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Trees in the Urban Environment:
Disease, Pests, Prevention and
Solutions
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The Three “D’s” of Tree Death
• Disruption - mechanical injury or failure
• Depletion - they run out of energy
• Dysfunction - a part or process no longer works
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Disruption - mechanical
injury or failure
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Trees Can Quickly Outgrow Available
Space
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Tree that requires a 9 foot planting zone
…but is planted in a 3 foot island.
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Avoid Cutting Large Anchoring Roots
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Avoid Severe Damage / Pruning
Pruning and root damage Frequent result
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Undesirable Qualities of Trees
• Dangerous– Limb drop, unstable
anchorage
• Aggressive Roots– Surface rooting, cracking
sidewalks
• Attractive to Pests – Bees, rodents
• Messy– Falling leaves, fruit, tree
sap
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Right Tree,
Right Place
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Depletion - they run out
of energy
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• Sun Light
• Clean Air
• Proper Soil /
Nutrients
• Water - right amount
The 4 main Components to Tree Health
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Understanding Soils
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Soil Amendments
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Improving Health of Chlorotic Trees
Two Step Approach:
• In Crisis – Help the Tree
• Injection with Micronutrient Mix
• Best Injection time – Fall
• Second Choice – Spring
• Long Term – Soil Change
• Injection of Soil
• Following Injection, in late spring when leaves are mature
• Repeat yearly to change soil pH and add micro-nutrients to soil system
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Palm Nutrition
Potassium Deficiency Iron Deficiency
Magnesium
Deficiency
Manganese
Deficiency
Nitrogen
Deficiency
Boron
Deficiency
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Guaranteed Analysis
Total Nitrogen(N) …………………..5.00%
5.00% Urea Nitrogen
Calcium…………………………………..12.00%
Urea, Calcium Chloride
• Liquid solution to quickly reduce soil sodium
levels
• Uses Calcium to displace sodium from CEC sites
• Very rapid activity
• Improves soil structure
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Introducing Biochar
What is Biochar?• Water Management System
• Soil Amendment
• Fertilizer
• Filter
• Buffer
Biochar Benefits
• Holds ten times its weight in water
• Improves cation exchange capacity
• Attracts and retains micronutrients
• Carbon food source for micro-organisms
• Neutralizes pH and increases pH in acidic soils (liming)
• Filters toxins from the soil
• Reduces drought stress and runoff
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▪ Promotes root growth
▪ Reduces watering
▪ Improves transplant success
▪ Protects transplants from
drought stress & shock
8 Components for Healthy Plants
▪ Surfactant Humectant
▪ Kelp Humates
▪ Micro’s Nitrogen
▪ Phosphorous Potassium
Water Management and
Retention Products
Hydretain ES Plus
NutriRoot
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Road Median TreesMoisture management system extends available moisture for median trees.
90 DAT the treated trees have more foliage than the NTC trees
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First Test on TurfDuring a Six Week Drought
Period
Hygroscopic Humectants
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Tree Watering
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Dysfunction - a part or
process no longer works
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How are Trees Treated?
▪ Removal
▪ Soil Drench
▪ Bark Spray
▪ Foliar Sprays
▪ Injection
▪ Caps
▪ Cambial Injection
▪ Micro injection
into Xylem
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TREE-äge® insecticide is a Restricted Use Pesticide and may only be sold to and used by a state certified applicator or by persons
under their direct supervision. TREE-äge® is a registered trademark of Arborjet, Inc.
University of Hawaii Study Erythrina Gall Wasp
Treatment Formulation/
Equipment
Rate AI/Inch
Diameter
Galling SeverityP=0.005
Emergence Rating
P<0.0005
Emerged Wasps/g
TissueP<0.0005
Imidacloprid Concentration in leaf tissue ( μg/g)
P<0.0005
Untreated -------- 4.8a 3.8a 21.4a 0.0a
Imicide/Mauget Capsules10% AI
0.15ml 3.3ab 1.5bc 8.9bc 2.9a
Pointer/Arbor-Systems
Wedgle 5% AI0.026ml 3.3ab 1.8bc 4.8c 7.3ab
Merit 200 SL/ w/Arborjet Tree
I.V. 17.1% AI0.77ml 3.5ab 1.3bc 8.7bc 38.7b
IMA-jet/ Arborjet Tree I.V.
