Trends of usage of antimicrobial agents in dental practice on the basis of prescription analysis
Oral cavity organisms
400 more than species
Aerobic as well as anaerobic
10 – 100 Anerobic times more
, , Spirochetes Candida viral
To deal with - Dental Caries , , Dentoalveolar abscess pulp infection
periapical abscess Gingivitis – , Periodontitis pericoronitis
, , periodontal abscess osteomyelitis-peri implantitis
Deep fascial infection
Indications for Chemotherapeutic Agents
Orodental Infections To prevent other infections – bacterial
endocarditis To prevent postoperative infection Improve healing
Aims of study To get general idea of prescribing trends Comparing the trends in institutional
practice and private practice To analyze the prescriptions in order to
determine - The rationale - indications, adequacy of dosage, and duration of treatment
The adequacy for prophylaxis The attention given to - contraindications and precautions
Period of study: 01/01/05–06/30/05: 6 months
Material: OPD antimicrobial Prescriptions Data collected from –
TEACHING INSTITUTES: 03 PRIVATE CLINICS: 30
¤ SPECIALISTS: 10
¤ GDP: 20 (General Dental Practitioners)
7593TOTAL
3975Total
2740GDP
1235Spec ialis ts
PRIVATECLINICS
3618 Total
903, GMC Miraj
910, TKDC Kolhapur
1805, VPDC Sangli
Total Pres criptions INSTITUTES
TEACHING INSTITUTES
39 (1.07%)
62 (1.71%)
136 (3.7%)
226 (6.24%)
1390 (38.4%)
495 (13.68%)
105 (2.9%)
404 (11.16%)
761 (21%)
Total ( %)
20
5
22
45
95
123
37
137
419
3
109Clindamycin
2037Tetra
1995Sulfa/cotrimoxazole
63118Macrolide
475820Quino + metro/T
135237Quinolone
1652Cephalosporin
52215Pen + clavulanate
120222 Penicillins
21 DRUG
PRIVATE CLINICS
33 (0.83%)528Clindamycin 52 (1.3%)448Tetra 78 (1.96%)6216Sulfa/cotrim264 (6.64%)23034Macrolide2466 (62.3%)1661805Quino + metro/T261 (6.56%)16497Quinolone162 (4.07%)6795Cephalosporin337 (8.47%)26077Pen+ clavulanate322 (8.10%)24775 PenicillinsTOTAL (%)GDPSPE DRUG
TRENDS – Institutes Vs Private
72 (0.95%)3339Clindamycin 114 (1.51%)5262Tetra 214 (2.84%)78136Sulfa/cotrim490 (6.5%)264226Macrolide3856 (51.2%)24661390Quino+metro/T756 (10%)261495Quinolone267 (3.54%)162105Cephalosporin741 (9.83%)337404Pen+clavulanate1083 (14.4%)322761 PenicillinsTOTAL (%)PRIINSTI DRUG
Trends
6 .5%6.64%6.24% Macrolides
9 .8 3%8.47%11.16% + Penicillinclavulanate
1 0 .0 3%6.56%13.68% Quinolone alone
1 4 .3 7%8.10%21% Penicillins
5 1 .1 8%62.3%38.41% + Quinolone/metronidazole T
TOTALPRIVATEINSTITUTES
Other remarkable observations
CIPRO IN CHILDREN Ciprofloxacin ( up to 5 years): 1.3% Ciprofloxacin ( 5-10 years): 2.7% Ciprofloxacin ( > 10 years): 3%
Inadequate frequency of admn Amoxicillin: 250 mg bid: 16.7% Ampicillin: 250 mg bid: 15%
Timing of treatment/prophylaxis
Inadequate duration: 19.4%Ciprofloxacin single dose,
Amoxicillin 2 days, Ampicillin 2 days
Antibiotic started after the procedure: 61.3%
ORO DENTAL INFECTIONS
Periapical/Periodontal Abscess Acute Suppurative pulpitis/Toxic
cellulitis. Salivary Gland Sepsis/Sinusitis Post Surgical/Post Traumatic. Oro-antral/Oro-nasal Fistula. Ludwig’s angina/Purulent osteitis Pericoronitis/Mucositis/Pemphigus
SPECTRUM
MACROLIDE
CLINDA CEPHA
AMPI/AMOXY
PEN G/PEN V
ORODENTALINFECTIONS
Prophylaxis (Prevention)
1. Bacterial Endocarditis.
2. Prosthetic Joint Infections.
3. Immuno-Compromised Hosts.
4. Procedures and others.
SBE PROPHYLAXIS RECOMMENDED Extractions, Periodontal procedures Prophylactic cleaning Implant placement, Re-implantation Endodontic
Instrumentation/Surgery beyond root apex, Placement or removal of orthodontic bands
Intraligamentary LA
SBE PROPHYLAXIS - 1 (1 hr before procedure) STANDARD REGIMEN Amoxicillin 2 g
PENICILLIN ALLERGY Clindamycin 600 mg Cephalexin/Cefadroxil 2 gm Clarithromycin/Azithromycin 500
mg
SBE PROPHYLAXIS - 2 30 mins before
procedure) Failure to take P/O Ampicillin 2 gm IM/IV Penicillin allergy & Failure to
take P/O Clindamycin 600 mg IV Cefazolin 1 gm IM/IV
PREFER CIDAL AGENT, SUSCEPTIBILITY
NARROWEST SPECTRUM
CORRECT DOSING AND ADEQUATE DURATION OF TREATMENT
Inferences Most commonly prescribed antimicrobials
were quinolones in combination with (51% ).metronidazole and tinidazole
Amongst , the quinolones c iprofloxacin andofloxacin were the quinolones chosen by95% .of the prescribers
Quinolones – , ciprofloxacin ofloxacin were prescribed 10%alone by .prescribers
4. Inadequacy of the frequency of administration was found in 15-17%
.prescriptions 5. Inadequate duration of treatment was
observed in 19.4% .prescriptions 6. First generation quinolones were
prescribed to the children in the range of1-3% of the prescriptions given for
.quinolones 7. The antimicrobial agent was started
AFTER THEPROCEDURE in about 61% .cases
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