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2nd UCTE project
TrainingPhase 1
Item 1Theoretical Description ofLoad-Frequency Control
Oguz YILMAZTubitak-UZAY
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Load-Frequency Control Primary Control (Local Control)
Secondary Control (General System
Control) Tertiary Control (Control of Minute Reserve
or Scheduled Reserve)
Time Control Example Simulations with Dynamic ModelsFor further inquiry,
http://www.entsoe.eu/resources/publications/ce/oh/
Summary
http://www.entsoe.eu/resources/publications/ce/oh/http://www.entsoe.eu/resources/publications/ce/oh/http://www.entsoe.eu/resources/publications/ce/oh/ -
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Control over the time line after a frequency deviation
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Primary Frequency Control
PurposeEstablishment of balance between
Generation-Load
Balance can be lost in miliseconds (breakertrip/closure)
Time is required for generation level change(seconds)
Kinetic energy change of rotating masses,=> frequency deviation
Continuous, automatic, proportional response ofgenerating units to frequency deviation
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10
units
max.
1) 7 units
1) 7 units
1) 50 units
2a) 7=>9 units (unexpected
increase in flow )
2b1) 50=>49 change in
level
2b2) 7=>9 increase in flow
2c) =>49.8 @ the new
balance
50
49
Safety
valve
Primary Frequency Control-Analogy
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Generation=Load
Generation < Load
Generation=Load
Reestablishment of the
balance between
generation&load, and a
new steady state valuefor the frequency.
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Example Simulations
Scenario 1Combined Cycle=0.97; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=1;
Secondary Control inactive.
@ T=10.sec extra step load of 2%.
Tsim=250 sec
Scenario 2Combined Cycle=0.92; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=0.98;
Secondary Control inactive.@ T=10.sec Extra step load of 2%.
Tsim=250 sec
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Secondary Frequency Control
PurposeEliminate frequency deviation
Maintain the interchange flows at thescheduled values
System-wide, central control over a group ofgenerating units
AGC (Automatic Generation Control)
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Ideal secondary controlafter a loss of generation
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Secondary Frequency Control
Definitions
Control AreaEg. Turkey or Bulgaria ...
Area Control Error
ACE = Actual instantaneous net interchangescheduled netinterchange Calculated* primary control contribution
Kri => K-factor (MW/Hz) defined for the specified control area
AGC Secondary Control Parameters
+ Export
- Import
=> P, 1/Tr =I
PI Control !!!
S d F C l
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Secondary Frequency Control
Control Reserve
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Simulation Examples
Scenario 3Combined Cycle=0.92; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=0.98;
Sekondary Control active. (only hydro)
@ T=10.sec extra step load of %2.
@ T=250.sec extra step load of %1Tsim=600 sec
Scenario 4Combined Cycle=0.92; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=0.98;
Sekondary Control active. (hydro+combined cycle)@ T=10.sec extra step load of %2.
@ T=250.sec extra step load of %1
Tsim=600 sec
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Tertiary Frequency Control
PurposeProvision of reserve continuity for SecondaryControl (scheduled activation)
For large incidents, provision of secondaryreserve (direct activation) (minute-reserve)
Distribution of Control Reserve among
generating units or committed units,depending on ECONOMY and SAFETY
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Tertiary Control
G ti L d U b l
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Geneation-Load Unbalance
and Control over the Time axis
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Example Simulations
Scenario 5Combined Cycle=0.92; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=0.98;Secondary Control active. (hydro + combined cycle)
@ T=10.sec extra step load of %2.
@ T=250.sec extra step load of %1
@T=700.sec Tertiary Reserve 1 is being activatedTsim=1200 sec
Scenario 6Combined Cycle=0.92; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=0.98;
Secondary Control active. (hydro + combined cycle)
@ T=10.sec extra step load of %2.
@ T=250.sec extra step load of %1
@T=700.sec Tertiary Reserve 1 is being activated (0.45 pu)
@T=1200. sec Tertiary Reserve 2 is being activated (0.45 pu)
Tsim=2000 [email protected]
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Time Control
Purpose
When fgerek not controlled with quality andintegral error increases,
fset set different than 50 Hz to minimizeintegral error.
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Example Simulations
Scenario 7Between T=2000. sec and T=2400. sec, time control
fset=50.05
Tsim=2500 sec.
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Emergency Control
Purpose
In case generation-load unbalance can notbe maintained with 3-stage control,reestablisment of balance with unpreferred
methodsUnder frequency load-shedding
Instantaneous Demand Control (new approach)
Generation TrippingConfiguration change at plant load controlsystems (deactivation of load controllers,limiters)
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Simulation Examples
Scenario 8Combined Cycle=0.92; Hydro=0.90, CoalFired=0.98;
Secondary Control active. (hydro + combined cycle)
@ T=10.sec extra step load of %2.
@ T=250.sec extra step load of %1
@T=700.sec Tertiary Reserve 1 is being activated (0.45 pu)
@T=1200. sec Tertiary Reserve 2 is being activated (0.45 pu)
Time control between T=2000. sec and T=2400. sec
@T=2700.sec extra load of %10 begins to activate.
Tsim=3500 sec.