5% AI0.40ml 2.0b 0.8c 0.7c 320.7c
Merit 2/Root Drench 2% AI
1.28ml 4.5a 2.3b 15.8ab 0.2a
10 Weeks after treatment
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Why Inject Trees?
• Material injected into and stays inside the tree!
• Minimal impact to soil, water, or air
• No exposure to public, minimal to applicator
• Ideal for treatments in public locations
• Longest residuals, no photo or microbial degradation
• Treatment affects only pests feeding on the tree
• Best application method for an IPM program
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Simple Steps to Inject with Arborjet
One Process, Three ToolsDrill Plug Inject
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Injecting Dye To Demonstrate Xylem Uptake
Heartwood
Dye distributed across 8 yrs
Xylem Growth – Not 1 yr!
Treatment moves up
and down in Xylem
Translocation of Injected Dye Occurs within the Sapwood
Heartwood
Sapwood
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Tree I.V. System with Larger Trees
•First you measure
the DBH of the tree
•Then you put the
exact amount of
chemical in the
bottle and
pressurize the bottle
•Next you drill and
plug the tree
•Attach IV lines and
open the bottle and
let it push into the
tree
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QUIK-Jet FeaturesPlunger with user-set dose
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Pests of Mature Trees
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Pine Beetle Attack Can Result in Rapid Tree Death
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Green with few
attacks
sometimes can
be saved.
Yellow or slightly
off colored
cannot be
saved.
Red is Dead.
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Western Pine Beetle
▪ 1 yr life cycle, Adults emerge from yellow-
red needle trees mid-June to late July
▪Peak for Lodgepole is Late July
▪Peak for Ponderosa is Mid-August
▪ Female seek large, green trees to attack
▪ 2 wks after laying eggs in galleries, white
larvae hatch (up to 70).
▪ Larvae grow, feed, then dig into bark for
winter, grow up to 7 mm long in the spring.
▪ The pupal stage ends late spring or early
summer.
▪ In mid-summer, beetles leave tunnels
and fly to new trees.
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Mountain Pine Beetle•Female beetles release pheromones to attract males and
encourage mass attacks.
• Typical signs include: Pitch tubes, bark flaked off,
changing canopy color, woodpecker damage.
•Almost all Pines are susceptible
•Greatest risk to Pines:
•Older than 80 years
•Greater than 8” DBH
•Weakened by Drought, damage, or adjacent trees
Blue Stain Fungus causes
additional decline in Lodgepole
and Ponderosa Pines,
Douglas Fir and white pines.
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IPS Engraver Beetles▪ 25 species in west, attack pines
and spruce primarily
▪ Most destructive species in
California is the five-spined IPS
▪ Early Ips signs include dust in
bark crevices, around entrance
holes, or on ground.
▪ Pitch tubes seldom present,
boring dust dry & free of pitch.
▪ Foliage of attacked trees
progresses from green to
yellow, red to reddish brown.
▪ One generation may be
completed in 21-40 days in
summer or require several
months in winter
TREE-äge® insecticide is a Restricted Use Pesticide and may only be sold to and used by a state certified applicator or by
persons under their direct supervision. TREE-äge® is a registered trademark of Arborjet, Inc.
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Bark Beetle Galleries
Mountain pine
beetle
Dendroctonus
ponderosae
1/8-1/3 in.
Spruce beetle
Dendroctonus
rufipennis
1/8-1/4 in.
Western pine beetle
Dendroctonus
brevicomis
1/16-3/16 in.
Ips engraver beetle
Ips sp.
1/3-1/4 in.
(CSFS)
(CSFS)
(www.forestryimages.org)
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Western Oak Bark BeetlePseudopityophthorus pubipennis and Geosmithia species #41 (fungus)
Host trees: Coast live oak
Entry-hole: Smaller than PSHB
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Symptoms of Foamy Bark Canker
Disease
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Bronze Birch Borer
▪ Attacks result is callus formation under bark as tree xylem recovers under bark
▪ Weeping and discoloration of bark indicate borer presence
▪ Summer heat a limiting factor for Birch survival
▪ Shallow roots affected by water, heat stress
▪ Healthy Birch can fight off Bronze Birch Borer
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Bronze Birch Borer Life cycle▪ Life cycle 1-2 yrs. Depends on tree condition, time
of hatch, location (north/south) , temp.
