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Trauma:
Natural Disasters
Meagan L. Howell, M.S.Saint Louis University
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Definitions of PTSD PTSD is defined as a reaction to a
traumatic event which creates the subjective feelings of “extreme fear, horror, or helplessness” in the victim.
Two Conceptual Models: “A normal reaction to an abnormal event” PTSD is, “… an abnormal reaction to an
abnormal event”
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Definitions of Trauma The person experienced, witnessed, or
was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others.
Type I Traumas which are time-limited or acute
Type II Traumas which are pervasive or chronic
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Natural Disasters Tornadoes Mudslides/Landslides Earthquakes Floods Hurricanes Tsunamis Typhoons Volcanic Eruptions
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Trauma Factors Immediacy Proximity Duration of exposure Physical injury Degree of property or personal loss Evacuation or displacement from the
child’s usual environment Separation of the child from the family
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Child Risk Factors Trauma memory deficits Negative appraisals Maintaining maladaptive behavioral and
cognitive strategies Subjective perception of threat Reactions of the child’s family Parental Support
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Child Risk Factors Continued
Degree of fear during the trauma Locus of control Being a new resident or immigrant to the
area Persistent ruminations or worries Child’s age or maturity level Previous Trauma Coping Strategies
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Critical Incident Stress Debriefing
Interventions beginning shortly after the disaster will need to focus on a wide-based screening of children and adults throughout the affected area.
Establishing a sense of security and returning the children and adults to a regular schedule will be the primary efforts of first-response interventions.
Relieve immediate distress and work towards preventing maladaptive coping strategies following a disaster.
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Attributions following a Natural Disasters
Depends on: Response to actual EVENT Response to RESULTS OF EVENT
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Attributions following a Natural Disasters
Internal:
External:
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Attributions following a Natural Disasters
Global:
Unique/Situational:
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Attributions following a Natural Disasters
Stable:
Unstable:
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Katrina Study http://
www.hurricanekatrina.med.harvard.edu/