Download - Two types of molecules make a fat R groups determine the type of amino acid Amino group Acid group
Two types of molecules make a fat
R groups determine the type of amino acid
Amino group
Acid group
Animation 5.9.3Animation 5.9.3
Reactant
Product
Negative change in free energy
Reactant
Product
Animation 6.16Animation 6.16
ATP helps to couple reactions
The surface area to volume ratio increases with smaller size
By subdividing a large volume into smaller volume increase the SA/Vol ratio
•The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and various kinds of vacuoles.
•It can be used to add to the membrane system and also to modify it.
Chloroplasts convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy the plant can use. Its inner membrane is composed of flattened sacs called thylakoids. A stack of these is called a granum. The thylakoid membrane have a green pigment called chlorophyll in them. Chloroplasts are part of a larger group of organelles called plastids. Leukoplasts are colorless and are used for storage (e.g. amyloplasts store starch). Chromoplasts have colored pigments.
9 + 2 structure found in eukaryotes
Basal body has 9 triplets identical to the centriole
NAD+ recycled
NADox is recycled back to glycolysis
Regulation such as feedback inhibition controls how much ATP is produced
Types of cell communicationTypes of cell communication
3 Stages of Cell Signaling3 Stages of Cell Signaling
• 4 Types of Signal Reception
• G-Protein-Linked
• Tyrosine -Kinase
• Ligand-gated ion channels
• Intracellular Receptors
Signal Transduction Pathways or Relay Molecules pass information INTO the cell
Signal Transduction Pathways or Relay Molecules pass information INTO the cell
Transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a protein
Transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a protein
Usually serine or threonine is phosphorylated
Usually serine or threonine is phosphorylated
To REVERSE the process, protein phosphatases remove the phosphate groups
To REVERSE the process, protein phosphatases remove the phosphate groups
Some relay molecules are NOT proteins -Second Messengers
Some relay molecules are NOT proteins -Second Messengers
Two kinds of second messengers are cAMP and Calcium ions
Two kinds of second messengers are cAMP and Calcium ions
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Calcium can bind to Calmodulin
Calcium can bind to Calmodulin
Enzyme Cascade Effect amplifies the response
Enzyme Cascade Effect amplifies the response
Binary FissionBinary Fission
Cdk and Cyclin combine to form MPF - which is an active from of Cdk
Cdk and Cyclin combine to form MPF - which is an active from of Cdk
MPF will phosphorylate many enzymes - which will move the cell past the G2 checkpoint into M phase - it will also make a proteolytic enzyme that destroys cyclin and thus turn off MPF
MPF will phosphorylate many enzymes - which will move the cell past the G2 checkpoint into M phase - it will also make a proteolytic enzyme that destroys cyclin and thus turn off MPF
MPF is only active when there is a high cyclin concentration
MPF is only active when there is a high cyclin concentration
Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Independent Assortment
Crossing Over p236
Crossing Over p236