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March 1, 2020 – San Diego, CA
UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101
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FLIGHT PLANTOPIC PRESENTER TIME
Introduction/Ice Breaker Steve & Greg 12:30
Evolution of Aviation Noise Steve 12:45
Science of Aviation Noise Greg 13:15
Quantifying Aviation Noise Steve 13:45
Break ----------------- 14:15
Regulating Aviation Noise Steve 14:30
Aircraft Performance and Noise Greg 15:00
Mitigating Aviation Noise Steve 15:30
Questions/Wrap up Steve & Greg 16:00
Session Ends ----------------- 16:15
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THE SCIENCEOF AVIATION NOISE
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WHAT IS SOUND?
A mechanical wave that results from the vibration of particles
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HOW DOES SOUND
TRAVEL?
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1/64x 1/32x 1/16x 1/8x 1/4x 1/2x 1 2x 4x 8x 16x 32x 64x
.000001 .00001 .0001 .001 .01 .1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 dB
HOW IS SOUND ENERGY MEASURED?
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A WEIGHTED SOUND LEVEL (dBA)A-weighted sound is a sound pressure level, which has been weighted to reduce the influence of the low and high extremes. It has been found to correlate well with the human hearing response and with a person’s subjective judgment of the loudness of sounds, and it emphasizes speech frequency bands and de-emphasizes the lower and higher frequencies.
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10 dB increase = 10x sound energy but is only perceived to be 2x louder
= 70 dB
= 60 dB
WHAT DOES A 10 dB INCREASE IN NOISE EQUATE TO?
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Nighttime
Direction
Windy
Calm and Sunny
Calm and Cloudy
WEATHER’S EFFECT ON SOUND TRANSMISSION
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Noise – a sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant or that causes disturbance. (unwanted sound)
WHAT IS NOISE?
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65.066.0
67.0
69.0
71.0
74.0
78.0
82.0
85.0
87.088.0
87.0
85.0
82.0
78.0
74.0
71.0
69.0
67.066.0
65.0
64.0
68.0
72.0
76.0
80.0
84.0
88.0
0
0.5 1
1.5 2
2.5 3
3.5 4
4.5 5
5.5 6
6.5 7
7.5 8
8.5 9
9.5 10
10
.5 11
11
.5 12
12
.5 13
13
.5 14
14
.5 15
15
.5 16
16
.5 17
17
.5 18
18
.5 19
19
.5 20
Lmax = Peak Sound Level
Sec.
dBA
AIRPLANE NOISE EVENT ACOUSTIC SIGNATURE
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SEL - The sound level that would be experienced if all the sound energy of a single event were compressed into 1 second
1 Sec.
SEL = 98 dBA
dBA
Sec.
65.066.0
67.0
69.0
71.0
74.0
78.0
82.0
85.0
87.088.0
87.0
85.0
82.0
78.0
74.0
71.0
69.0
67.066.0
65.0
64.0
68.0
72.0
76.0
80.0
84.0
88.0
92.0
96.0
100.0
0
0.5 1
1.5 2
2.5 3
3.5 4
4.5 5
5.5 6
6.5 7
7.5 8
8.5 9
9.5 10
10
.5 11
11
.5 12
12
.5 13
13
.5 14
14
.5 15
15
.5 16
16
.5 17
17
.5 18
18
.5 19
19
.5 20
SOUND EXPOSURE LEVEL
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EQUIVELANT SOUND LEVEL (Leq)
Leq – The energy average sound level over a specified period of time usually 1, 8 or 24 hours
Equivalent signifies that the total acoustical energy associated with the fluctuating sound (during the specified time period) is equal to the total acoustical energy associated with the steady sound level of Leq for the same specified period of time.
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
NO
ISE
LEV
EL (
DB
A)
HOUR
LEQ COMM ACNE
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0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
DEC
IBEL
LEV
EL (
DB
A)
HOUR
L90 L1 L50
STATISTICAL NOISE LEVEL (Ln)
Ln – The statistical percentage of time the noise level exceeds a certain value for a defined period of time.
