Hoofdstuktitel 3
2015the Netherlands
Tren
ds in th
e Neth
erlands 20
15 Trends in
2015the Netherlands
Trends in
3003 201501 A-3
Explanation of symbols
. Data not available * Provisional figure ** Revised provisional figure (but not definite) x Publication prohibited (confidential figure) – Nil – (Between two figures) inclusive 0 (0.0) Less than half of unit concerned empty cell Not applicable 2014–2015 2014 to 2015 inclusive 2014/2015 Average for 2014 to 2015 inclusive 2014/’15 Crop year, financial year, school year, etc., beginning in 2014 and ending in 2015 2012/’13– 2014/’15 Crop year, financial year, etc., 2012/’13 to 2014/’15 inclusive Due to rounding, some totals may not correspond to the sum of the separate figures.
Publisher Statistics Netherlands Henri Faasdreef 312, 2492 JP The Hague www.cbs.nl Prepress: Statistics Netherlands, Studio BCO Printed by: Tuijtel, Hardinxveld-Giessendam Information Telephone +31 88 570 70 70 Via contact form: www.cbs.nl/infoservice Where to order Obtainable via www.cbs.nl Price: € 10.00 (excluding postage) ISBN 978-90-357-2105-0 ISSN 0303-6448 © Statistics Netherlands, The Hague/Heerlen/Bonaire 2015. Reproduction is permitted, provided Statistics Netherlands is quoted as the source.
ForewordTrends in the Netherlands replaces the Statistical
yearbook of the Netherlands. It describes trends in Dutch economy and society from five perspectives. The book gives a colourful impression of the information Statistics Netherlands compiles. It also describes two innovative products: the web apps voor open data and for corporate news. The open data web app presents all datasets in Statistics Netherlands’ StatLine databank in graphs and maps, while users of the corporate news web app can take a look behind the scenes at Statistics Netherlands.
Like all publications, Trends in the Netherlands
2015 can be downloaded in PDF from
www.cbs.nl. The graphs, tables, maps and text in this book are examples of what is available; the range is much wider. All statistical data, including the most up-to-date results, are
available in the online statistical databank StatLine. The databank can be accessed free of charge via www.cbs.nl/statline and via the open data web app (http://opendata.cbs.nl/Dataportaal).Nearly every day, Statistics Netherlands publishes news and background articles on its website www.cbs.nl. You can keep up with all publications via the RSS feeds and via Twitter (http://twitter.com/statisticscbs). I hope you enjoy the book, and invite you to visit the website for much more information. Director General,Dr T.B.P.M. Tjin-A-Tsoi The Hague/Heerlen/Bonaire, July 2015
Contents1 Corporate information 7
2 EconomyTrends 11
Facts and figures 17
International trade 17
Prices 17
Financial markets 18
Bankruptcies 19
Construction and housing 20
Trade, hotels and restaurants 21
Financial and business services 21
Traffic and transport 22
Government 23
3 Labour and incomeTrends 25
Facts and figures 31
Purchasing power 31
Sickness absence 32
Labour market 33
4 Population and wellbeingTrends 39
Facts and figures 47
Population 47
Health and welfare 52
Leisure and culture 57
5 Public sectorTrends 65
Facts and figures 71
Education 71
Security 75
Fire services 76
6 EnvironmentTrends 79
Facts and figures 85
Energy 85
Agriculture 90
Nature and wildlife 95
6 Trends in the Netherlands 20152 Trends in Nederland 2015
CBS online 2015
50videos on CBS-YouTube
3,600datasets in StatLine
98,000followers on Twitter
Corporate information 72 Trends in Nederland 2015
CBS online 2015
50videos on CBS-YouTube
3,600datasets in StatLine
98,000followers on Twitter
1. Corporate informationStatLine App and Open data portal Statistics Netherlands is a constantly innovating organisation, one aspect of which is the development of new products. Last year was a productive year in this respect: Statistics Netherlands launched its Open data portal in mid-2014, making all 3,600 datasets in its StatLine databank publicly accessible as open data. A web app for StatLine on the basis of open data is now also available. In just two clicks this web app presents all tables in the StatLine databank as graphs or maps. Naturally the app can also show the data in tabular form. It is easier to use than StatLine, and can also be used by people who do not know how the databank works. The new products are accessible via www.cbs.nl.
Neighbourhood statistics In April 2015 Statistics Netherlands launched a new version of its interactive neighbourhood statistics website CBSinuwbuurt.nl, with map-based data on 75 neighbourhood and local population variables.
8 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
Corporate news web appThe web app corporate.cbs.nl has been developed as a platform for news about the organisation itself. Three times a week new articles are published about topical items, new services and products, international developments and events. The corporate news web app has been developed to keep external relations of Statistics Netherlands up-to-date with what is happening in and around the organisation. Its users include businesses, journalists, policymakers, students, and anyone else interested in news about official statistics. The web app has easy-to-use filter and search features, and users can share items via Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn. Director General Tjark Tjin-A-Tsoi is enthusiastic about this new product. ‘We used to have a paper magazine for our external relations. The print run was 2,500 copies and it was published every quarter. Against the background of today’s fast communication methods, this was obviously an outdated concept, and therefore we have developed a modern, user-friendly web app which everyone can use – on all kinds of devices – to keep up with news about Statistics Netherlands.’
Corporate information 9
Statistics Netherlands on social mediaTo make its data even more widely available, Statistics Netherlands also publishes them via social media. Anyone who wants the latest up-to-date figures can follow @statistiekcbs, and the English account @statisticscbs, on Twitter. Statistics Netherlands tweets new data, relevant data about topics in the news, and nice-to-know facts. In the space of five years, the number of followers has risen to 98,000 (June 2015). Statistics Netherlands also has a YouTube channel, youtube.com/statistiekcbs, with around fifty videos explaining certain statistical concepts, such as inflation, and social issues such as population ageing, as well as recorded press conferences.
10 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
Transport equipment industry
3.1% production growth in 2014
€ 13,825,000,000turnover in 2013
45,400employed persons in 2013
Economy 11
2. EconomyTrends
Economy growing, but still not at pre-crisis levelDutch economic growth was positive again in 2014, following a period of negative growth that lasted longer than in neighbouring countries. Economic activity, exports and employment all increased, and the housing market also picked up. It is a slow process, though: the size of the economy is still 2 percent below the level of 2008. Many economies in Europe are now already doing better than before the start of the crisis.
Broad-based growth The Dutch economy grew by 0.9 percent in 2014, signalling a cautious continuation of the recovery which began in mid-2013. Household consumption increased slightly, by 0.1 percent. For the first time in a number of years, consumers purchased more durable goods, particularly electronics. Government consumption, on the other hand, decreased in 2014 for the fourth year in a row.
Dutch economic growth is driven by exports – aided by the sharp devaluation of the euro – but also by consumer spending and private investment. Household consumption and investment increased for the first time since 2011. In previous years, only exports had grown, tempering the level of recession to some extent. Levels of consumer and producer confidence both increased. Most sectors of the economy showed improve-ment in 2014. The manufacturing industry grew by 1.1 percent, and within this sector, the manufacture of machinery and transport equipment rose particularly strongly, partly as a result of increased investment. For wood, paper and publishing, the – limited – growth was even the first positive result after six successive years of contraction. By contrast, the growth rate in the food, drinks and tobacco industry decreased slightly, and production in the mineral extraction sector was down as the mild winter pushed down demand for natural gas.
12 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
Construction output increased by 3.4 percent, the first substantial growth following years of decline. At the end of 2014, the construction sector was still over 20 percent smaller than in 2008. Agriculture recorded the highest growth rate: 4.2 percent, partly as a result of increased exports of fruit and vegetables in the first few months of the year and a good potato crop.
Fewer employees, more self-employedEmployment picked up in 2014. The number of employee jobs lagged slightly behind 2013, while the number of self-employed rose. This marks a trend which has prevailed for some time: since the crisis started at the end of 2008, the number of employee jobs has been falling, while more and more people are starting their own business. Job losses are especially numerous in the care and construction sectors. The care sector is now no longer the employment provider it used to be, partly as a result of cutbacks in childcare jobs. Employment in construction has decreased steadily since 2008 and the number of jobs in this sector is now 100,000 lower. Employee jobs account for most job losses in construction; the number of self-employed has remained roughly unchanged in recent years.
100,000
job losses in construction
Bb
2.1 Gross domestic product (GDP)
–5
–4
–3
–2
–1
0
1
2
3
4
5
IVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIII
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Change Index (right-hand scale)
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
% year-on-year volume change seasonally adjusted, 2008-I=100
Economy 13
Economic recovery in EuropeAt 0.9 percent, the Dutch growth rate was lower than average in the European Union (1.3 percent), but at the same level as the eurozone average (also 0.9 percent). Germany and the United Kingdom are leading the recovery in Europe, with relatively high growth rates of 1.6 percent and 2.6 percent respectively. The economies of Italy, Croatia, Cyprus and Finland did not grow at all in 2014. Despite the upturn, the volumes of both the Dutch and the eurozone economies are still nearly 2 percent below their pre-crisis levels. Greece, Portugal, Spain and Italy are all also still below their 2008 levels. The economies in Belgium and France are already slightly above the level of early 2008, while the German economy is already 4 percent and the British economy 3.4 percent above this level.
2.2 GDP and spending
2008 2011 2012 2013 2014
% year-on-year volume change
GDP 2 .1 1 .7 −1 .6 −0 .7 0 .9
Imports 1 .8 3 .5 2 .8 0 .8 4.0
Exports 1 .5 4 .4 3 .3 2 .0 4.0
Household consumption 1 .0 0 .2 −1 .4 −1 .6 0 .1
Government consumption 4 .1 −0 .2 −1 .6 −0 .3 −0 .3
Investment 4 .8 5 .6 −6 .0 −4 .0 3 .4
2.3 Employed labour force by type of employment
Self-employed with employees
Self-employed without employees
Employees with flexible contract
Employees with permanent contract (right-hand scale)
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2014201320122011201020092008
0
4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.0x mln x mln
14 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
0.4% eurozone
inflation in 2014
Aa
Fast recovery for economies outside EuropeOutside Europe, the United States continued its solid economic growth, recording a 2.4 percent increase in GDP in 2014. US economic growth has been above 2 percent for three years now. In Asia and most emerging markets, growth rates have levelled off somewhat in recent years. Chinese growth slowed from 10 percent in 2008 to 7 percent in 2014. The American economy was quicker to bounce back than those in Europe and is now 9 percent above its pre-crisis level. Japan’s economy seemed to have found a way back up at the beginning of 2014, only to relapse again subsequently. As a result, the Japanese economy was slightly smaller at the end of 2014 than at the start of 2008.
2.4 International inflation
2008 2011 2012 2013 2014
% year-on-year change
Eurozone 3 .3 2 .7 2 .5 1 .3 0 .4
Netherlands 2 .2 2 .5 2 .8 2 .6 0 .3
Germany 2 .8 2 .5 2 .1 1 .6 0 .8
France 3 .2 2 .3 2 .2 1 .0 0 .6
United Kingdom 3 .6 4 .5 2 .8 2 .6 1 .5
United States 4 .4 3 .8 2 .1 1 .3 1 .3
Source: Eurostat.
