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“BARRIERS” TO BIOPOWER TVA Renewable Energy Information Exchange
Biomass Energy April 24, 2013
Knoxville, Tennessee
Mary S. Booth, PhD
Partnership for Policy Integrity
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TVA: Why renewable energy?
“Renewable energy has the potential to greatly reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions and could help reduce global warming. It could also reduce other pollutants released into the air during conventional power generation. TVA is committed to using more renewable energy sources for generating power.”
• http://www.tva.gov/environment/technology/biomass_direct.htm
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Impacts of biomass energy are incompatible with renewables mission
• Forest impacts
• Greenhouse gas emissions
• Conventional pollutant emissions (PM, NOx, CO, hazardous air pollutants)
• Water impacts
• Biomass keeps old coal plants operating – Dominion
PFPIdriven by data
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McNeil Power Plant, Burlington, Vermont
Photo: Chris Matera, Massachusetts Forest Watch
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FOREST IMPACTS
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TVA’s statements on biopower – imply “waste” used as fuel
”Biomass is less expensive than other renewable energy sources; increased use of biomass as fuel could benefit the local agricultural economy; and the more biomass is used as fuel, the less certain kinds of biomass, such as wood waste, will have to go to landfill. “
PFPIdriven by data
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But any meaningful amount of biopower would require substantial increase in
harvesting
Foresty “waste” (residues) limited:
At collection rate of 37.5% (recover residues at 75% of logged sites; leave 50% onsite), ~910,000 green tons of residues available in TN.
PFPIdriven by data
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And residues don’t work anyway
Duke Energy testimony to NC Utilities Commission,
Forestry residues:
“Most are left at the harvest site because they are considered uneconomic to transport and have low quality for utilization due to size, dirt, and bark content”.
First Energy, Ohio Biomass Energy Working Group:
Wood products means no limbs, no bark, no leaves - only “white wood” used, to meet emissions requirements.
Wood mix required; can’t co-fire 100% agricultural products due to burner damage and emissions requirements. PFPI
driven by data
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0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,00020
06
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Replacing just 10% of TVA’s 2011 coal use with biomass would require substantial increase in TN’s forest harvest
7.8 million green tons of wood to replace 10% of 2011 coal; 49 million tons to replace 50% of coal
USDA: TN total harvest 22.7 million green tons
PFPIdriven by data
TVA coal use: 2007: 46 million tons 2011: 34 million tons 25% decrease
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Biomass harvesting threatens forests and biodiversity
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Photo: Dogwood Alliance
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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
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TVA’s statements on biopower – CO2 emissions
“Biomass could reduce pollutants emitted in power production. Burning biomass is generally carbon neutral; net carbon emissions would be zero, and that would help control global warming.”
Zero?
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Biomass power facilities emit more CO2 per MWh than coal or gas facilities
A biomass plant emits
~150% the CO2 of a coal plant ~250% the CO2 of a gas plant ~ 340% the CO2 of a combined cycle plant
Fuel CO2 per
heat content
(lb/mmbtu)
Facility
efficiency
Fuel mmbtu
required to
generate 1 MWh Lb CO2/MWh
Gas combined cycle 117.1 0.45 7.54 883
Gas steam turbine 117.1 0.33 10.40 1,218
Coal steam turbine 205.6 0.34 10.15 2,086
Biomass steam turbine 213 0.24 14.22 3,029
Fuel CO2 per heat content data are from EIA. Efficiency for fossil fuel facilities calculated using EIA heat rate data (http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat5p4.html); biomass efficiency value is common value for utility-scale facilities. - 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500
Biomass ST
Coal ST
Gas ST
Gas CC
lb CO2 emitted per MWh
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U.S. Biomass industry CO2 emissions, 2009
Equivalent to combined reported power sector emissions from RI, SD, DE, AK, ME, NH, CT, HI, OR, WA, and NJ
Fuel type fuel (tons) heat input (mmbtu)
CO2 emissions (tons)
Agricultural fuels 4,252,601 32,312,178 5,613,433 Wood solids 48,165,174 489,243,148 48,566,550 Pulping liquors 57,011,003 645,150,689 32,923,854 "other" biomass solids 1,981,226 20,853,306 1,997,736
Total 111,410,004 1,187,559,321
89,101,573
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Not controversial that biomass emits more CO2 per unit energy than fossil fuels…
– The “waste” argument: Materials burned are “waste” – would decompose and emit CO2 anyway – e.g. forestry residues.
• No net increase in CO2 emissions, but release from combustion is instantaneous while decomposition takes years to decades.
– The “resequestration” argument: Future forest growth re-sequesters carbon that’s released by burning.
• No net release of carbon. However, resequestration takes decades to centuries.
So why has biomass energy been treated as “carbon neutral”?
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Manomet Study commissioned by State of Massachusetts
Forest modeling study using USFS data • Examined use of both “waste” wood and whole
tree harvesting for fuel • Took into account that forests are currently taking
CO2 out of the atmosphere - the “business as usual” scenario
Burning biomass creates a “carbon debt” relative to fossil fuels • Length of time to repay debt depends on type of
fuels, efficiency of burner
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Manomet Study
Oil (#6), Thermal Gas, Thermal Coal, Electric Gas, Electric
Mixed Wood 15 - 30 60 - 90 45 - 75 >90
Logging Residues Only <5 10 10 30
Harvest Scenario
Years to Achieve Equal Flux with Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuel Technology
Commissioned by the State of Massachusetts to examine carbon and forest cutting impacts of biomass power
When using whole trees as fuel, net CO2 emissions are greater than coal emissions for more than 45 years.