▪ Develop faster in stressed or dying trees
▪ In vigorous tree life cycle is two years, or larvae dies
▪ Adults emerge late Spring to mid-summer
▪ Emerge from “D” shape holes, mate, lay eggs
▪ Eggs laid cracks, crevices, around 10 per cluster
▪ Larvae hatch in 2 wks. bore into cambium, create zigzag galleries under bark
▪ Damage caused by vascular disruption; water, food
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Bronze Birch Borer
Can Attack all Birches
▪ Worst on: European, White-barked Himalayan
▪ Common in: Paper, Gray, Sweet, Yellow Birch
▪ Rare in: River Birch
▪ Treat with: Azadirachtin, Acephate, Imidacloprid, Emamectin Benzoate
Agrilus antius
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Red Gum Lerp Psyllid & Tortoise Beetle & Eucalyptus Longhorned Borer & Bronze Bug
▪ Lerp Psyllids, like Eucalyptus trees,
are native to Australia.
▪ Heavy infestations cause honeydew,
leaf drop, sooty mold, reduce tree
health, trees decline & often die.
▪ Treated with Imidacloprid before
serious decline, insects die and trees
re-foliate.
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Fire Blight
Incurable bacterial disease spread by
pruning tools and insects
For best control measures, treat with
Oxytetracycline in Spring
Prune out diseased wood 2-3 weeks
prior to applications
Limbs needs to be cut 6-12 inches
below disease site
All tools should be sanitized in between
cuts
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TREE-äge® insecticide is a Restricted Use Pesticide and may only be sold to and used by a state certified applicator or by persons
under their direct supervision. TREE-äge® is a registered trademark of Arborjet, Inc.
Botryosphaeria Canker
“Bot Canker”
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Dutch Elm Disease
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Dutch Elm Disease
Banded elm bark beetle
Scolytus schevyrewi
Native elm bark beetle Hylurgopinus rufipes
Large elm bark beetleScolytus scolytus
▪ Dutch Elm Disease caused by two fungi, and vectored by several bark beetles.
▪ Most control methods focus on suppression of Disease causing fungi:▪ Ophiostoma novo-ulmi▪ Ophiostoma ulmi
▪ Disease also spread by root graft among elms.▪ Preventative fungicide treatment best, but
rapid treatment of newly attacked tree, coupled with sanitation pruning can save a tree.
▪ Current treatment options include injection of fungicides like Propiconazole.
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TREE-äge® insecticide is a Restricted Use Pesticide and may only be sold to and used by a state certified applicator or by persons
under their direct supervision. TREE-äge® is a registered trademark of Arborjet, Inc.
Urban
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TREE-äge® insecticide is a Restricted Use Pesticide and may only be sold to and used by a state certified applicator or by persons
under their direct supervision. TREE-äge® is a registered trademark of Arborjet, Inc.
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▪ Soil applied TGR, reduces vegetative growth
▪ Decreases pruning frequency
▪ Enhances fine root hair growth in trees
▪ Helps alleviate drought stress
▪ Aids in construction recovery/root loss
▪ Useful in chlorosis remediation
Plant Growth Regulator for Trees
22.3% Paclobutrazol
Oak Elm Maple Bradford Pear
Tree Growth Regulators Cambistat
Profile
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TREE-äge® insecticide is a Restricted Use Pesticide and may only be sold to and used by a state certified applicator or by persons
under their direct supervision. TREE-äge® is a registered trademark of Arborjet, Inc.
Success Stories: MI State
Untreated Treated
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TREE-äge® insecticide is a Restricted Use Pesticide and may only be sold to and used by a state certified applicator or by persons
under their direct supervision. TREE-äge® is a registered trademark of Arborjet, Inc.
Success Stories: MI State
Untreated Shortstop
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Thank you!
Dawn Fluharty
Northwestern Regional Technical Manager
Phone: 650-879-9622
Cell: 650-996-8291
Fax: 650-879-9986
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.arborjet.com
* Available for demonstrations