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Two- and multi-particle correlation studies
• Correlations as probes for spectroscopy and dynamics
[dynamics] [spectroscopy]Nuclear equation of state; Symmetry energy
Resonance decay/Invariant mass spectroscopy
Spectroscopic properties of unbound statesCollaboration:
INFN, CNRS (France), TAMU (USA)
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Plans• Shorter term project:
– Correlation femtoscopy experiments with stable beams at GANIL and stable and exotic beams at LNS
• Physics (high priority on light particle detection, High statistics!)• Observables• Detector needs• Typical experiments• Possible proposals for campaigns in 2015-2016 (?)
• Longer term projects:– Inclusion of neutron correlations– Decay spectroscopy with magnetic spectrometers + correlators– Low energy reactions: CN decay femtoscopy and multi-
particle invariant mass spectroscopy in CN decay
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ProjectileTarget
Pre-equilibrium, stopping, compression Expansion Fragmentation
Unbound states
Secondary decays and Spectroscopy tools
Equation of State
Dynamics:• Femtoscopy (HBT)• Correlation functions
Spectroscopic tools:• Primordial source
reconstruction• Resonance decays
A - Physical systems: HIC collision, particle emitting sources
B - Techniques and observables
C – Detector needs! Correlators (MUST2, FARCOS)+
4π event characterizer (Chimera, Indra)
TIME
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“interdisciplinary research topic”• From low to relativistic energies: sharing of analysis techniques and
ideas
• WPCF-2013, Workshop on Particle Correlations and Femtoscopy, Catania, Nov 2013: large participation and exchanges with LHC and RHIC, www.ct.infn.it/wpcf2013– Interactions in three particle correlation studies (three-pion @ Alice Vs
Three-alphas @ Chimera, Birmingham, …)– Exchanges in projectile/target cluster structure effects on elliptic flow– Femtoscopy: energy-scan and studies over widely varying systems– 3D Vs. 1D imaging studies– Effects of collective motion on correlations– Resonance decays: in-medium effects on spectroscopy, recombination and
rescattering, …
• Relevance to multi-particle correlations in halo nuclei (exotic beam studies at Isol and In-Flight facilities
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Building correlations
Final-state interactions
Coulomb anti-correlation (repulsion)
Resonances
• Detection needs/ requirements:
Shape of resonances: high angular and energy resolution
Low q-regions: high granularity and angular resolution
1+R
(q)
q (MeV/c)
deuteron-alpha
6Li
…can be extended to three- and multi-particle correlation functions…
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r (fm)
S(r)
4 6 8 00
Source function
“Size”
Source funnction S(r): “Space-time” profile of decaying systemNeed high resolution in measuring the shape of peak!
20 40 60 800 100
q (MeV/c)
1+R(
q)
p-p
Data
Shape measurements of pp correlations
Input Output
G. Verde et al., PRC65, 069604 (2002)
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Present challenge: symmetry energy
Asymmetry term
Brown, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5296 (2001)
Many approaches… large uncertainties….
Microscopic many-body, phenomenological, variational, …ZH Li, U. Lombardo, PRC74 047304 (2006)
Fuchs and Wolter, EPJA 30, 5 (2006)
B.A. Li et al., Phys. Rep. 464, 113 (2008)
E sym
(MeV
)
E sym
(MeV
)Stiff
Soft
Need HIC at intermediate energies +Ranges of N/Z (δ2) enhance Esym effects
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Symmetry energy and correlation functionsIBUU simulations 52Ca+48Ca E/A=80 MeV Central collisions
• Proton-proton correlation sensitive to Esym• nn and np also… but difficult… (later projects)
…meanwhile use: t-3He, t-t and 3He-3He
Correlation functions
neutron-neutron
proton-proton
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
1
2
3
4
1
3
5
7
q (MeV/c)1+
R(q)
proton-neutron
Lie-Wen Chen et al., PRL (2003), PRC(2005)
Stiff
Soft
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First results from MSU on Ca+Ca – 80 MeV/u
MSU: HiRA + 4pi
Correlations + 4pi array
40Ca+40Ca Vs. 48Ca+48CaE/A = 80 MeV
1. Size effect or N/Z effect?2. What is the role of space-time
ambiguities?