Economy 15
2.5 Economic growth
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
IVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIIIIVIIIIII
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Germany NetherlandsUnited KingdomUnited StatesJapanEurozone
2008-I=100
��´Turning point for Dutch economy in 2014
0.9%increase in GDP
1.0% infl ation lowest level since 1988
7.4%of labour force unemployed
Economy 17
��´Turning point for Dutch economy in 2014
0.9%increase in GDP
1.0% infl ation lowest level since 1988
7.4%of labour force unemployed
Facts and figures
International tradeDutch companies imported and exported more goods in 2014 than in 2013, the fifth year-on-year increase in a row. Low oil prices resulted in lower import prices than in 2013. As a result there was hardly any net change in the value of imports. The value of exports did rise slightly.The trade surplus was 50 billion euros, 3 billion euros more than in 2013. Accounting for a share of 9 percent of Dutch imports, China is the third largest supplier of goods to the Netherlands. Its share was 2 percentage points higher than in 2008. Germany is still the main trading partner of the Netherlands: 16 percent of Dutch imports come from Germany and 24 percent of Dutch exports go there.
PricesFactory-gate prices of Dutch manufactured products were 2.2 percent lower in 2014 than in the previous year, mainly as a result of lower oil prices. It was the second year in a row that manufacturers’ prices decreased. Not only the
2.6 Value of imports and exports of goods, 2014*
22%
4 %
13%
9%
10%
14%
28%
17%
5%
13%
9%
13%
17%
26%
Inedible raw materials excl. fuels
Manufactured goods
Food and live animals
Chemical products
Mineral fuels
Machines and transport equipment
Other
Imports (total 383 bn euros)
Exports (total 432 bn euros)
18 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
oil industry was able to reduce its prices as a result of lower purchasing costs of crude petroleum, the chemical industry also lowered its prices. Price reductions were smaller in the food, drinks and tobacco industry. Manufacturers of textiles and construction materials raised their product prices slightly in 2014. Consumer goods were 0.4 percent cheaper on average in 2014. Prices of consumer electronics were substantially lower, and clothes, glass, pottery and other household items also cost less. Rent levels rose by just over 4 percent. The average inflation rate for 2014 was 1.0 percent.
Financial marketsStock exchanges worldwide benefited from the growth in the American economy in 2014. Returns on shares were 8 percent on average. The Amsterdam AEX index closed 6 percent higher than twelve months previously. Interest on European government bonds fell further in 2014. In the Netherlands interest on 10-year government bonds fell below 1 percent for the first time. This offered the government a low-cost option to finance the increasing government debt.
2.7 In�ation
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2014201320122011201020092008
% year-on-year change
2.8 AEX index, 31 December
Source: De Nederlandsche Bank
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
20142013201220112010200920082007200620052004200320022001
Economy 19
The value of the euro fell substantially in 2014 against other currencies. As a result of this devaluation, it was relatively cheap for non-eurozone countries to buy goods in the Netherlands.
BankruptciesWhile a record number of 9.4 thousand businesses in the Netherlands went bankrupt in 2013, in 2014 this number fell to 7.6 thousand of the 1.4 million companies active in that year. The decrease in the number of bankruptcies is a sign that the economy is doing better. The number of bankruptcies fell in almost all sectors of industry, but by most in construction (39 percent). The number of bankruptcies in manufacturing was 33 percent lower, in the trade sector it was 23 percent down. In financial services, however, the number of bankruptcies rose by 30 percent. In 2014, 13 in every thou-sand businesses in this sector were pronounced bankrupt. Business failure rates are usually lower in agriculture: in 2014 1.4 per thousand businesses went bankrupt, fewer than usual.
2.9 Pronounced bankruptcies
0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
201420132012201120102009
x 1,000
7,621 businesses
went bankrupt in 2014
Cc
20 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
Construction and housingFollowing two years of contraction, construction turnover grew by 1.5 percent in 2014. The con-struction sector also showed improvement in other aspects: the number of bankruptcies fell substantially, and at the start of 2015 confi-dence of construction businesses was positive for the first time since the end of 2008. Building permits were granted for nearly 40 thousand new homes, one and a half times as many as in 2013. The number of jobs in construction did fall, however, from 532 thousand in 2013 to 511 thousand in 2014. Nearly 154 thousand existing homes changed hands in 2014, many more than in 2013 (110 thousand). House prices (excluding new construction) rose by nearly 1 percent in 2014.
2.10 Building permits for new homes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2014201320122011
Rental homesOwn homes
x 1,000
Economy 21
Trade, hotels and restaurantsRetail sales rose again in 2014 for the first time in six years. As prices were slightly lower, turn-over hardly improved, however. Turnover in the hotel and restaurant sector rose by 5.6 percent, the largest increase in recent years. Consumers went out more to eat and drink, and also spent more nights in hotels. All branches within the hotel and restaurant sector realised more turnover than in 2013. Car dealers reported a drop in turnover in the last quarter of 2014 in particular compared with twelve months previously. Turnover was excep-tionally high in the fourth quarter of 2013 as consumers and private companies purchased cars in anticipation of tax measures for new cars that came into effect on 1 January 2014.
Financial and business servicesThe long-term interest for pension funds fell by 45 percent in 2014. As a result, investment rose by 18 percent, and pension commitments by 21 percent. Pension commitments are a measure of how much money the funds have to have in hand to be able to pay future pensions. If interest rates are low, the funds need more money to pay the ultimate amount due. As the
2.11 Turnover in trade, hotels and restaurants, 2014
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
restaurants
snack bars
hotels
cafés, pubs, etc.
of which
Hotels and restaurants
mail order and web shops
food
non-food
of which
Retail trade
Wholesale trade
Car trade
% year-on-year change
22 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
commitments rose by more than investment, the financial position of pension funds deteriorated overall in 2014.
Traffic and transportOver 365 million tonnes of goods were transported by inland vessels in 2014. This accounts for one third of all goods transported within Dutch borders last year. Transported volumes were up for nearly all products, but especially for sand and gravel, other construc-tion materials and containers. Volumes of coal for power plants and iron ore were smaller than in 2013.As smaller vessels have been taken out of service, the overall loading capacity of dry bulk ships (gravel) has been decreasing since 2012. As a result, the average loading capacity per inland vessel has continued to rise. For liquid bulk carriers (e.g. oil), both the number and total cargo capacity continue to rise, although the increase is slowing down.
2.12 E�ect of interest rates on pension commitments
Total investment
Bu�er
Pension commitments
15-year interest rate (right-hand scale)
–200
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
2014*2013201220112010200920082007
–1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6bn euros %
2.13 Goods transport, 2014
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Sand and gravel
Other goods
Containers
Construction materials
Iron ore
Coal
year-on-year change in mln tonnes
Economy 23
GovernmentDutch government deficit amounted to 2.3 percent of GDP in 2014. This is the same level as in 2013 when it was within the European deficit norm of 3 percent for the first time in five years. In 2009 the deficit was still 5.5 percent of GDP.Government debt was 68.8 percent of GDP in 2014. It is the first time since the start of the credit crisis that the debt-to-GDP ratio remained at the same level. The volume of the debt in euros did increase further, by 10 billion euros. The extra debt was necessary to finance the government deficit. The interest due on the debt continued to decrease as a result of falling interest rates.
2.14 Government deficit and government debt
2012 2013 2014
bn euros
Government revenues 278 .7 286 .2 290 .5
Government spending 304 .0 300 .8 305 ,4
Government deficit (EMU) −25 .3 −14 .6 −14 .9
Government debt (EMU) 426 .1 441 .0 451 .0
% of GDP
Government deficit (EMU) −4 .0 −2 .3 −2 .3
Government debt (EMU) 66 .5 68 .6 68 .8
Revenues 43 .5 44 .5 44 .3
taxes and premiums 36 .0 36 .8 37 .6
Spending 47 .5 46 .8 46 .6
68% debt-to-GDP ratio in 2014Aa
8 Trends in Nederland 2015
741,000 households with no mortgage debt in 2014
1,480,000households with negative equity in 2014
€ 142,000average household wealth in 2013
Wealth
Labour and income 25
3. Labour and incomeTrends
Unequal distribution of income and wealth Income inequality is relatively small and stable in the Netherlands, and even remained so since the start of the crisis at the end of 2008. Average household wealth has decreased substantially since 2008, however, mainly as a result of the fall in value of own homes. Average (standardised) household income in the Netherlands was 23.6 thousand euros in 2013. Income is not evenly distributed across households: half of households have less than 21.1 thousand euros and one quarter have less than 16 thousand euros. Forty thousand households (0.6 percent) even have negative income; half of these are self-employed people who made a loss. Thirty thousand households (0.4 percent) had an income of over 100 thousand euros.Average income rose steadily in the period 1977–2013, although the upward trend was interrupted a number of times by economic recession. The lowest level of income was
recorded around 1985, at the time of severe economic recession. Around 1994 and 2004, too, the economy relapsed, although less substantially. Income peaked in 2007, during a period of economic revival, only to decrease every year in the period up to 2013 as a result of the subsequent economic crisis.
Wealth differs more than incomeWealth is even more unequally distributed among households than income. Average household wealth in 2013 was 142 thousand euros. This includes assets such as an own home, balances on bank and savings accounts, shares and securities, minus outstanding debts. Half of all households have assets worth less than 19 thousand euros, while more than one and a half million households are worth more than 200 thousand euros. At the beginning of 2013, 85 percent of wealth in the Netherlands was in the hands of the 20 percent wealthiest households.
26 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
According to the definition used by Statistics Netherlands, wealth is transferable and at the disposal of the household. As this is not the case for pension entitlements, these are not included in household wealth. Pension entitlements largely consist of compulsory contributions to pension funds. Other collective forms of wealth such as the social safety nets and education are also excluded from Statistics Netherlands’ calculation. As a result of the compulsory participation in pension schemes and the wide availability of collective provisions, the Dutch do not need to build up capital for their old age. There is therefore little point in comparing the Netherlands with countries with fewer collective regulations for social and old-age provisions.
Substantial fall in wealth The wealth position of households has deteriorated continuously since the start of the crisis at the end of 2008: average household capital fell from 51 thousand euros (2008) to 19 thousand euros (2013). The drop was mainly the result of the reduction in the value of own homes: from 256 thousand euros on average at the beginning of 2008 to 207 thousand euros at the beginning of 2013. In the same period, the
3.1 Households by income, 2013*
0
200
400
600
800
1009080706050403020100
households (x 1,000)
standardised income (1,000 euros)
average mortgage debt rose from 143 thousand euros to 165 thousand euros.Just under 4.3 million households had an own home at the beginning of 2013; 1.5 million of these homes were worth less than the outstanding fiscal mortgage debt on them. Since the crisis, the share of households with negative equity has risen substantially: from 13 percent in 2008 to 34 percent in 2013, although the rise did not continue in 2014. People who had bought a house shortly before the crisis broke out were the main group affected: the value of their homes has dropped sharply. Nearly half of Dutch homeowners (2.1 million) lived in properties that were
Labour and income 27
worth more than the outstanding fiscal mortgage debt at the beginning of 2013 and the beginning of 2014. The fiscal mortgage debt does not take into account capital built up in savings-based and endowment mortgages, as no data are available on this.