Common values are L10, L50, L90 and L95. For example 70dBA L10 (18 hours)
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• DNL was introduced as a simple method for predicting the effects on a population of the average long-term exposure to noise.
• DNL is an enhancement of the Equivalent Sound Level (Leq) metric through the addition of a 10 dB penalty for nighttime (10 p.m. to 7 a.m.) noise intrusions.
• The incorporation of the 10 dB penalty is in recognition of the increased annoyance that is generally associated with noise during the late night and early morning.
• DNL employs the same energy equivalent concept as Leq and uses a 24 hour time integration period.
DAY NIGHT AVERAGE SOUND LEVEL (DNL)
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Aircraft operations between the hours of 10 pm and 7 am have a 10 dB penalty added to them to account for the lower ambient noise levels in communities,which increases the likelihood of these events causing annoyance and sleep disturbance
1 Event = 10 Events
NIGHTTIME AIRCRAFT NOISE
1 Event = 1 Event
DAYTIME AIRCRAFT NOISE
DNL NIGHTTIME NOISE PENALTY
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CALCULATING DNL
In calculating DNL, the Leq level is used as the hourly equivalent sound level.
The hourly noise figures are summed for the 15 hours of daylight (7 a.m. to 10 p.m.) and added to the sum of Leqhourly figures for the remaining 9 hours of nighttime with a 10 dB penalty added to the nighttime figures (to reflect added human sensitivity to nighttime noise).
The result is the DNL noise level or a 24 hour summary of noise levels for a given location. When aircraft noise contours are calculated, however, the noise levels are solely due to the aircraft and do not include other noise sources
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100 Events/Day SEL 94.4 dBA = 65 DNL (original graphic credited to ESA)
10 Events/Day SEL 104.4 dBA = 65 DNL
1 Event/Day SEL 114.4 dBA = 65 DNL
EQUIVELANT DNL NOISE LEVELS
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Federal Aviation Regulations Part 36 –Noise Standards: Aircraft Type and Airworthiness Certification Subpart B –Transport Category Large Airplanes and Jet Airplanes
• FAR 36.101 – Noise Measurement and Evaluation
• FAR 36.103 – Noise Limits
WHO REGULATES AIRPLANE NOISE IN THE UNITED STATES?
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EPNL – A modification of the Perceived Noise Level (PNL) that takes into account tone components in aircraft broad band noise, as well as the duration of the noise. It is measured in EPNdB, and defined as the Perceived Noise Level (PNL) in PNdB, plus a tone correction and a duration correction. It is used by the FAA in aircraft cetification.The EPNL measurement is based on the following equation:
EPNL= PNLmax+ 10 log (t10/20) + F (dB)
where PNLmax is the maximum perceived noise level during flyover in PNdB, t10 is the duration (in seconds) of the noise level within 10 dB of the peak PNL, and
F is a correction for PURE TONEs (which are generally found to be more annoying than broad band noise without perceived tones). In practice, F is about +3 dB.
EFFECTIVE PERCEIVED NOISE LEVEL (EPNL)
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Aircraft Noise is measured in A weighted decibels (dBA)
EPNL Aircraft Noise Certification Points:Approach, Sideline, Takeoff
HOW IS AIRCRAFT NOISE MEASURED?
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Certification Level Sideline Approach TakeoffNoise Level (EPNdB) 88.5 94.2 82.6Noise Limit (EPNdB) 97.2 100.9 92.1Margin Below Stage IV 8.7 6.7 9.5
Boeing 737-8 MAX, Max Takeoff Weight = 181,200 lb.
Certification Level Sideline Approach TakeoffNoise Level (EPNdB) 91.6 94.2 86.6Noise Limit (EPNdB) 100.9 104.3 98.0Margin Below Stage IV 9.3 10.1 11.4
Boeing 787-8, Max Takeoff Weight = 502,500 lb.
Certification Level Sideline Approach TakeoffNoise Level (EPNdB) 94.0 100.9 94.5Noise Limit (EPNdB) 103.0 105.0 106.0Margin Below Stage IV 9.0 4.1 11.5
Boeing 747-8I, Max Takeoff Weight = 987,000 lb.
