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Types of Research
Dr. Tanu Dang
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Journalism and Mass Communication, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Urdu, Arabi – Farsi University,
Lucknow
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Major Types of Research
• Descriptive Research
• Analytical Research
• Applied Research
• Basic Research
• Quantitative Research
• Qualitative Research
• Conceptual Research
• Non-Scientific Methods
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Descriptive Research• Surveys and fact finding enquiries of different
kinds
• Purpose is the description of the state ofaffairs as it exists in present
• Ex Post Facto Research
• Researcher has no control over the variables;he can only report what has happened orwhat is happening
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Subdivisions of Descriptive Research
• Survey Research
• The Case Study
• Correlational Study
• Comparative Study
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Descriptive Research
• In short descriptive research deals with everything that can be counted and studied, which has an impact of the lives of the people it deals with.
• For example,
• Finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of a town. The reader of the research will know what to do to prevent that disease thus, more people will live a healthy life.
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Analytical Research
• Involves in-depth study andevaluation of availableinformation in an attempt toexplain complex phenomenon
• The researcher has to use facts or informationalready available and analyze these to make acritical evaluation of the material
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Subdivisions of Analytical Research
• Historical Research
• Philosophical Research
• Review
• Research synthesis (meta analysis i.e. analysisof the review already published)
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Applied / Action Research• Finding a solution to an immediate problem
• Research aimed to find social or politicaltrends that may affect a particular institutionis an example of applied research
• Subtypes
– Marketing Research
– Evaluation Research
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Applied Research
For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:
• Improve product sales and delivery
• Treat or cure a specific disease
• Improve the efficiency of employees
• Improve the access and availability of media in specified remote areas of the country
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Basic / Pure / Fundamental Research
• Concerned with generalizations and with theformulations of a theory
• Natural phenomenon and mathematics areexamples of basic research
• Finding information that has a broad base ofapplication
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Pure/Basic Research
• For example, Pure Research investigations probe for answers to questions such as:
• How did the universe begin?
• What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?
• How was the first computer of television made?
• What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?
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Quantitative Research
• Based on measurement of quantity or amount
• Weighing, measuring are examples ofquantitative research
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Qualitative Research
• Phenomena relating to quality or kind
• Character, personality and mankind areexamples of variables used to measurequalitative research
• Word association test, sentence completiontest
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Conceptual / Experimental Research
• Related to some abstract idea or theory
• To develop new concepts or to reinterpretexisting ones
• Attempt to establish cause and effectrelationship
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Unscientific Methods of Problem Solving
• Tenacity– Cling to certain beliefs despite lack of evidence
– Superstitions; eg: Black cat brings bad luck
• Intuition– Considered to be common sense / self evident;
may be found to be false
• Authority– Reference to authority – used as a source of
knowledge
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Scientific Methods of Problem Solving
• The Rationalistic Method– Derive knowledge through reasoning
– Basketball players are tall. Haresh is a basketballplayer. Therefore, Haresh is tall.
• The Empirical Method– Describes data or a study that is based on
objective observation
– Relies on observation or experience, capable ofbeing verified by experiment
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Ethnographic Research• Ethnographic research refer to the investigationof a culture through an in-depth study of themembers of the culture; it involves the systematiccollection, description, and analysis of data fordevelopment of theories of cultural behaviour.
• It studies people, ethnic groups and otherethnic formations, their ethno genesis,composition, resettlement, social welfarecharacteristics, as well as their material andspiritual culture.
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Ethnographic Research
• Data collection is often done throughparticipant observation, interviews,questionnaires, etc.
• The purpose of ethnographic research is toattempt to understand what is happeningnaturally in the setting and to interpret thedata gathered to see what implications couldbe formed from the data.
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Other Types of Research• Based on Time
– Cross – Sectional Research
– Longitudinal Research
• Based on Environment
– Field Research
– Laboratory Research
• Clinical or Diagnostic Research
• Case study or in-depth approaches
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Other Types of Research
• Exploratory Research
– Hypothesis development, rather than hypothesistesting
• Formalized Research
– Substantial structure and with specific hypothesisto be tested
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Other Types of Research
• Historical Research– Utilize historical sources to study events of the past
• Conclusion oriented– Picking a problem, redesign enquiry, conceptualize
• Decision oriented– For the need for a decision maker, researcher cannot
embark upon research his own inclination– e.g.: Operations Research
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Dr. Tanu Dang
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Journalism and Mass
Communication, Khwaja Moinuddin
Chishti Urdu, Arabi – Farsi
University, Lucknow