Economic inequality between groupsDifferences in income and wealth between population groups can largely be explained by the age composition of the population. To a large extent the age of the household’s main earner determines its level of income and amount of capital. People starting out on the labour market earn relatively little; they cannot save much and often take out large mortgages to buy a property. As they grow older, their financial position improves. Income rises as a result of experience and transfers to better-paid jobs, enabling them to build up more capital growth, for example by repayments on the mortgage debt. Although their income drops when they retire, many over-65s have almost or completely repaid their mortgages and are relatively wealthy. In addition to demographic factors there are other causes of inequality. Self-employed people, for example, have higher incomes than
3.2 Average disposable and standardised household income1)
Standardised income Disposable income1) Due to a revisison, figures for 1977–2000 are not directly comparable with those
for 2000–2013.
0
10
20
30
40
201520102005200019951990198519801975
1,000 euros (2013 prices)
3.3 Median household wealth, 1 January 2013
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2013*2012201120102009200820072006
1,000 euros (2013 prices)
28 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
employee households and benefit claimants. And homeowners are wealthier than tenants in rented accommodation. Even if home ownership is not taken into account, median wealth is 3 thousand euros lower for tenants than for homeowners (28 thousand euros). Tenants in rented accommodation include relatively many low-income households such as singles and single parents.
Employed or studying, own home or rentingEconomic inequality is also present within population groups. The large inequality between young main earners (younger than 25 years) is caused by different economic activities. One third of them are students living in student housing with a relatively low income, while just over half of this age group have a well-paid job. Inequality in income and wealth decreases in older age groups. Another factor in the substantial wealth inequality in this group is different types of accommodation. Some young people rent accommodation and usually have only modest savings, others have just bought their first house, with a large mortgage and often negative equity. Income and wealth inequality are smallest for households of the over-65s.
3.4 Households by home equity (property value minus outstanding mortgage debt), 1 January
0
1
2
3
4
5
2014*20132012201120102009200820072006
No outstanding debtPositive equityNegative equity
mln households
Labour and income 29
Inequality increased after 2009Differences in wealth fluctuated significantly more in the period 2006–2013 than differences in income, and since 2009 wealth inequality has increased visibly. The main cause of this was the reduction in the value of own homes during the crisis. The capital of less wealthy groups consists mainly of the value of the own home minus outstanding mortgage. Their capital thus decreased by relatively more than that of wealthier households, many of whom also have shares and savings. As a result the differences in wealth between households increased. If the value of the home and the outstanding mortgage debt are not taken into account, wealth inequality hardly rose at all. Indeed the increase in wealth inequality is a direct consequence of the collapse of the housing market at the beginning of the crisis.
3.5 Economic inequality by background characteristics, 2013*
Wealth incl. own home Income
median Gini Theil median Gini Theil
1,000 euros 1,000 euros
Total 19 .1 0 .895 1 .750 23 .6 0 .281 0 .155
Age of main earner
younger than 25 yrs 1 .1 . 3 .111 10 .1 0 .396 0 .273
25–44 yrs 1 .4 . 3 .043 22 .8 0 .264 0 .132
45–64 yrs 59 .0 0 .821 1 .527 26 .5 0 .281 0 .154
65 yrs or older 99 .6 0 .709 1 .155 23 .1 0 .230 0 .115
Main source of income
Labour 9 .2 1 .031 1 .991 25 .7 0 .246 0 .115
Own business 95 .1 0 .844 1 .665 28 .9 0 .377 0 .286
Benefits or pension 24 .5 0 .753 1 .194 19 .1 0 .245 0 .116
of which 61 .0 0 .703 1 .021
unemployment benefits 2 .6 0 .944 1 .625 16 .3 0 .205 0 .077
illness/disability benefits 2 .8 0 .887 1 .648 16 .6 0 .173 0 .051
pension 91 .5 0 .672 0 .931 21 .8 0 .205 0 .083
income support 0 .4 1 .109 3 .299 11 .9 0 .138 0 .061
Homeowner/tenant
Own home 115 .3 0 .789 1 .350 28 0 .256 0 .134
Rented home 2 .9 0 .941 2 .153 17 .8 0 .250 0 .121
��∂175,000young people unemployed in 2014
1,600,000people (15–64 yrs) had a disability in 2013
10.3%of households below poverty threshold in 2013
Income and labour market
Labour and income 31
��∂175,000young people unemployed in 2014
1,600,000people (15–64 yrs) had a disability in 2013
10.3%of households below poverty threshold in 2013
Income and labour market Facts and figures
Purchasing power The purchasing power of the Dutch population decreased by 1.1 percent in 2013. This was the fourth year in a row that purchasing power decreased. Only for employees did it increase slightly in 2013, by 0.4 percent. The largest fall was for the self-employed, 3.3 percent, but decreases were also substantial for benefit claimants, especially people on disability benefits: 1.4 percent. Pensioners’ purchasing power fell by 3.0 percent, as pension payments were no longer increased to compensate for inflation and in some cases even reduced as the coverage ratios of the pension funds fell below the required level.
Just over one in ten households (10.3 percent) had an income below the poverty threshold in 2013. This is more than in 2012 (9.3 percent), 2011 (8.2 percent) and 2010 (7.4 percent). The increase is reflected in all high-risk groups: single-parent families, income support claimants, households with a non-western foreign back-ground and singles younger than 65 years.
3.6 Purchasing power, 2013*
–3.5 –3.0 –2.5 –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 0 0.5
income support claimants
pension
disability benefit
of whom
Benefit claimants
Self-employed
Employees
Total population
% year-on-year change
726,000 households below
low-income threshold in 2013
Aa
32 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
Sickness absence The sickness absence rate among employees in the Netherlands fell to 3.8 percent in 2014, the lowest rate since 1996. The low absence rate may be an effect of the economic situation: employees are more concerned about the future of their jobs. The mild flu outbreak at the start of 2014 also contributed to the low rate of sickness absence. Absence is highest in education and public administration (including government), and lowest in the hotel and restaurant sector. The differences in sickness absence rates correlate with the age compositions of the various sectors of industry. Many workers in the hotel and restaurants sector, for example, are young, while employees in the education sector are often in the older age groups. Sickness absence increases with age.
One in seven 15–64-year-olds in 2013 – nearly 1.6 million people – had a disability or long-term illness that made it more difficult for them to work or find a job. One third of them had a paid job of at least 12 hours a week, often a permanent contract and relatively often part-time. Labour participation rises with education
3.7 Low-income households by household composition, 2013*
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Other
at least one adult child
underage children only
Single-parent family
at least one adult child
underage children only
Couple
65 yrs or older
younger than 65 yrs
Couple without children
65 yrs or older
younger than 65 yrs
Single
Total
Low income for four years or longer Low income
%
Labour and income 33
level, but even at the highest education level it is lower than participation among people without a disability. Not only is labour participation low among people with a disability, relatively many of them are unemployed: the unemployment rate in this group is 15.8 percent, more than twice as high as in the group without a dis-ability (7.6 percent).
Labour marketOver half of all employed people aged 15–64 years in the Netherlands in 2014 worked part-time. The share of part-time workers is much smaller in other countries of the European Union. Austria and Germany are joint second with 28 percent of workers working part-time, in the United Kingdom this is 27 percent and in Sweden 26 percent. On average just over one in five workers in the 28 countries of the European Union work part-time. It is Dutch women who put the Netherlands at the top of the part-time league table. In 2014 more than three-quarters of working women in the Netherlands (77 percent) worked part-time. In all other countries of the EU this was less than half of women. On average fewer than one in three working women in the EU had a part-time job.
3.9 People with a disability (15–64 yrs), 2013
Men Women
x 1,000
15–24 yrs 65 78
25–34 yrs 74 102
35–44 yrs 123 164
45–54 yrs 164 245
55–64 yrs 239 297
3.8 Sickness absence by sector, 2014
0 2 4 6
Government
Education
Health and welfare
Water and waste management
Manufacturing
Netherlands
Financial services
ICT companies
Agriculture
Specialist business services
Hotels and restaurants
%
34 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
Although the share of Dutch men working part-time is small (28 percent), it was still higher in 2014 than in every other country in the EU.
Youth unemployment has risen strongly in recent years. In 2014, 175 thousand young people (15–24 years) in the Netherlands were unemployed, 12.7 percent of this age group. In 2008, before the crisis, 8.6 percent of young people were out of work. Although the percentage of unemployed young people is high compared with total unemployment of 7.4 percent, it is relatively low in a European perspective. In the 28 countries of the European Union, an average 22 percent of young people are unemployed. In Germany this was 8 percent, in Austria 10 percent. But in Italy and Croatia youth unemployment is over 40 percent, and in Spain and Greece even above 50 percent.
3.10 Part-time workers in the European Union, 2014
MenWomen
0 20 40 60 80 100
European Union (28 countries)
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Croatia
Hungary
Latvia
Czech Republic
Lithuania
Poland
Romania
Estonia
Greece
Portugal
Slovenia
Cyprus
Finland
Spain
Malta
France
Italy
Ireland
Denmark
Luxembourg
Sweden
Belgium
United Kingdom
Austria
Germany
Netherlands
% of employed labour force
Source: Eurostat.
Labour and income 35
3.12 Employment, 2014*
Total EmployeesSelf-
employed
1,000 persons
Total employed persons 8,677 7,220 1,457
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 212 95 117
Industry (excl. construction) and energy 831 793 38
Construction 459 298 161
Trade, transport, hotels and restaurants 2,167 1,898 269
Information and communication 260 221 39
Financial services 237 231 6
Leasing and real estate 73 62 11
Business services 1,683 1,238 444
Government and care 2,392 2,144 248
Culture, recreation, other services 364 240 124
3.11 Unemployment in the European Union, 2014
TotalYounger than 25 yrs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
European Union (28 countries)
Germany
Austria1)
Malta
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
United Kingdom
Denmark
Romania
Estonia
Netherlands
Hungary
Sweden
Belgium
Finland
Poland
Slovenia
France
Lithuania
Latvia
Ireland
Bulgaria
Italy
Slovakia
Portugal
Cyprus
Croatia
Spain
Greece
1) 2013.
%
Source: Eurostat.