HOW LOUD CAN A COMMERCIAL
JET BE?
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FAA STAGE V – NOISE STANDARD
Stage 5, applies to any person submitting an application for a new airplane type design with a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 121,254 pounds (55,000 kg) or more on or after December 31, 2017; or with maximum certificated takeoff weight of less than 121,254 pounds (55,000 kg) on or after December 31, 2020.
The Stage V noise standard requires the cumulative noise level at the three certification measuring points to be 7 EPNdB below the Stage IV levels.
The new standard also introduces a condition in addition to the cumulative reduction requirement, that mandates a margin of not less than 1.0 dB below Chapter 3 [3] limits at each certification point.
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APU
Thrust Reversers
Wingtip VorticesSlats
Flaps
LandingGear
Speed Brakes
Engine Nacelle
Jet / Fan Exhaust
Turbine / Fan Core
Fan Blades
Fuselage
AIRCRAFT NOISE SOURCES
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In modern commercial jet aircraft in widespread use today AIRFRAME noise contributes more to the total aircraft noise during the approach phase of flight than engine noise.
The largest contributors to airframe noise are:
• Landing Gear
• Slats
• Flaps
• Spoilers
• Gear / Aircraft Wake Interaction
APPROACH NOISE SOURCES
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Federal Interagency Committee on Urban Noise (FICUN)
Guidelines for Considering Noise in Land Use Planning and Control (1980)http://www.nonoise.org/epa/Roll7/roll7doc20.pdf
This report established the Federal government’s DNL 65 dB standard and related guidelines for land use compatibility
WHY WAS 65 DNL CHOSEN AS THE THRESHOLD?
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According to the FAA noise levels of DNL 65 dB or above are generally considered incompatible with residential land uses and people living within the DNL 65 dB or higher contour are considered to be significantly impacted by aircraft noise.
HOW DOES THE FAA DEFINE SIGNIFICANT NOISE?
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AVIATION SAFETY AND NOISE ABATEMENT ACT OF 1979
First federal legislation specifically addressing airport noise compatibilityhttp://airportnoiselaw.org/usc475-1.html
Part 150 Program Instituted by the FAA - adopted DNL metric and established the 65 db land use compatibility guideline
Established DNL 65 dB as the threshold for federal funding of noise mitigation
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AIRCRAFT TAKEOFF PERFORMANCE AND NOISE
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DRAG
WEIGHT
THRUST
LIFT
AERODYNAMIC FORCES ACTING ON AN AIRPLANE
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Aircraft WeightPlane + Payload + Fuel
1Weather ConditionsTemp vs. Thrust
2Airport ElevationAir Density vs. Lift
3Available RunwayLength vs. Payload
4
FACTORS THAT EFFECT AIRCRAFT TAKEOFFPERFORMANCE
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HOW MUCH DOES A BOEING 787-8 WEIGH?
BOEING 787-8 with GEnx 1B70 PIP II Engines
Operating Empty Weight 264,500 lb. / 119,975 kg.
Maximum Structural Payload 90,500 lb. / 41,050 kg.
Maximum Zero Fuel Weight 355,000 lb. / 161,025 kg.
Maximum Fuel Capacity 223,378 lb. / 101,323 kg.
Maximum Taxi Weight 504,100 lb. / 228,656 kg.
Maximum Takeoff Weight 502,500 lb. / 227,930 kg.
Maximum Landing Weight 380,000 lb. / 172,365 kg.
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DFWLAX
PEK
Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK)
Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN)
Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles
Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Los Angeles (LAX)
Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N802AN)
Flight Plan Distance: 1,464 miles
REAL WORLD FLIGHT COMPARISON
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13
,40
0 x 2
00
35L17R
13
,40
0 x 1
50
35C17C
8,5
00
x 15
0
35R
17L
13
,40
0 x 1
50
36L18R
13
,40
0 x 2
00
36R18L
HOW MUCH RUNWAY DO WE NEED TO TAKEOFF?
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Empty Weight = 264,500 lb.
Flight Time = 2hr 50 min.