Need new experiments and better 4π characterization event-by event
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Isolating particle at the early dynamical stage
112Sn+124Sn E/A=50 MeV bred=0-0.4
time (fm/c)
dN/d
t
PT/m > 0.2
PT/m > 0.3
Early
Late
Sn+Sn E/A=50 MeV bred=0-0.4
B. Barker et al.
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Experimental data (preliminary)Xe+Au E/A=50 MeV MCP=36 (~bred<0.3)
Lassa@MSU
Proton energy spectra with pT > 0.15
pp correlations
No PT gate
PT/m > 0.2
Moving source fit: single-particle emitting source moving with v ~ vNN
E.V. Pagano
T. Minniti, G. Verde, et al., to be submitted
Source functions
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Effects of pT gates on pp correlationsXe+Au E/A=50 MeVbred<0.3
(pT/m)min(pT/m)min
Fraction of dynamically emitted protons (%) - fdynamical
Source function size – r1/2
Sour
ce s
ize
f dyna
mic
al
• Consistent with increasing importance of dynamical sources at high PT
• Trend at high PT of source size need more understanding… Work in progress
Preliminary
T. Minniti, G. Verde, et al., in progress
Increasing relevance of dynamical emissions
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Typical experimental setupCorrelators (FARCOS + MUST2)
4π detNeeds:• 4π for characterization of collision events: b, reaction plane, flow!• Correlators:
High resolution in (Theta, Phi, E) Large solid angle coverage: statistics AND changing kinematics with Ebeam
+ other physics cases in same experiment: Campaigns “a-la-indra”
Example: G. Verde and J. Natowitz –> comparisons femtoscopic radii vs coalescence radii (discussed briefly during last IWNDT meeting in College Station)
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Must2: Mur à Strip
• Mostly used for direct reactions with exotic beams (GANIL, RIKEN)• Optimized for high energy and angular resolution detection of light particles: p,
d, t, 3He, 4He, 6He, …, Li isotopes… (dynamic range limited)• ASIC electronicsby the same team that develops GET electronics (similar ASIC
concepts, no digitalization, …)• In our project: best suited at large angles in the lab frame, dominated by light
particle emissions• Very flexible
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Symmetry energy at very low densities? (TAMU)Pre-equilibrium emission Flow Multifragmentation
Central
ρ ≈ 0.01 ρ∙ 0
Clustering (~alphas) at small densities affects EsymC.J. Horowitz et al., NPA776, 55 (2006), G. Wanatabe et al., PRL103, 121101 (2009)Esym(ρ) not vanishing at very low ρ
64Zn+92Mo,197Au 40Ar, 64Zn+112,124Sn E/A=35 MeV
Emission volumes and densities from coalescence analyses of energy spectra!
NIMROD @ TAMU
E sym
(MeV
)
Density ρ(fm-3)
Symmetry Energy at very low densities
J.B. Natowitz et al, PRL 104 (2010) 202501
R. Wada et al., PRC85, 064618 (2012)Coalescence Vs. Femtoscopy? statisctial Vs. dynamical
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Invariant mass spectroscopy: “gratuit” in the same experiment!
HIC and correlations as a spectroscopic tool• Cluster states, Hoyle states, BEC, …• Same experiment• Access to invariant masses, spin, branching ratios for simultaneous and
sequential decays• Compare direct reactions to HIC and in-medium decay
Expansion
Not only EoS…
Several unbound species in just one single experiment!
10C*
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Spectroscopy Dynamics
p-p-16O correlation function
1+R
8Bep-7Li 8B p-7Be 10B α-6Li
12Cα+α+α 9Bp+α+α
18Nep+p+16O
Xe+Au E/A=50 MeV
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Example: 8B unbound states in central HIC
States of 8B p+7Be
p+7Be
0.774
1.4 (?)
2.32
8B1+
3+
p-7Be correlations W.P. Tan et al. Phys. Rev. C69, 061304 (2004)
Xe+Au E/A50 MeV Central collisions
Relative height of resonances constraints the spin of states
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Example: 2α-2p correlations : states in 10C*
Ek(MeV)
10C 6Be+α (2p+α)+α10C 8Be+p+p (α+α)++p10C 9B+p (p+α+α)+p
F. Grenier et al., Nucl. Phys. A811 (2008) 233 Constraining branching ratios for
sequential vs simultaneous decays
4-particle correlation functions: p-p-α-α
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Direct and fragmentation reactions with exotic beams
12Be + p, 12C E/A = 50 MeV105 pps
HiRA @ MSU
Several new states studied
R.J. Charity et al., PRC76, 064313 (2007)
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Projectile fragmentation beams
Opportunity: fast exotic beams @ LNSEx: Primary beam: 20Ne E/A=45 MeV/A Production target: 9Be (500 mm)Fragments transported and tagged event-by-event by E-ToF
DSSD Tagging detector
T (ns)
10Be
16C
13B12Be
9Li6He
17C
7Li
ΔE (M
eV) Bρ=2.71 Tm
11BeLight and medium mass isotopes for direct reactions in inverse kinematics: multi-particle correlations
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Interplays dynamics-spectroscopy
• Femtoscopy (dynamics) with light particles (strongly interacting!) needs spectroscopy information: resonances, quantum statistical symmetries, etc.