36 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
3.13 Unemployment by sex, age and ethnic origin
2012 2013 2014
% of labour force
Total 5 .8 7 .3 7 .4
Men 5 .5 7 .2 7 .2
Women 6 .2 7 .3 7 .8
15–24 yrs 11 .7 13 .2 12 .7
25–34 yrs 5 .1 6 .8 6 .5
35–44 yrs 4 .5 5 .9 6 .2
45–54 yrs 4 .4 5 .6 5 .9
55–54 yrs 5 .3 6 .8 7 .7
65–74 yrs 3 .8 4 .8 5 .7
Native Dutch 4 .6 5 .8 6 .1
Western foreign background 7 .3 8 .9 8 .7
Non-western foreign background 14 .1 16 .5 16 .5
3.14 Jobs of employees
0
3,400
3,800
4,200
4,600
5,000
2014*2013*2012*2011201020092008
Women Men
3.15 Jobs of employees, 2014*
Total Men Women
1,000 persons
Total employees 7,725 4,043 3,682
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 103 69 34
Industry (excl. construction) and energy 808 631 176
Construction 304 269 35
Trade, transport, hotels and restaurants 2,019 1,137 882
Information and communication 229 168 61
Financial services 238 132 106
Leasing and real estate 66 35 31
Business services 1,361 792 569
Government and care 2,299 696 1,603
Culture, recreation, other services 298 114 184
9,782,000
jobs in 2014
Bb
Labour and income 37
3.16 Benefit claimants, 31 December
2012 2013 2014*
x 1,000
Disability benefits 786 787 789
for young persons (Wajong) 216 228 239
under former scheme (WAO) 397 366 336
for self-employed (WAZ) 21 18 16
under current scheme (WIA) 160 185 208
Unemployment (WW) 351 441 447
Income support 428 460 482
Benefits for older unemployed (IOAW) 15 18 22
Benefits for older former self-employed (IOAZ) 2 2 2
Children's allowance 1,928 1,919 1,906
Survivors' benefits 75 55 42
State old age pension (AOW) 3,136 3,223 3,304
3.17 Net labour participation, 2014
0
20
40
60
80
100
70–74 65–6960–6455–5950–5445–4940–4435–3930–3425–2920–2415–19
Women Men
age in years
%
482,000 persons
claiming income support in 2014
Ci c
38 Trends in the Netherlands 201512 Trends in Nederland 2015
Seven out of ten for wellbeing
85% are satisfi ed with life
68% are satisfi ed with fi nancial situation
71% are satisfi ed with physical health
Population and wellbeing 39
4. Population and wellbeingTrends
Seven marks out of ten for wellbeing The Dutch give themselves 7 marks out of 10 for their own wellbeing. This mark combines their assessment of, among other things, their financial situation, social participation, health and trust in institutions. The mark for wellbeing is an average: some people give themselves a higher mark and are thus happier and more satisfied than others.
Large majority of people are happyMost adults (i.e. aged 18 years and older) in the Netherlands are happy. In 2014, 88 percent said they were happy and 85 percent said they were satisfied with their life. They do not judge all aspects of their life equally positively, however, and there are also some large differences between population groups. Family composition is a large factor in how happy people say they are. People living together with a partner – with or without children – are most likely to be content. Single people and single parents are
least likely to be satisfied. Relatively more women than men say they are happy.
4.1 Share of population happy and satis�ed with life, 1997–20141)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
’14 ’13 ’12 ’10 ’09 ’08 ’07 ’06 ’05 ’04 ’03 ’02 ’01 ’00 ’99 ’98 ’97
Satisfied Happy1) 2011: break in series.
%
40 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
Half of people with high income concerned about financial futureJust under seven in ten adults in the Netherlands say they are satisfied with their financial situation, two in ten are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, and one in ten are dissatisfied. Six in ten people are concerned about their future finances. Although people with higher incomes are less worried than those with lower incomes, half of them are concerned about their financial future. For people with lower incomes this is nearly 70 percent. Young people (18–24 year-olds) and older people (over 65 years) are less worried than those aged 25–64 years.
People who exercise regularly are more satisfiedIn general terms, more people report being satisfied with their mental than with their physical health (85 versus 71 percent). People who exercise or practice sports on a regular basis are more likely to report being satisfied with their physical health than those who do not exercise or at least not regularly. Bodyweight is also a factor in this respect: people who are moderately overweight and to
4.2 Extent of concern about future �nancial situation by level of income, 2013
Not concernedA little concernedVery concerned
0 20 40 60 80 100
4th quartile (highest incomes)
3rd quartile
2nd quartile
1st quartile(lowest incomes)
%
4.3 Satisfaction with physical health by frequency of sport and exercise, 2013
0 20 40 60 80 100
Hardly any or no sport or exercise
Sport or exercise less than once a month
Sport or exercise once a month
Sport or exercise weekly
DissatisfiedNot satisfied, not dissatisfiedSatisfied
%
Population and wellbeing 41
a greater degree those who are severely overweight are significantly less satisfied with their physical health than people in the normal weight range. Exercise and being overweight also affect satisfaction with mental health, although the differences are smaller.
More trust in police than in politicsFewer than one in three people trust parlia-ment. They have more faith in judges and the police: just over two in three people say they trust these institutions. Relatively more people with a higher level of education trust institu-tions and politicians than those with a lower level of education. Nearly half (49 percent) of university graduates, for example, say they have a high or reasonably high level of trust in parlia-ment, compared with 22 percent of people with the lowest education levels. In addition, older people generally trust institutions less than young people. This is the case for both trust in parliament as well as trust in police and judges.
4.4 Institutional trust by education level, 2013
0 20 40 60 80 100
Master's degree, PhD
Bachelor's degree
Upper secondary
Lower secondary
Primary education
Trusts the police Trusts judgesTrusts parliament
% of population
4.5 Institutional trust by age, 2013
Trusts the police Trusts judgesTrusts parliament
0
20
40
60
80
100
75 or older65–7455–6445–5435–44 25–3418–24
age in years
% of population
42 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
4.6 Loneliness by sex and age, 2013
Degree of loneliness 1)
Average Standard error
Total
18–24 yrs 1 .3 0 .1
25–34 yrs 1 .4 0 .1
35–44 yrs 1 .6 0 .1
45–54 yrs 1 .8 0 .1
55–64 yrs 2 .1 0 .1
65–74 yrs 2 .1 0 .1
75 yrs or older 2 .6 0 .1
Men
18–24 yrs 1 .4 0 .1
25–34 yrs 1 .5 0 .1
35–44 yrs 1 .9 0 .1
45–54 yrs 1 .9 0 .1
55–64 yrs 2 .5 0 .1
65–74 yrs 2 .5 0 .2
75 yrs or older 2 .7 0 .2
Women
18–24 yrs 1 .1 0 .1
25–34 yrs 1 .4 0 .1
35–44 yrs 1 .4 0 .1
45–54 yrs 1 .7 0 .1
55–64 yrs 1 .7 0 .1
65–74 yrs 1 .8 0 .2
75 yrs or older 2 .5 0 .2
1) On a scale of 0 to 12 (0 = least lonely, 12 = most lonely).
75+ age group
most lonely
Jj
More men than women feel lonelyJust over seven in ten Dutch adults – and slightly more women than men – are satisfied with their social life. Only few people feel lonely. Relatively more men, especially older men say they are lonely. For them loneliness becomes an important factor from the age of 55, while for women this is 75 years.
Population and wellbeing 43
Higher educated score highest for well-beingThe Personal Wellbeing Index combines scores on eight dimensions to one overall score. The range of the score is 1 to 10, where 1 stands for the lowest level wellbeing and 10 for the highest possible level. The average score of the adult population is 7.1. The score for lower educated people and people with a non-western foreign background is slightly lower, at 6.6. People with a higher education level and young people have relatively high wellbeing scores. Higher educated groups score higher on nearly all dimensions of wellbeing than lower educated people.
4.7 Average scores on Personal Wellbeing Index by background characteristics, 2013
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Master's degree, PhD
Bachelor's degree
Upper secondary
Lower secondary
Primary education
Education level
Non-western background
Western foreign background
Native Dutch
Origin
65 yrs
45–64 yrs
25–44 yrs
18–24 yrs
Age
Women
Men
Sex
Total
score on wellbeing index 7.5 mark university graduates
give themselves for wellbeing
Dd
44 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
4.8 Safety feelings, 2013
Men
Women
11%
17%
20%
63%
14%
75%
Feels safe
Feels neither safe nor not safe
Does not feel safe
78% of tenants satisfied with rental homesAa
93% of homeowners satisfied with own home
Cc
4.9 Satisfaction with neighbourhood by degree of urbanisation, 2013
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Not urbanised
Hardly urbanised
Moderately urbanised
Strongly urbanised
Extremely urbanised
Total
DissatisfiedNot satisfied, not dissatisfiedSatisfied
%
Population and wellbeing 45
4.11 Satisfaction with relationship by sex and age, 2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
75 or older65–7455–6445–5435–4425–3418–24
WomenMen
age in years
%
4.10 Satisfaction with social life by sex and age, 2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
75 or older65–7455–6445–5435–4425–3418–24
WomenMen
age in years
%
88% are satisfied
with their social life
Gg
9 in 10 people living
with a partner are happy
Ee
��çHealth and welfare
4.7 km average distance to nearest hospital
5.2 days average hospital stay in 2012
67% of the population took prescribed medication in 2013
Population and wellbeing 47
��çHealth and welfare
4.7 km average distance to nearest hospital
5.2 days average hospital stay in 2012
67% of the population took prescribed medication in 2013
Facts and figures
PopulationThe population of the Netherlands grew faster in 2014 than in previous years, mainly as a result of immigration: overall it increased by 73 thousand people. The number of births rose for the first time in five years, the number of immigrants even reached a record high. Last year just over 181 thousand people came from abroad to live in the Netherlands. At 144 thousand, the number of people who left the country was around the same as the year before. As a result, net immigration came to 37 thousand persons, twice as many as in 2013. The largest group of immigrants, 24 thousand, came from Poland. The number was even larger than the 22 thousand native Dutch people returning from other countries. Although many Polish immigrants left the Netherlands again, at the end of 2014 the number was 12 thousand higher than at the start of the year. Poles are now the fifth largest group of immigrants, following those born in Turkey, Morocco, Suriname and Indonesia.