Flt Plan Distance = 1,464 mi.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Empty Weight = 264,500 lb.
Flight Time = 13hr 19 min.
Flt Plan Distance = 7,217 mi.
AAL263 DFW-PEK
AIRCRAFT FLIGHT PLANNING
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Weighed prior to Loading
Palletized and Containerized Cargo
Carry-on included in Pax Weights
HeavyBag
50+ lb.
Carry-onBag
16 lb.
CheckedBag
30 lb.
FAA Avg. Baggage Weights
HOW ARE CARGO WEIGHTS CALCULATED?
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Bags / Cargo = 19,040 lb.
Empty Weight = 264,500 lb.
Flight Time = 2hr 50 min.
Flt Plan Distance = 1,464 mi.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Bags / Cargo = 19,040 lb.
Empty Weight = 264,500 lb.
Flight Time = 13hr 19 min.
Flt Plan Distance = 7,217 mi.
AAL263 DFW-PEK
CARGO LOAD PLANNING
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Avg. for Adult Pax = 190
Adult Male
200 lb.
Adult Female179 lb.
Child82 lb.
FAA Passenger Weights Summer
Avg. for Adult Pax = 195
FAA Passenger Weights Winter
Adult Male
205 lb.
Adult Female184 lb.
Child87 lb.
HOW ARE PASSENGER WEIGHTS CALCULATED?
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Passengers = 226 / 42,940 lb.
Bags / Cargo = 19,040 lb.
Empty Weight = 264,500 lb.
Flight Time = 2hr 50 min.
Flt Plan Distance = 1,464 mi.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Passengers = 226 / 42,940 lb.
Bags / Cargo = 19,040 lb.
Empty Weight = 264,500 lb.
Flight Time = 13hr 19 min.
Flt Plan Distance = 7,217 mi.
AAL263 DFW-PEK
PASSENGER LOAD PLANNING
Zero Fuel Weight = 326,480 lb. Zero Fuel Weight = 326,480 lb.
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Boeing 787-8 Fuel Capacity Capacity = 223,378 lb. Useable = 220,878 lb. Unusable = 2,500 lb.
101,323 kg. 100,189 kg. 1,134kg.
495,737______Planned Taxi-Out Weight:
1,100________+ Taxi Fuel Burn Off:
494,637______Planned Gross Takeoff Weight:
494,637______Planned Gross Takeoff Weight:
147,973______+ Flight Plan Fuel:
346,664______Planned Landing Weight:
346,664______Planned Landing Weight:
7,399________Contingency Fuel:
8,665________Alternate Fuel:
4,120________Minimum Landing Fuel:
326,480______Zero Fuel Weight:
326,480______Zero Fuel Weight:
61,980_______Payload:
264,500______Basic Operating Empty Weight:
FLIGHT: AAL263 KDFW/DFW – ZBAA/PEK
Fuel Planning Schematic 787-8 GEnx-1B70(STANDARD UNITS)
Boeing 787-8 Fuel Capacity Capacity = 223,378 lb. Useable = 220,878 lb. Unusable = 2,500 lb.
101,323 kg. 100,189 kg. 1,134kg.
371,240______Planned Taxi-Out Weight:
1,100________+ Taxi Fuel Burn Off:
370,140______Planned Gross Takeoff Weight:
370,140______Planned Gross Takeoff Weight:
29,015_______+ Flight Plan Fuel:
341,125______Planned Landing Weight:
341,125______Planned Landing Weight:
2,558________Contingency Fuel:
7,999________Alternate Fuel:
4,088________Minimum Landing Fuel:
326,480______Zero Fuel Weight:
326,480______Zero Fuel Weight:
61,980_______Payload:
264,500______Basic Operating Empty Weight:
FLIGHT: AAL2360 KDFW/DFW – KLAX/LAX
Fuel Planning Schematic 787-8 GEnx-1B70(STANDARD UNITS)
HOW MUCH FUEL DO WE NEED?
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Taxi Weight = 371,240 lb.
Total Fuel = 44,760 lb.