• Spectroscopy information may be extracted from correlations with light complex particles (example: 10Cp+p+α+α)
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Invariant mass spectroscopy: Direct (FRIBS) Vs. Multifragmentation
• Multifragmtation reactions: - Good: high statistics, “clean” stable beams - Bad: not clean states produced, distortions in medium (low density
nuclear matter), effects of reaction/production mechanism
• Direct reactions with exotic beams: - Good: clean states and analysis methods- Bad: low statistics, low beam quality (tracking required with resolution
and rate limitations, …)
Comparisons would be of mutual benefit:- Effects of reaction mechanism on extraction of spectroscopic properties
(important for exotic beam studies, structure reaction mechanism!)- In-medium effects on resonance formation and decay- Search for clusters in low density matter (Symmetry energy)- …
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Experiments: scanning over widely varying systems
• Energy scan (E-scan): “wide” range of beam energies (intermediate) – understand space-time ambiguity in emitting source profiles– E/A<35 MeV @ LNS, TAMU(?)– E/A>35 MeV @ GANIL
• Mass scan Vs. Isospin scan (A-scan, N/Z-scan) – understand ambiguity in size effects Vs. symmetry energy effects– 40,48Ca+40,48Ca– 58,64Ni+58,64Ni– 112,124Sn+112,124Sn– …and inverse kinematics combinations (ex.: Sn+Ni, etc.), better
for coalescence studies
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Shorter term campaigns –Fermi energies
Reaction systems at GANIL (> 2016?)N/Z-scan and A-scan:
• 40Ca + 40Ca, 48Ca + 48Ca• 58Ni + 58NiCa, 64Ni + 64Ni E/A=40 - 80 MeV• 112Sn + 112Sn, 124Sn + 124Sn• 58Ni + 40Ca, 64Ni + 48Ca (coalescence vs femtoscopy)
N/Z-scan:• 48Ca + 48Ca, 48Ti + 48Ti E/A=40 – 80MeV• 96Zr + 96Zr, 96Ru + 96Ru E/A=25 - 60 MeV
Reaction systems at LNS (<2017)N/Z-scan and A-scan:
• 40Ca + 40Ca, 48Ca + 48Ca• 58Ni + 58NiCa, 64Ni + 64Ni E/A=25 - 40 MeV• 112Sn+112Sn, 124Sn+124Sn• 58Ni + 40Ca, 64Ni + 48Ca (coalescence vs femtoscopy)• FRIBS beams: direct reactions and invariant mass spectroscopy
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Spokesperson of Mus2 project
Group Leader NIMROD@TAMU
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Longer term challenges: neutron-proton correlations
nn, np and pp correlation functions Symmetry energy
CorrelatorsProtons EDEN
Neutrons
Measuring pp, np, nn correlations:LNS: EDEN + MUST2/FARCOSGANIL: DEMON +
MUST2/FARCOS
neutron-proton correlations
G. Verde, Must2 meeting – 14 Nov 2013
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Correlations at low energies16O+ 27Al @ E/A=8.8 MeV
1+R
(q)
q (MeV/c)
• Correlation femtoscopy: volumes, emission times, prompt vs evaporative decays, light particle emission chronology, etc.
• Multi-particle decay spectroscopy: emission of exotic nuclear systems (p-rich and n-rich) exploratory plans for SPES and Spiral2
Evaporative scenario
Explosive scenario
Start with stable beam experiments at LNS and GANIL: test experimental techniques in CN reactions (2015-2016?)
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Documents under construction
• Scientific program• Logistics and Technical details• Manpower organization: students for data
analysis, organization of calibration tasks (“Indra-like” organization), technical tasks
• Letter of Agreement with international partners
• Milestones
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Backup slides
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Resonance decay (invariant mass) spectroscopy: direct and fragmentation reactions
New state in 8Be at E*~23 MeV --> sequential: 8Be 7Li + p
7Li t + α
R.J. Charity et al., PRC78, 054307 (2008)