4.12 Immigration, native Dutch and foreign backgrounds
0
20
40
60
80
100
2014* 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 20022000
Western foreign background
Non-western foreign background
Native Dutch
x 1,000 persons
4.13 Emigration, native Dutch and foreign backgrounds
0
20
40
60
80
100
2014* 2012 2010 2008 2006 20042002 2000
Western foreign background
Non-western foreign background
Native Dutch
x 1,000 persons
48 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
4.15 People with a foreign background, 1 January 2015**
0 100 200 300 400 500
Syria
India
Iran
Somalia
Afghanistan
Iraq
China
Netherlands Antilles
Suriname
Morocco
Turkey
Non-western countries
Former Czechoslovakia
Greece
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Portugal
United States
Spain
France
Italy
Former Soviet Union
Former Yugoslavia
United Kingdom
Belgium
Poland
Germany
Indonesia
Western countries
Second generationFirst generation
x 1,000
181,363 immigrants in 2014
Gg
143,940 emigrants in 2014
Ff
4.14 Main reasons to emigrate for native Dutch with emigration plans, 2013
Totaal 7,7 miljoen
Other
Degradation or crime
Too crowded in the Netherlands
Tax burden
Family or friends
Education
Space, peace and quiet, nature
Work
16%11%
3%
3%
2%2%
29% 35%
Population and wellbeing 49
4.16 Key population figures
2012 2013 2014*
x 1,000
Population on 1 January 16,730 16,780 16,829
Births 176 171 175
Deaths 141 141 139
Immigration 158 165 181
Emigration 144 146 144
Net corrections −34 −28 −24
Total growth 49 50 73
Population on 31 December 16,780 16,829 16,902
4.18 Population forecast
2015 2040 2060
x 1,000
Population, 1 January 16,902 17,983 18,057
younger than 20 yrs 3,828 3,891 3,826
20–39 yrs 4,135 4,241 4,376
40–64 yrs 5,931 5,098 5,163
65–79 yrs 2,273 3,145 2,735
80 yrs or older 735 1,607 1,958
Population, year-on-year changes 73 10 9
of which
live births 175 185 193
deaths 139 193 199
net births 36 −8 −6
immigration 181 185 187
emigration (incl. administrative corrections) 144 168 171
net migration (incl. administrative corrections) 37 17 15
Children per woman
Total fertility rate 1 .71 1 .75 1 .75
years
Life expectancy at birth
men 79 .9 84 .0 86 .9
women 83 .3 86 .8 89 .7
%
Population, 1 January
younger than 20 yrs 22 .6 21 .6 21 .2
20–64 yrs 59 .6 51 .9 52 .9
65 yrs or older 17 .8 26 .4 26 .0
4.17 Population by age, 1 January 2015*
Totaal 7,7 miljoen
80 yrs or older
65–79 yrs
40–64 yrs
20–39 yrs
Younger than 20 yrs
24%35%
13%
4%
23%
50 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
4.19 Average age at �rst marriage
Women Men
0
30
32
34
36
38
’14’13’12’11’10’09’08’07’06’05’04’03’02’01’00
yrs
4.21 Singles/single parents in LAT relationships, by age, 2013
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
65–79 yrs
50–64 yrs
40–49 yrs
30–39 yrs
18–29 yrs
18–79 yrs
%
22.5% of singles
in LAT relationships
Bb
4.20 Marriage (incl. registered partnership) and divorce, 2000–2014
Divorces Marriages
0
20
40
60
80
100
’14*’13’12’11’10’09’08’07’06’05’04’03’02’01’00
x 1,000
Population and wellbeing 51
4.24 Dependency ratio
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Grey burden (over 65s :
20–64-year-olds)
Green burden (under-20s :
20–64 year-olds)
205520352015*1995
%
24,760
homeless people in 2013
Aa
4.22 Expectations of 20–29-year-olds about relationship formation , 2013
Does not want a relationship/ doesn't know
Intends to have a LAT relationship
Living together or intends to live together
Married or intends to marry
75%
20%
2% 3%
4.23 Private households by size, 1 January 2015*
Total 7.7 million
5 persons or more
4 persons
3 persons
2 persons
1 person
33%
12%
12%
5%
38%
52 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
4.25 Deaths by cause, 2013*
Men Women
x 1,000
Total 68 .4 72 .9
Cancer 22 .9 19 .5
of which
trachea and lung 6 .2 4 .1
prostate 2 .5
breast 3 .2
Respiratory disease 6 .3 6 .0
Cardiovascular disease 18.0 20 .4
of which
acute heart infarct 3 .2 2 .5
cerebrovascular events 3 .7 5 .7
Disease of the digestive system 2 .1 2 .4
Mental disorders 3 .4 7 .0
External causes of death 3 .6 2 .9
of which
road traffic accidents 0 .4 0 .1
suicide 1 .3 0 .5
Other causes of death 12 .1 14 .7
Health and welfareThe number of hospital admissions related to cancer more than doubled in the period 2002–2012, from just under 200 thousand to over 400 thousand. If the change in population composition in the same period is taken into account, the rise in the number of admissions comes to around 75 percent. The increase was mainly for day-patient admissions, whose number tripled in 2002–2012. In 2012, 62 percent of cancer-related admissions were day admissions, ten years previously this was still only 40 percent.The number of admissions for cardiovascular disease also rose, from 284 thousand in 2002 to 395 thousand in 2012. After adjustment for the change in population composition, this results in an increase of 16 percent, and is thus smaller than that for cancer. For cardiovascular disease, too, the main rise was in the number of day admissions, although most patients – nearly 70 percent – admitted with these diagnoses stayed in hospital for at least one night.
Population and wellbeing 53
4.26 Most common chronic disorders, 2014
0 5 10 15 20
Arthritis in hips or knees
Migraine or severe headaches
High blood pressure
Allergy
Women Men
%
4.27 Healthy life expectancy, 2013
WomenMen
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
In good mental health
Without chronic disease
Without physical limitations
In perceived good health
Life expectancy (total)
yrs
4.28 Persons prescribed migraine medication by age, 2013*
WomenMen
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
75-plus65–7455–6445–5435–4425–3415–240–14
age in years
%
4.29 Life expectancy at birth
Men Women
0
20
40
60
80
100
2055204520352025201520051995
yrs
Forecast →
54 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
4.30 Jobs in health care
Non-registered professions
Other (para-)medical professions
Nurses
Doctors and dentists
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
2013*2012**201120102009
2009=100
4.31 Average pro�ts of independent medical specialists
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2012*20112010200920082007200620052004200320022001
x 1,000 euros
4.32 People receiving care under AWBZ/Wmo funding by age, 2013*
Residential care Non-residential careTotal
0
20
40
60
80
100
90 or older85–8980–8465–79
age in years
%
41,500
physiotherapists in 2013B b
Population and wellbeing 55
4.33 Overweight population by age, 2014
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
75 yrs or older
65–74 yrs
55–64 yrs
50–54 yrs
40–49 yrs
30–39 yrs
20–29 yrs
16–19 yrs
12–15 yrs
4–11 yrs
Total
Severely overweightModerately overweight
%
4.34 Overweight population (4 years and older)
0
10
20
30
40
50
2014 2009 20052001 1997 1993198919851981
Severely overweightModerately overweight
%
4.35 Smokers (population 12 years and older)
0
10
20
30
40
2014201220102008200620042002
Heavy smokers (≥20 cigarettes a day)
Smokers (<20 cigarettes a day)
%
56 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
4.37 Care expenditure
2012 2013** 2014*
bn euros
Total 92.9 93.3 95.0
Hospitals, specialists’ practices 24.3 25.4 26.0
Care for the elderly 17.2 17.4 17.8
Care for the disabled 9.5 9.5 9.6
Primary care practices 7.7 7.5 7.7
Mental health care 6.6 6.6 6.6
Other 27.6 26.8 27.4
euros
Per capita 5,543 5,551 5,630
%
As a percentage of GDP 14.5 14.5 14.5
4.36 Heavy and excessive drinkers by age, 2014
0 5 10 15 20
75 yrs or older
65–74 yrs
55–64 yrs
50–54 yrs
40–49 yrs
30–39 yrs
20–29 yrs
16–19 yrs
12–15 yrs
Total
Excessive drinkers (large quantities of alcohol on average)
Heavy drinkers (large quantity of alcohol on one day)
%
14% of 12–15-year-olds
drink alcohol
Cc
Population and wellbeing 57
Leisure and cultureEighty percent of the Dutch population went on holiday at least once in 2014, and 2.8 times on average. Dutch holidaymakers spent nearly half of their over 35 million holidays in their own country. For foreign holidays, most of them stay in Europe. Just as in previous years Germany was favourite in 2014: Dutch tourists spent 3.4 million holidays there. France came second with 2.6 million and Spain with 1.9 million holidays.Mediterranean countries traditionally attract a large proportion of Dutch holidaymakers, especially Spain, Italy, Greece and Turkey. Dutch holidaymakers spent an average 702 euros per person on foreign holidays. Domestic tourist spending was much lower, at 166 euros per person.
4.38 Top ten foreign destinations for Dutch holidaymakers
20132014
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Portugal
Greece
Turkey
Great Britain
Italy
Austria
Belgium
Spain
France
Germany
mln holidays
4.39 Average overnight stays per day in tourist accommodation, 2014*
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
DecNovOctSepAugJulJunMayAprMarFebJan
From abroadFrom the Netherlands
x 1,000
58 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
4.40 Dutch and foreign hotel guests per province, 2014
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Drenthe
Friesland
Gelderland
Overijssel
Limburg
Groningen
Utrecht
North Brabant
Flevoland
Zeeland
South Holland
North Holland
Dutch guestsForeign guests
%
4.42 Hotels
2012 2013 2014*
number
Hotels, boarding houses and youth accommodation
Establishments 3,505 3,510 3,561
Beds 236,823 244,145 252,115
average number per day x 1,000
Guests 58 59 63
Dutch 31 32 33
foreign 27 27 30
Overnight stays 100 102 109
Dutch guests 51 52 54
foreign guests 49 50 55
Overnight business stays in hotels
Total Netherlands 43 44 45
of which in Amsterdam 11 12 13
984,000
hotel guests from the US in 2014
Aa
4.41 Foreign guests in Dutch tourist accommodation, 2014
Asia, Australia and Africa
North, Central and South America
Belgium
United Kingdom
Other Europe
Germany
26%
13%
13%
10%
9%
29%
Total 14.0 million
Population and wellbeing 59
4.43 Holidays of the Dutch population
Unit 2012 2013 2014
Holidays in the Netherlands
Holidays x 1,000 18,120 17,490 17,176
Total spending bn euros 3 3 3
Spending per holidaymaker euros 157 163 166
Foreign holidays
Holidays x 1,000 18,628 18,093 17,933
Total spending bn euros 13 13 13
Spending per holidaymaker euros 692 697 702
Total number of holidays x 1,000 36,748 35,583 35,109
Average number of holidays per holidaymaker number 2 .87 2.79 2 .80
Average number of long holidays per holidaymaker number 1 .96 1 .94 1 .93
Average number of short holidays per holidaymaker number 2 .04 1 .98 2 .01
4.44 Population (18 years and older) by religious denomination
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2013201220112010200920082007200620052004
Other denomination
Reformed Churches in the Netherlands
Dutch Reformed
Protestant Church in the Netherlands
Roman Catholic
No religious denomination
%
56% of the population went
on more than one holiday in 2014
Aa
60 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
4.45 Public libraries and items loaned out
Items loaned out (right-hand scale)
050
100150200250300350400
201320122011201020092008200720062005
Public libraries (left-hand scale)
020406080
100120140160
x 1,000
4.46 Volunteers (population 18 years and older), 2014
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Extremely urbanised
Strongly urbanised
Moderately urbanised
Hardly urbanised
Not urbanised
Degree of urbanisation
75 yrs or older
65–74 yrs
55–64 yrs
45–54 yrs
35–44 yrs
25–34 yrs
18–24 yrs
Age
Women
Men
Sex
%
82% of sports clubs
used volunteers in 2013
Dd
Population and wellbeing 61
4.47 Theatre and concert attendance
0123456789
10
’13’12’11’10’09’08’07’06’05’04’03’02’01’00’99
Other performances Cabaret Musical theaterDance perfomances ConcertsTheatre
x mln
26,484,000
museum visits in 2013
Cc
62 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
4.48 Contact with family, friends and neighbours, 2014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NeighboursFriendsFamily
Seldom or never
Less than once a month
At least once a month
At least once a week
Daily
%
4.49 Use of social media by age, 2014
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Other social network
Professional network
Text messaging
Reading or writing weblogs
Posting messages on chat sitesor online forums
75 yrs or older
65–74 yrs
45–64 yrs
25–44 yrs
12–24 yrs
%
Population and wellbeing 63
4.51 Use of social media, 2014
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Reading or writing weblogs
Posting messages on chat sites or online forums
Professional network
Other social network
Text messaging
% of internet users
4.50 Use of mobile internet by device
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
201420132012201120102009
Smart phoneTablet Laptop
% of internet users
4.52 Online shopping, international comparison, 2014
Source: Eurostat.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Italy
Portugal
Spain
EU-27
Belgium
France
Finland
Netherlands
Germany
Sweden
Denmark
United Kingdom
% of internet users aged 16–74 yrs
90% of the population
go online every day
Dd
64 Trends in the Netherlands 201516 Trends in Nederland 2015
Vandalism
45% decrease in recorded vandalism incidents from 2005 to 2014
62% fewer people suspected of vandalism off ences in 2013 than in 2005
Public sector 6516 Trends in Nederland 2015
Vandalism
45% decrease in recorded vandalism incidents from 2005 to 2014
62% fewer people suspected of vandalism off ences in 2013 than in 2005
5. Public sectorTrends
More crime, fewer victimsThe number of registered criminal offences has been decreasing for a number of years now. The share of the population who report having been the victim of a frequently occurring crime has also been falling almost continuously for the last ten years. What has not changed compared with ten years ago is that officially registered offences and crime and feelings of unsafety as experienced by the population are a larger problem within than outside the largest cities.