Zero Fuel Weight = 326,480 lb.
Passengers = 226 / 42,940 lb.
Bags / Cargo = 19,040 lb.
Empty Weight = 264,500 lb.
Flight Time = 2hr 50 min.
Flt Plan Distance = 1,464 mi.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Taxi Weight = 495,737 lb.
Total Fuel = 169,257 lb.
Zero Fuel Weight = 326,480 lb.
Passengers = 226 / 42,940 lb.
Bags / Cargo = 19,040 lb.
Empty Weight = 264,500 lb.
Flight Time = 13hr 19 min.
Flt Plan Distance = 7,217 mi.
AAL263 DFW-PEK
HOW MUCH FUEL DO WE NEED FOR OUR TRIP?
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Aircraft WeightPlane + Payload + Fuel
1Weather ConditionsTemp vs. Thrust
2Airport ElevationAir Density vs. Lift
3Available RunwayLength vs. Payload
4
FACTORS THAT EFFECT AIRCRAFT TAKEOFFPERFORMANCE
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Air Molecule
Air Intake Volume
Air Density
The volume of air ingested into a jet engine is fixed, but the density of that same air is not.
Hot air is less dense than cold air and thus the warmer the temperature the less net thrust a jet engine produces. Warmer temperatures also decrease lift, which increases the length of runway needed for takeoff, reduces climb performance and lessens the payload weight that can be lifted.
TEMPERATURE HAS AN INVERSE CORRELATION WITH AIR DENSITY
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
°F
-12
-7
-1
4
10
16
21
27
32
38
43
°C
TEMPERATURE’S EFFECT ON AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
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AAL263 DFW-PEK
Density Altitude = -1,187 ft. / -362 m.
Takeoff Weight = 494,637 lb. / 224,364 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 8,346 ft. / 2,544 m.
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 155 kts. VR - 157 kts. V2 - 169 kts.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Density Altitude = -1,187 ft. / -362 m.
Takeoff Weight = 370,140 lb. / 167,893 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 4,692 ft. / 1,430 m.
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 138 kts. VR - 138 kts. V2 - 148 kts.
Runway 36RDeparting
607 ft. / 185 m.Field Elevation
29.92 in / 1013 mb.Altimeter Setting
0 kts / ---°Winds
10°F / -12°CDew Point
30°F / -1°CTemperature
Current Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): Dallas/Fort Worth Int’l Airport (DFW)
TAKEOFF SCENARIO 1 – TEMP 30° F
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AAL263 DFW-PEK
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m. (+2,112 ft. / +644 m.)
Takeoff Weight = 494,637 lb. / 224,364 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 8,745 ft. / 2,665 m. (+399 ft. / +121 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 155 kts. VR - 157 kts. V2 - 169 kts.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m. (+2,112 ft. / +644 m.)
Takeoff Weight = 370,140 lb. / 167,893 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 4,978 ft. / 1,517 m. (+286 ft. / +87 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 138 kts. VR - 138 kts. V2 - 148 kts.
Runway 36RDeparting
607 ft. / 185 m.Field Elevation
29.92 in / 1013 mb.Altimeter Setting
0 kts / ---°Winds
40°F / 4°CDew Point
60°F / 16°CTemperature
Current Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): Dallas/Fort Worth Int’l Airport (DFW)
TAKEOFF SCENARIO 2 – TEMP 60° F
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AAL263 DFW-PEK
Density Altitude = 3,033 ft. / 924 m. (+2,108 ft. / +643 m.)
Takeoff Weight = 494,637 lb. / 224,364 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 9,558 ft. / 2,913 m. (+813 ft. / +248 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 155 kts. VR - 157 kts. V2 - 169 kts.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Density Altitude = 3,033 ft. / 924 m. (+2,108 ft. / +643 m.)
Takeoff Weight = 370,140 lb. / 167,893 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 5,445 ft. / 1,660 m. (+467 ft. / +143 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 138 kts. VR - 138 kts. V2 - 148 kts.
