fire alarm systems with each addressable device providing specificinformation about its state while sharing a common communication circuit. Annunciation and
location strategies for the most part remain relatively unchanged.
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Power Supply:
The power supply, which is usually integrated in the fire alarm panel, consists of two
power sources each independent of the other. One is the main supply, the other is a chargeable
battery that in the event of a main failure automatically supplies power to the fire alarm system
without interruption. The battery is constantly kept in a state ready for operation,. Faliour of one
of the power source is indicated as a fault on the fire alarm panel.
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LOUDSPEAKER:
This system is intended to provide instantaneous and reliable communication as per the technological
requirements between various process control points, senior operation and maintenance personnel of
the shop/plant.
1. LSIS(Loudspeaker Intercommunication System)
2. LSTBS(Loudspeaker Talkback System)
3. General Announcement System
LSIS(Loudspeaker Intercommunication System)
The system is microprocessor based and consists of a Central Control Unit(CCU) number of subscriber
stations, power supply equipment and interconnecting cable network. The subscriber stations can be
switched in as desired through the central control units.
The system shall provide the following modes of communication amongst its various subscribers:
a) Master to subscriber
b)Subscriber to master
c)Subscriber to subscriber through master
d)Subscriber to subscriber direct
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There is no limitation on no of simultaneous communication channels. In point to point call mode , a
subscriber can called a chosen subscriber by pressing the switch or no allotted for the called subscriber .
Priority calls for a subscriber by pressing priority breaks in. Group calls from a subscriber is possible and
diagnostic features is inbuilt in the system.
The equipment is designed for reproducing high level perfectly intelligible speech and shall have highoperational reliability under adverse reliable condition such as corrosive and dusty atmosphere , high
temperature, humidity and vibration of industrial complexes .
In principle all subscriber station shall be connected to the central unit by ordinary standard twisted ,
multi paired PVC insulated , PVC sheathed telephone cable.
Equipment details :
The system microprocessor based and consist of the following :
a)CCU for system
b)No of subscriber stations
c)Power supply units including set of backup battery
d)Interconnecting cables
CCU:- CCU is microprocessor based intended foe automatic speech path switching and blocking between
various subscriber station connected to the system.It is modular in design and is hosed in dust proof , self
supporting or wall mounting cabinet with a lockable rear door . The CCU is provided diagnostic features
that is facility for monitoring and checking the function subscriber station .
Subscriber stations:- Each subscriber station consist pre amplifier ,an amplifier ,a loudspeaker a noise
compensated microphone , power supply equipments and a switch board carrying no of push button for
station selection and group calls and junction boxes.
Power supply:-The equipment is suitable for operation from a centralized 240 Volt, 50 Hz Single phase AC
mains power supply. On failure of AC supply the system will automatically switch over to inverter supply
derived from a set of back up battery.
Interconnecting Cables:-The CCU shall be connected with all the subscriber stations using multi pair
telephones cables and shall have termination facility as required for incoming as well as outgoing
cables.Each subscriber stations is connected to its loudspeaker through a pair of copper cables .
Each subscriber station will be connected to the centralized power supply source by a core , 1.5 sq.mm .
ATC , PVC , insulated and PVC sheathed power supply cables.
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LSTB(Loudspeaker talkback system)
Loudspeaker Talkback System works in one to one mode in which
A calling person lift the handset and press to PAGE to call the desired person. Paging announcement is heard by all the loudspeaker except that of the calling station or calling
person .
After announcement calling person releases the press to PAGE and waits for response of calledperson .
Called person will go to the nearest station and communicate with the calling person directly inprivate mode.
Various modes of Loudspeaker Talkback System is:-
1. Press-to-Talk Mode:
As the term implies, the operator merely presses the Off/Listen/Talk switch to its Talk position to
communicate with other stations on the system. The loudspeaker acts as a microphone in this position.
The spring-loaded switch will return to the Listen position when released. The Off/Listen/Talk switch will
mute the loudspeaker when placed in the Off position. The signal lamp will still operate with this switch
turned Off.
2. Headset/Handset Mode:
Plugging a headset or telephone handset into the front panel will cause the LS-3 to function exactly as a
headset station. The LS-3 detects the presence of the headset or handset, and automatically disconnects
the loudspeaker. The Microphone On/Off switch is used to mute the microphone in the headset or
handset. The Off/Listen/Talk switch should be left in the Listen position in this mode.
3. Full Duplex, Hands-free Mode:
When an LSM-1 or 2 gooseneck microphone is plugged into the front panel , the LS-3 detects this and
shifts to its full duplex, hands-free mode. The gooseneck microphone and the built-in loudspeaker
operate simultaneously, with none of the clipping off of initial consonants, as happens in a VOX
operated circuit. The operator may speak and listen at the same time, without any switching. The very
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high side tone rejection performance of Production Intercom systems permits this use without
feedback, and at surprisingly high levels. For best performance in this mode, the recessed side tone
control must be optimized. Only one LS-3 may be used in this mode within any one acoustic
environment. Attempting to use more than one without acoustic isolation may result in serious feedback
problems. In a noisy environment, the Microphone On/Off switch may be used to mute the output of the
microphone to other stations.
There are five modes of control, determined by the position of the recessed Override level control
accessible through the front panel, and adding or removing links on the rear PC board.
Mode 0: No override function
Mode 1: Switch to preset override volume level
Mode 2: As mode 1, plus shunts Off/Listen/Talk from Off to Listen
Mode 3: As mode 1, plus shunts Off/Listen/Talk from any position to Listen.
Mode 4: As mode 1, plus shunts Off/Listen/Talk from Talk to Listen
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CONCLUSION
It was a great opportunity undergoing a summer training programmed at MECON. Not
only during these 45 days I, learnt about various methods of communication used in the
industries and many other things related to studies, also gave me an insight about how people
work in the industries. I also got to understand the work environment in the industries that will
definitely prove fruitful in my life when my chance to work in such an environment comes by.