Fewer registered offencesDutch police recorded 1 million criminal offences in 2014; this is 7 percent fewer than in 2013 and the strongest decrease in the last ten years. Registered crime has been decreasing for a number of years now and has fallen by one quarter in the last decade. While nearly 46 larceny and burglary incidents per thousand inhabitants were reported in 2005, by 2014 this had fallen to 34 per thousand. Incidents of
vandalism, violent and sexual offences, and traffic and drugs offences also fell substantially in this period.
5.1 Registered o�ences
0
300
600
900
1,200
1,500
2014201320122011201020092008200720062005
x 1,000
66 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
Higher crime rates in major cities Crime rates are higher in the four largest cities of the Netherlands. Amsterdam recorded 115 crimes per thousand inhabitants, and in Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague, police recorded between 95 and 100 offences per thousand inhabitants. But in these large cities, too, the number of crimes has decreased in the last ten years. Registered crime per thousand inhabitants fell by 18 and 19 percent respectively in The Hague and Amsterdam, by more than one quarter in Rotterdam, and by nearly 40 percent in Utrecht. Overall across the Netherlands, 28 percent fewer crimes were recorded per thousand inhabitants.
Fewer victims Not only officially registered crime is decreasing; the number of people who report having been the victim of a criminal offence also fell in the period 2005–2014. As police registrations do not cover all offences, Statistics Netherlands uses surveys to ask people aged 15 years and older how often they have been the victim of a criminal offence. In 2005, nearly three in ten Dutch people said they had been a crime victim, in 2014 this had fallen to just under two in ten of the population. At the same time as the decrease in the victim rate, the number of people reporting they did not
5.2 Registered crime per 1,000 inhabitants
0
10
20
30
40
50
2014201320122011201020092008200720062005
Other o�ences
O�ences involving firearms or other weapons
Drugs-related o�ences
Tra�c o�ences
Other o�ences under the Penal Code
Violent and sexual o�ences
Vandalism and public order o�ences
Property o�ences
Public sector 67
always feel safe also decreased, although by slightly less. In 2005 nearly half of the population said they did not always feel safe, in 2014 this had fallen to one in three people.
Most victims in major citiesRelatively more inhabitants of the four largest cities had been victims of frequently occurring offences: 28 percent compared with 19 percent on average nationwide. This is consistent with police registrations, which record relatively more crimes in the major cities. In many other municipalities with over 70 thousand inhabitants, too, people are more likely than average to have been the victim of a crime. The victim rate of 31 percent in Amsterdam is substantially higher than the nationwide average.Nearly 36 percent of the population say they do not always feel safe. This percentage is higher in four-fifths of municipalities with over 70 thousand inhabitants. In Maastricht nearly 48 percent of inhabitants sometimes felt afraid. In Gouda, Utrecht, and Leidschendam-Voorburg, too, relatively many inhabitants say they do not feel safe sometimes. People living in some municipalities with over 70 thousand
5.3 Decrease in registered crime per 1,000 inhabitants 2005–2014
Less than 10%
10–<20%
20–<30%
30–<40%
40% or more
Not available
68 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
E einhabitants feel safer than average, however: in Súdwest Fryslân, for example, only 27 percent of inhabitants do not always feel safe.
5.5 Crime victim rates and unsafety feelings
50
60
70
80
90
100
2014201320122011201020092008200720062005
Unsafety feelingsTotal victim rates
2005=100
5.6 Registered crime
2012* 2013* 2014*
x 1,000
Total offences recorded by police and military police 1,138 1,087 1,001
Property offences 697 682 621
of which
aggravated theft and burglary 15 13 10
theft and burglary without violence 637 632 574
Vandalism and public order offences 162 140 133
Violent and sexual offences 110 102 96
Other crimes under the Penal Code 12 11 12
Traffic offences 130 124 114
Drugs-related offences 17 16 16
Offences involving firearms/other weapons 7 6 6
Other offences 4 4 3
5.4 Unsafety feelings in place of residence, 2014
Women Men
0 10 20 30 40 50
Feeling unsafein the place of residence
In nightlife areas
Around train station
In public transport
In city centre
In shopping area
In own home
% who sometimes feel unsafe
Public sector 69
0 10 20 30 40 50
Zoetermeer
Leidschendam-Voorburg
Westland
Apeldoorn
Súdwest Fryslân
Ede
Spijkenisse
Alphen aan den Rijn
Emmen
Roosendaal
Netherlands total
Oss
The Hague
Breda
Rotterdam
Maastricht
Delft
Utrecht
Groningen
Leeuwarden
Amsterdam
People who do not feel safeVictim rate
%0 10 20 30 40 50
Súdwest Fryslân
Deventer
Westland
Oss
Apeldoorn
Almelo
Helmond
Emmen
Purmerend
Haarlemmermeer
Netherlands total
Sittard-Geleen
The Hague
Hilversum
Nijmegen
Heerlen
Rotterdam
Utrecht
Leidschendam-Voorburg
Gouda
Maastricht
People who do not feel safe Victim rate
%
5.7 Crime victim rates and unsafety feelings in municipalities with over 70 thousand inhabitants, 2014
Most victims Most people who sometimes do not feel safe
��çDiplomas in 2013/’14
71,338wo diplomas
65,757hbo diplomas
177,628mbo diplomas
Public sector 71
��çDiplomas in 2013/’14
71,338wo diplomas
65,757hbo diplomas
177,628mbo diplomas
Facts and figures
Education Secondary education in the Netherlands evolved in the course of the twentieth century: from education for the elite few to education for everyone. The increase in the number of pupils early on in the century was connected with the process of industrialisation and the subsequent increased demand for skilled workers. Later on – after the World War II – the number of pupils also rose very sharply. Alongside economic growth and extended compulsory education, the introduction of new legislation in 1968 and the post-war baby boom pushed up secondary pupil numbers. New tracks of secondary education replaced older forms, and the highest track was extended by one year. Lower vocational education was also incorporated into secondary education. The ‘bridge year’ was introduced, postponing the definite tracking of first year secondary pupils by one year. And it became easier for pupils to pass into higher tracks. The saturation point was reached in the mid-1980s: since then the number of pupils has fluctuated with the numbers in the corresponding age groups in the population.
5.8 Education spending per diploma, 2013*
0 30 60 90 120 150
Master's degree
Bachelor's degree
Hbo
Vwo
Havo
Vmbo
Primary education
1,000 euros
5.9 Secondary education
Unit 2012/’13 2013/ ’14** 2014/ ’15*
Schools absolute 658 658 .
Pupils x 1,000 961 974 981
General year 410 414 441
Vwo 162 161 164
Havo 154 157 160
Vmbo combined track 108 112 114
Vmbo advanced vocational track 100 102 100
Practical education 28 29 29
72 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
5.11 Spending on education institutions per pupil/student
1,000 euros0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Higher education excl. R&D
Higher education
Secondary education and mbo
Primary education
2013*20122011
5.10 Pupils and percentage of 12–17-year-olds in secondary education since 1900
0
300
600
900
1,200
1,500
Pupils as % of all 12–17-year-olds (right-hand scale)Pupils (left-hand scale)
2014/’15*2005/’061990/’911975/’761960/’611945/’461930/’311915/’161900/’01
0
20
40
60
80
100
x 1,000 %
English definitions of Dutch education levelsavo = general secondary educationbbl = apprenticeship-based track of mbo bol = school-based track of mbo havo = senior general secondary education mbo = senior secondary vocational education vavo = basic secondary education for adults vmbo = preparatory secondary vocational education vwo = pre-university educationhbo = higher professionalwo = university
Public sector 73
5.14 Education spending,
2011 2012 2013*, ,
mln euros,
Total 39,971 40,465 41,741
By government 33,187 33,091 34,327
of which on
primary education 10,881 10,812 11,142
secondary education, mbo 13,850 14,062 14,519
higher education 8,456 8,218 8,666
By households 3,231 3,780 3,812
of which on
primary education 324 361 388
secondary education, mbo 1,411 1,361 1,386
higher education 1,497 2,058 2,038
By private sector 3,032 3,233 3,271
of which on
primary education 41 60 63
secondary education, mbo 1,540 1,711 1,680
higher education 1,450 1,461 1,527
By rest of the world 521 360 331
of which on
primary education 21 27 13
secondary education, mbo 234 45 14
higher education 266 288 305
%
As % of GDP (pre-revision) 6.7 6 .3 6 .5, ,
5.13 Primary education
Unit 2011/’12 2012/’13 2013/’14**
Schools** absolute
Primary education 6,808 6,743 6,651
Special-needs primary schools 304 296 291
Other special-needs schools 327 322 321
Pupils* x 1,000
Primary education 1,517 1,498 1,477
Special-needs primary schools 42 40 38
Other special-needs schools 70 70 71
5.12 Education level of population aged 15–74 years, 2014
Unknown
Master's degree, PhD
Bachelor's degree
Havo, vwo, mbo levels 2–4
Vmbo, mbo level 1, avo first stage
Primary education10%10%
21%18%
1%
40%
74 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
5.15 Mbo and adult education
Unit 2012/’13 2013/’14* 2014/’15*
Institutions absolute 69 69 69
Students x 1,000
Mbo (excl. exam-only students) 511 500 482
Bol 360 371 378
Bbl 151 129 104
Level 1 23 20 13
Level 2 118 111 97
Level 3 140 147 129
Level 4 230 221 243
Adult education* 35 33 14
Other education 22 20 .
Vavo 13 13 14
5.16 Higher education
2012/’13 2013/’14* 2014/’15*
x 1,000
Students
Hbo 422 440 446
Wo 241 250 257
Graduates*
Hbo bachelor's degree 59 61 .
Wo bachelor's degree 33 33 .
Wo master's degree 33 34 .
4,374 university students
reading foreign languages in 2014/’15
Bb
8,291 university students
reading informatics in 2014/’15
Dd
4,897 men training to
be primary school teacher in 2014/’15
Aa
Public sector 75
SecurityIn 2013, 12.9 billion euros was spent on security in the Netherlands, of which 5.8 billion euros on prevention. Following a substantial rise in 2009, security spending has been fairly stable.