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“Southeastern Study”
Colnes et al, 2011.: Biomass Energy Resource Center, Forest Guild, Spatial Informatics Group
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Biopower in the Southeast creates carbon debt
Southeastern Study (Colnes et al, 2012)
Executive summary:
“The expanded biomass scenario creates a carbon debt that takes 35-50 years to recover. This outcome depends on the
fossil fuel pathway used for comparison and assumes forests re-occupy the site through planting or natural
regeneration, with no forest land conversion.”
PFPIdriven by data
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Min
ute
s
Biomass Combustion
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10
20
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40
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0 20 40 60 80 100
Tons
per
acr
e
Years Biomass Combustion
Min
ute
s
Forest Regrowth
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40 60 80 100
Tons
per
acr
e
Years Biomass Combustion
Min
ute
s
Forest Regrowth
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40
50
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0 20 40 60 80 100
Tons
per
acr
e
Years
Biomass power is a perpetual emitter
Biomass Combustion
Forest Regrowth
Min
ute
s
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Do carbon accounting wrong, and you end up with this…
26
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Photo: Dogwood Alliance
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Fossil fuel scenario
Biopower: More CO2 per MWh, less forest
More atmospheric CO2 PFPIdriven by data
CO2 CO2
CO2
Biopower scenario
CO2
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New MA regulations constrain biomass power eligibility for the RPS
Efficiency
50% efficiency to qualify for ½ REC/MWh (60% for full REC)
Promotes combined heat and power
GHG emissions accounting
Framework accounts for carbon debt of whole tree harvesting
Requires 50% reduction in GHGs over 20 yrs compared to combined cycle natural gas facility
Harvesting Sustainability
Allowable biomass removals (as a percent of the forest products harvested) depend on soil conditions
Protection old growth, steep slopes; retention of naturally down woody material
Harvest plans/fuel sourcing plans required
No construction-demolition-derived fuels
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TVA’s statements on biopower - decomposition
PFPIdriven by data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30
Year
Cumulative CO2 if residues are left to decompose
Biomass energy: cumulative stack CO2 emissions if residues are
burned for energy
“Because decomposition in landfills produces carbon dioxide and methane, biomass cofiring could reduce these sources greenhouse gases as well.”
EPA: landfilling with gas capture a better alternative than garbage or waste wood incineration
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AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS
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Air quality in the Southeast is poor
AIRNOW.gov: Daily Air Quality Index (AQI) Combined metric of ground-level ozone and PM2.5 concentrations
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“Cleanest” biopower plants emit as much pollution as coal (and sometimes more).
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0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
PM10 fil low PM10 fil high0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Nox low Nox high
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
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CO low CO high
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
SO2 low SO2 high
Filterable particulate matter Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide Sulfur dioxide
Biomass
Coal
Biomass
Biomass
Biomass
Coal
Coal
Coal
Range of emission rates of 5 top performers in EPA’s RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse (lb/mmbtu)
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Permitted emissions (tons per year) at Dominion’s converted coal plants in Virginia
(153 MW of biopower)
Pollutant Tons
PM10 268
SOx 131
NO2 1,245
CO 2,754
VOCs 132
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Permitted emissions for Russell Biomass, 50 MW plant in MA (forest wood only)
Particulate matter: 84.3 tons/yr
Nitrogen oxides: 194.5 tons/yr
Carbon monoxide: 243.1 tons/yr
Sulfur oxides: 81 tons/yr
Volatile org. compds: 32.4 tons/yr
Ammonia: 32.4 tons/yr
Mercury: 8 lb/yr
Lead: 400 lb/yr
Hydrochloric acid: 11.4 tons/yr
Hazardous air pollutants: 49.1 tons/yr
CO2: 635,000 tons/yr
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Co-firing just 5% biomass increases emissions of hazardous air pollutants at coal plants (by tons per year)
Killen Coal Plant, OH: 50% increase in carbon monoxide ; significant increases in organic hazardous air pollutants
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“Urban” wood as biomass fuel – loaded with toxics
• Construction and demolition waste
• Contains pressure-treated wood, plastics
– Emissions of hazardous air pollutants: heavy metals, dioxins, hazardous organics like formaldehyde and benzene
• EPA’s “waste” rule requires demonstration that contamination no greater than traditional fuels
• But sorting out and burning “clean” wood is lowest use; this material can be recycled
PFPIdriven by data
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WATER USE
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Biopower water use for cooling – same as coal
Permitted withdrawals at Russell Biomass in MA, a 50 MW biomass plant
• ~650,000 tons of wood per year
• Avg cooling water withdrawal 670,000 gpd; Peak: 885,000 gpd (~20 acre-feet/day)
– Closed loop: 15% returned to river as “boiler blowdown”
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Biopower has same vulnerability to drought as coal
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Mary S. Booth [email protected]