Asylum seekersDutch authorities received 23.9 thousand applications for asylum in 2014, 66 percent more than in 2013. Most asylum seekers came from Syria, as a result of the conflict there. The number of requests from Syrian refugees rose to 9.5 thousand, and accounted for nearly 40 percent of the total. Relatively many Eritreans – 4 thousand – also applied for asylum in the Netherlands.
5.17 Spending on security
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2013*2012201120102009200820072006200520042003
OtherEnforcementDetectionPrevention
bn euros
5.18 First asylum requests by nationality
5%5%
36%
40%
21%
8%
4%
2%
33%
2%
3%
18%
7%10%
49%
5%9%
4%
14%
9%
16%
Other/stateless
Afghan
Iranian
Eritrean
Iraqi
Syrian
Somali
2014 (total 23,935)2013 (total 14,395)2012 (total 9,715)
76 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
5.19 Alarm calls received by fire services
2011 2012 2013*
x 1,000
Fire alarms 107 .2 95 .6 86 .7
of which
outdoor fires 25 .7 19 .7 19 .3
indoor fires 14 .5 14 .4 15 .0
chimney fires 1 .8 1 .7 1 .7
false alarms 65 .2 59 .8 50 .6
Requests for assistance 48 .3 46 .5 52 .2
of which
assistance inside buildings 21 .0 17 .8 28 .4
assistance not inside buildings 23 .8 25 .2 21 .0
false alarms 3 .4 3 .5 2 .8
5.20 Crime victim rates, 2014
0 10 20 30 40
Violent o�ences
Property o�ences
Vandalism o�ences
Total
65 yrs or older
45–64 yrs
25–44 yrs
15–24 yrs
Total
victims as % of age group concerned
145 murder and
manslaughter victims in 2013
BbFire servicesDutch fire services received nearly 139 thousand alarm calls in 2013: 87 thousand concerning fires and 52 thousand requests for assistance. The number of fire alarm calls was 9 percent lower than in the previous year, the number of requests for assistance was 12 percent higher. False alarms accounted for 38 percent of all calls.
Public sector 77
5.21 Arrested suspects by ethnic origin, 12 years and older
Source: Statistics Netherlands, National Police Services Agency.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Other
Surinamese
Netherlands Antillean and Aruban
Turkish
Moroccan
of whom
Non-western foreign background
Western foreign background
Foreign background
Native Dutch
Total
2013*2012
% of ethnic group concerned
5.23 Convictions by first instance court
2011 2012 2013
x 1,000
Total convictions 93 .8 86 .0 83 .5
Penal code 65 .8 60 .9 58 .6
of which
property offences 33 .0 31 .2 31 .0
vandalism and public order offences 11 .0 9 .8 8 .8
violent and sexual offences 18 .5 17 .5 16 .9
Traffic offences 14 .9 14 .6 15 .0
Drugs-related offences 6 .4 6 .2 6 .8
Other offences 6 .7 4 .4 3 .2
5.22 Sentencing by �rst instance court, 2013
29%
13%
22%
9%
27%
Total 117.6 thousand
Secondary penalties
Special measures
Fine
Custodial sentence
Community service
78 Trends in the Netherlands 201520 Trends in Nederland 2015
Dairy cows in 2014
70% of all dairy cows put out to pasture
8,100 litres average annual milk yield per dairy cow
85 dairy cows on average dairy farm
Environment 79
6. EnvironmentTrends
Over one million dairy cows graze outdoorsNearly 1.1 million dairy cows were put out to pasture in 2013; this is 70 percent of the 1.7 million dairy cattle in the Netherlands. Efforts by the dairy sector to preserve outdoor grazing for cows seem to have had an effect.
The largest percentages of outdoor grazing dairy cattle are found in the typically peaty areas of the provinces Utrecht, North Holland and South Holland. Soil acidity in peatland areas is often too high and the ground too wet for arable farming, and thus mainly suited for grazing and hay. Areas more suitable for arable crops have less grassland and fewer dairy cows out to pasture. In the east of North Brabant and northern Limburg, fewer cows are put out to pasture as these are intensive livestock farming areas where land is used to grow fodder crops and for manure spreading.
Robotic milking keeps cows indoorsThe introduction of robotic milking systems has made it more difficult to incorporate outdoor grazing in dairy farm management. The first robotic systems were introduced in the Netherlands in 1992, but use only became more widespread after 2000. Cows milked by automatic systems are usually milked more frequently, up to three times a day. Although robotic milking is usually done indoors, mobile systems have been developed which makes it possible to milk outdoors. Dairy factories encourage dairy farmers to supply milk from cows grazing outdoors by offering higher prices for this milk.
Grassland accounts for half of farmland The share of grassland in total agricultural land has fallen since the 1970s, but is still 54 percent of all farmland. Grass is not only used to graze
80 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
dairy cattle, but also for the production of cattle fodder. In 2013, 86 percent of cut grass was used for silage, increasingly in plastic-wrapped bales. Five percent of grass is cut for hay, 5 percent is used to feed indoor cattle and the remainder is used for other purposes. In 2013, the total crop of grass silage was 5.5 billion kg of dry matter, the total hay crop was 208 million kg of dry matter.
Dairy cattle rising again since 2012The number of dairy cows has decreased by one third since 1980, from 2.4 million to 1.5 million in 2012. The strong decrease after 1984 coincided with the introduction of milk quotas in the European Union. As European farmers were producing more milk than consumers could eat and drink, the EU bought up the milk creating the so-called milk lakes and butter mountains. Increasing global demand for dairy has eliminated the need for milk quotas, and since 2012 the number of dairy cows and young dairy cattle have been increasing. The number of animals rose by 118 thousand (10 percent) from 2012 to 2014, to 1.3 million, as dairy farmers anticipated the abolition of milk quotas on 1 April 2015.
6.1 Percentage of dairy cows grazing on grass per agricultural region, 2013
Mutatie
Less than 50%
50–<70%
70–<80%
80–<90%
90% or more
Environment 81
1.5% of Dutch dairy herd is organic
Aa
The organic dairy herd showed a similar growth. The number of dairy cows rose by 8 percent from 2012 to 2014, to 25 thousand, the number of young cattle by 10 percent to 19 thousand. Organic dairy cows and young cattle account for only 1.5 percent of the total dairy herd in the Netherlands, and the share is increasing only slowly.
Dutch cows produce 22 litres of milk per day In 1950, an average Dutch dairy cow produced just under 4.0 thousand litres of milk a year. By 2000 this had risen to 7.3 thousand litres, and today it is 8.1 thousand litres, or 22 litres per cow per day. In 2014 the dairy herd in the Netherlands produced a total of 12.5 billion litres of milk. Nearly all the milk is delivered to dairy factories, which convert half of it into cheese and one tenth into milk for consumers. The remaining milk is used to make butter, cream, yoghurt, desserts, ice cream, condensed milk and milk powder. In 2014, dairy factories produced 768 million kg of factory and processed cheese, 146 million kg of butter, 205 million kg of milk powder and 384 million kg of condensed milk.Just over 200 million litres of milk does not go
6.2 Organic dairy cattle and farms
Dairy cows Farms (right-hand scale)
0
21,000
22,000
23,000
24,000
25,000
20142013201220110
340
350
360
370
380
82 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
to factories but stays on the farm and is used to rear calves, or to make regional products such as herb cheese and ice cream.
Increase in scale The number of farms with dairy cattle fell by nearly 11 thousand in the period 2000–2014, to 18.6 thousand. As the number of dairy cows rose to 1.7 million, the result was a substantial increase in scale. The number of dairy cows per
farm rose from 51 to 85 between 2000 and 2014. In 2000, 320 farms in the Netherlands kept 150 dairy cows or more. By 2014 this had risen to 1,700 farms. The number of farms with 250 cows or more rose from 45 to nearly 300 in the same period.
Milk production worth 5 billion euros Total production of the Dutch agriculture and horticulture sector was worth more than 27.5 billion euros in 2014.
6.3 Dairy farms in the Netherlands
Dairy cows per farm Farms with dairy cows (x 1,000) Dairy cows (right-hand scale)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2014201220102008200620042002200019981996199419921990198819861984
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
mln cows
Environment 83
€27.5 bn production value of agriculture and horticulture
Aa
Arable crops accounted for 47 percent of this amount. Livestock farming for 41 percent (mainly milk, meat and eggs) and agricultural services for 9 percent. The production value of milk - 5 billion euros - accounted for 18 percent of the total production value. The milk value fluctuated around an overall rising trend in the period 1995–2014. The variations were mainly the result of erratic developments in milk prices.
Most manure produced by cattle In addition to milk, cows also produce manure. Dutch livestock produced a total 74.1 billion kg of manure in 2014. Dairy cows accounted for over 40 billion kg of this, 55 percent of the total. Pigs contributed 15 percent, poultry 2 percent and beef cattle 23 percent.
6.4 Manure and mineral production
2012 2013 2014*
mln kg
Manure from livestock 71,207 73,155 74,089
of which
cattle 55,416 57,428 58,389
sheep and goats 1,699 1,719 1,710
horses and ponies 929 919 895
pigs 11,571 11,472 11,424
poultry 1,416 1,442 1,500
rabbits and fur-bearing animals 176 175 172
Mineral excretion
Nitrogen 461 473 480
Phosphate 161 166 168
Potassium 505 517 525
�∫Arable crops in 2014
3,871,000 ,000 kgof ware potatoes
18,000,000 kgof asparagus
1,220,000,000 kgof onions
Environment 85
Facts and figures
EnergyFollowing two years of decrease, electricity production rose by 2 percent in 2014 to 103 million kWh. The increase was mainly the result of a substantial rise in demand from outside the Netherlands. Exports of electricity rose by 21 percent from 2014 to 2013, to reach a new record. Exports to Belgium and the United Kingdom in particular rose sharply. The increased demand from Belgium was the result of the shutdown of two nuclear reactors there and the subsequent decrease in domestic electricity production.For the first time in the Netherlands, wind was the main source of renewable electricity in 2014. Electricity generated by wind was around 8 percent higher in 2014 than in 2013, while production from biomass fell by 16 percent. Total production of renewable electricity in 2014 was 11.7 billion kWh, slightly less than in 2013. For the fifth year in a row, production of renewable electricity is around 10 percent of the amount used.
6.5 Electricity consumption and gross domestic product
–10
–5
0
5
10
15
2014*2007*2000*1993198619791972196519581951
Electricity consumption (% year-on-year change)
Gross domestic product (% year-on-year volume change)
% year-on-year change
6.6 Energy supply by source
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
’14’10’06’02’98’94’90’86’82’78’74’70’66’62’58’54’50’46
OtherNatural gasOil and oil products
Coal and coal products
petajoules
86 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
6.9 Electricity and oil consumption
–25–20–15–10
–505
101520
2014201320122011201020092008200720062005
OilElectricity
% year-on-year change
6.7 Price of regular unleaded 95 petrol
0
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
20142013201220112010
euros/litre
6.8 Electricity production by source
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
'14*'13'12'11'10'09'08'07'06'05'04'03'02'01'00'99'98
Wind, solar and hydro-energy
Biomass
Nuclear energy and other
Other fossil fuels
Coal
Natural gas
bn kWh
Environment 87
6.10 Average electricity consumption of detached houses, 2013
Mutatie
Index (rechteras)
1,250–4,000 kWh
4,001–4,500 kWh
4,501–5,000 kWh
5,001–7,000 kWh
90% of meer
6.11 Electricity balance sheet
2012 2013 2014*
bn kWh
Electricity supply 119.6 119.1 117.3
of which
production 102.5 102.5
central 64.0 63.1 67.5
local 38.5 37.8 35.0
imports 32,2 33.3 32.9
exports (-) 15.0 15.0 18.1
Electricity consumption 119.6 119.1 117.3
of which
via public network 101.8 101.4 99.1
via self-generation networks 14.1 14.2 14.2
in production process 3.7 3.5 4.0
Net losses 4.5 4.5 4.4
88 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
6.12 Average gas consumption of detached houses, 2013
Mutatie
1,250–2,000 m3
2,001–2,750 m3
2,751–3,000 m3
3,001–3,500 m3
3,501–6,000 m3
6.13 Average energy consumption in private homes
2011 2012 2013
m3
Natural gas consumption 1,450 1,500 1,600
of which
apartments 950 1,000 1,050
terraced houses 1,300 1,400 1,500
corner houses 1,550 1,650 1,800
semi-detached houses 1,900 2,000 2,100
detached houses 2,400 2,600 2,800
kWh
Electricity consumption 3,250 3,200 3,150
of which
apartments 2,250 2,200 2,200
terraced houses 3,300 3,250 3,300
corner houses 3,500 3,400 3,400
semi-detached houses 3,950 3,850 3,850
detached houses 4,600 4,500 4,450
Environment 89
6.14 Provincial shares of national electricity consumption by ICT, 2013
Index (rechteras)
8.4%
1.4%
1.9%
4.0%3.2%
6.1%6.5%
8.6%
43.3%
12.7%
0.5%
3.2%
6.15 Renewable electricity
2011 2012 2013 2014*
% of electricity consumption
Gross production (normalised) 9 .84 10 .48 10 .07 10 .03
of which
hydro-electricity 0 .08 0 .08 0 .08 0 .09
wind energy 3 .87 4 .13 4 .51 4 ,98
solar electricity 0 .08 0 .21 0 ,43 .
biomass 5 .80 6 .05 5 .05 4 .34
8% rise in electricity from wind
Bb
90 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
AgriculturePear growers picked a record crop of 349 million kg in 2014, 7 percent more than in 2013. The increase was the result of a larger area of pear trees and favourable growing conditions. At 353 million kg, the apple crop was slightly larger than the pear crop. It was the second largest apple crop ever, after the record in 2011.
The combined area of apple and pear cultivation has remained stable in recent years at around 16.5 thousand ha. In 1980 the total area was 23.0 thousand ha, more than a quarter larger than in 2014. In this period the area of apple trees more than halved, from 17.2 thousand to 7.9 thousand ha. The area of pear trees rose by 50 percent, from 5.7 to 8.6 thousand ha.
6.16 Percentage of cultivated area with apple trees by agricultural region, 2014
0.4–0.9%
Less than 0.1%
0.1–0.4%
1.0–1.9%
2% or more
90% of meer
Environment 91
6.17 Percentage of cultivated area with pear trees by agricultural region, 2014
Mutatie
Index (rechteras)
90% of meerLess than 0.1%
1.0–1.9%
0.1–0.4%
0.5–0.9%
2% or more
6.18 Livestock on farms, 1 April
2011 2012 2013 2014
1,000 animals
Grazing livestock
Goats 380 397 413 431
Horses and ponies 137 132 131 127
Cattle 3,885 3,879 3,999 4,068
Scheep 1,088 1,043 1,034 959
Non-grazing livestock
Chickens 96,919 95,273 97,719 103,039
of which
laying hens 44,460 42,810 44,816 46,570
meat chickens 43,912 43,846 44,242 47,020
Other poultry (incl. ducks, turkeys) 2,324 1,822 1,709 1,699
Rabbits 302 327 311 321
Fur-bearing animals 978 1,031 1,031 1,003
Pigs 12,429 12,234 12,212 12,238
of which
piglets 5,297 5,180 5,274 5,382
breeding pigs 1,227 1,180 1,184 1,199
porkers 5,905 5,874 5,754 5,657
92 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
6.19 Arable crops
2011 2012 2013 2014
mln kg
Potatoes, ware 3,857 3,384 3,481 3,871
Potatoes, seed 1,313 1,479 1,400 1,475
Potatoes, for processing 2,163 1,904 1,695 1,754
Sugar beet 5,858 5,735 5,727 6,822
Onions 1,582 1,330 1,200 1,220
Barley 205 206 208 197
Oats 8 10 10 10
Rye 6 9 7 7
Wheat 1,175 1,302 1,335 1,304
Triticale 10 12 10 9
Corn-cob mix (65% dry matter) 75 63 68 67
Sweet corn (65% dry matter) 204 191 185 173
Fodder maize (35% dry matter) 10,559 10,670 10,268 10,788
Flax 8 13 11 10
6.20 Apple and pear crops
2012 2013 2014*
mln kg
Apples 281 314 353
Elstar 115 123 140
Golden Delicious 20 16 18
Jonagold/Jonagored 73 92 100
Junami 8 12 16
Kanzi 14 17 18
Rode Boskoop 14 16 19
Rubens 3 3 2
Pears 199 327 349
Beurré Alexandre Lucas 12 24 20
Conference 161 256 275
Doyenne du Comice 17 28 30
Stewing pears 5 8 9
11,440 ha of tulips in 2014
Bb 220 farmers grew Brussels sprouts in 2014 Dd
557,328,600 meat chickens slaughtered in 2014Ee
Environment 93
Ee
6.21 Meat and dairy production
2011 2012 2013 2014
mln kg
Meat production
calves 219 215 212 217
mature cattle 163 159 156 159
sheep and goats 15 15 14 14
pigs 1,347 1,332 1,282 1,371
meat chickens 809 857 888 920
Unprocessed cow's milk delivered to dairy factories 11,642 11,675 12,213 12,469
Milk products
butter 129 133 137 146
factory cheese 750 764 794 768
condensed milk 354 371 360 384
milk powder 193 187 194 205
6.22 Average number of livestock per farm
100
150
200
250
300
20142012201020082006200420022000
Chickens Pigs GoatsSheep Cattle
2000=100
6.23 Age of heads of farms and horticulture businesses
14%
27%
4%
20%23%
26%
3%
32%28%
23%
2004 (total 79,809) 2014 (total 61,258)
65 yrs or older
55–64 yrs
45–54 yrs
35–44 yrs
younger than 35 yrs
94 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
6.25 Use of pesticides in agriculture
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
2012*20082004200019981995
Other
Weed killers
Fungicides
Insecticides
1,000 kg active ingredient
54,000,000 kg strawberry crop in 2014
Bb
900,000,000 kg tomato crop in 2014
Cc
6.24 Vegetables grown under glass
3%
37%
3%
22%
38%
18%
3%
49%
32%
16%
45%
34%
2000 (total 3,027 ha) 2007 (total 3,445 ha) 2014 (total 3,644 ha)
Tomatoes
Peppers
Cucumbers
Aubergines
Environment 95
Nature and wildlifeAccording to the Living Planet Index (LPI), an indicator of the state of global biological diversity, biodiversity has declined substantially worldwide. Statistics Netherlands has calculated this index for the Netherlands. Changes in populations of vertebrate species are an important factor in the calculation of the index. The Dutch LPI reflects the overall average trend of mammals, breeding birds, reptiles and amphibians. This group has increased by 22 percent since 1990, mainly as a result of rises in populations of mammals, birds and reptiles in this period. Amphibian populations did not increase. The largest difference with the global LPI is that the Dutch version does not take fish species into account. Although the Dutch trend seems to be at odds with the global one, a breakdown of the LPI into country groups by level of income (using World Bank criteria) shows that the LPI for high-income countries has risen (by 9.7 percent), which is in line with the Dutch index. According to the WWF the increase is a sign of recovery after the severe decline in biodiversity which started before 1970. The WWF also
6.26 Living Planet Index for the Netherlands
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2013 2010 2000 1990 1995 2005
1990=100
6.27 Air pollution, emissions by source, 2013
14%
3%6%
5%
20%
15%
51%
5%
17%
24%
17%
23%
Other
Refineries
Energy companies
Manufacturing
Transport
Agriculture
Greenhouse gases Acidifiers
96 Trends in the Netherlands 2015
indicates that recovery is partly the result of richer countries making more financial resources available for this purpose.
6.29 Industrial waste, 2013*
Total RecyclingFinal waste
treatment
mln kg
Non-hazardous waste 24,392 20,840 3,552
of which from
mining 209 115 94
energy supply 1,335 1,297 38
water supply and waste treatment 8,735 6,033 2,702
manufacturing 14,112 13,395 717
of which from
food, drinks and tobacco 8,454 8,298 156
chemical industry 581 438 141
basic metal industry 1,650 1,610 40
other manufacturing 3,427 3,049 380
Non-chemical waste 21,811 19,595 2,216
of which from
metal 955 935 20
paper and cardboard 605 595 10
wood 753 747 7
animal and vegetal waste 6,763 6,673 90
mixed waste 2,394 2,095 299
sludge 2,237 877 1,360
minerals and stone-like materials 7,712 7,318 394
other non-chemical waste 392 356 36
Chemical waste 2,581 1,245 1,336
6.28 Emissions of acidi�ers and greenhouse gases
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
’13’12’11’10’09’08’07’06’05’04’03’02’01’00’95’90
Greenhouse gases Acidifiers
1990=100
Environment 97
6.30 Municipal waste
2010 2011 2012 2013**
mln kg
Total 10,061 10,163 9,816 9,450
Household waste 8,860 8,915 8,655 8,302
of which
non-separated collected waste 4,441 4,413 4,266 4,062
separated collected waste 4,419 4,502 4,389 4,239
of which
compostable waste 1,255 1,297 1,303 1,255
paper 1,065 1,044 981 924
glass 350 349 348 345
bulky garden waste 447 448 461 441
wood waste 323 334 318 308
rubble 402 427 389 375
other separated waste 577 603 589 591
Cleaning and other waste 1,200 1,248 1,161 1,149
6.31 Emissions into water
2010 2012 2013
x 1 000 kg
Phosphorus (total P) 6,896 7,548 6,478
Nitrogen (total N) 90,250 88,330 76,085
Copper 91.3 96 .5 92.1
Nickel 55.4 56.8 80 .7
Zinc 401 439 390
Lead 41.1 43 .1 39.8
Cadmium 1.34 1.37 1.19
55 kg of paper per person collected for recycling in 2013
Aa75 kg of compostable waste per person collected in 2013 Cc
1 Trends in Nederland 2015
9 789035 721050
Facts that matter
16,902,146
inhabitants on 1 January 2015
0.9%
economic growth in 2014
Gg
Aa
Tren
ds in th
e Neth
erlands 20
15