Runway 36RDeparting
607 ft. / 185 m.Field Elevation
29.92 in / 1013 mb.Altimeter Setting
0 kts / ---°Winds
70°F / 21°CDew Point
90°F / 32°CTemperature
Current Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): Dallas/Fort Worth Int’l Airport (DFW)
TAKEOFF SCENARIO 3 – TEMP 90° F
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TAKEOFF LENGTH COMPARISON BY TEMPERATURE
4,6924,978
5,445
8,3468,745
9,558
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
30° F 60° F 90° F
Ru
nw
ay 3
6R
-1
3,4
00
Ft.
Air Temperature
AAL2360 DFW-LAX (370,140 lb.) AAL263 DFW-PEK (494,637 lb.)
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SummerWinter
AAL2360 (DFW-LAX) Departure Profiles
SummerWinter
AAL263 (DFW-PEK) Departure Profiles
AVERAGE DEPARTURE TRACK COMPARISON
![Page 49: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
A headwind equals airspeed over the wings which increases lift
Airplanes takeoff and land into the wind to increase lift and reduce the amount of runway needed for takeoff and landing. An aircraft sitting at the end of the runway pointed into a 15 knot headwind has ground speed of 0 and an airspeed of 15 knots.
WIND’S EFFECT ON TAKEOFF PERFORMANCE
![Page 50: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
AAL263 DFW-PEK
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 494,637 lb. / 224,364 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 8,745 ft. / 2,665 m.
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 155 kts. VR - 157 kts. V2 - 169 kts.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 370,140 lb. / 167,893 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 4,978 ft. / 1,517 m.
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 138 kts. VR - 138 kts. V2 - 148 kts.
Runway 36RDeparting
607 ft. / 185 m.Field Elevation
29.92 in / 1013 mb.Altimeter Setting
0 kts / ---°Winds
40°F / 4°CDew Point
60°F / 16°CTemperature
Current Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): Dallas/Fort Worth Int’l Airport (DFW)
TAKEOFF SCENARIO 1 – WINDS 0 KTS. / 0°
![Page 51: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
AAL263 DFW-PEK
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 494,637 lb. / 224,364 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 8,243 ft. / 2,512 m. (-502 ft. / -153 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 155 kts. VR - 157 kts. V2 - 169 kts.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 370,140 lb. / 167,893 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 4,582 ft. / 1,397 m. (-396 ft. / -121 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 138 kts. VR - 138 kts. V2 - 148 kts.
Runway 36RDeparting
607 ft. / 185 m.Field Elevation
29.92 in / 1013 mb.Altimeter Setting
15 kts / 360°Winds
40°F / 4°CDew Point
60°F / 16°CTemperature
Current Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): Dallas/Fort Worth Int’l Airport (DFW)
TAKEOFF SCENARIO 2 – WINDS 15 KTS. / 360°
![Page 52: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
AAL263 DFW-PEK
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 494,637 lb. / 224,364 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 7,769 ft. / 2,368 m. (-474 ft. / -144 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 155 kts. VR - 157 kts. V2 - 169 kts.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 370,140 lb. / 167,893 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 4,202 ft. / 1,281 m. (-380 ft. / -116 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 138 kts. VR - 138 kts. V2 - 148 kts.
Runway 36RDeparting
607 ft. / 185 m.Field Elevation
29.92 in / 1013 mb.Altimeter Setting
30 kts / 360°Winds
40°F / 4°CDew Point
60°F / 16°CTemperature
Current Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): Dallas/Fort Worth Int’l Airport (DFW)
TAKEOFF SCENARIO 3 – WINDS 30 KTS. / 360°
![Page 53: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
TAKEOFF LENGTH COMPARISON WITH HEADWIND
4,9784,582
4,202
8,7458,243
7,769
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
0 kts. 15 kts. 30 kts.
Ru
nw
ay 3
6R
-1
3,4
00
Ft.
Headwind Component
AAL2360 DFW-LAX (370,140 lb.) AAL263 DFW-PEK (494,637 lb.)
![Page 54: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Aircraft WeightPlane + Payload + Fuel
1Weather ConditionsTemp vs. Thrust
2Airport ElevationAir Density vs. Lift
3Available RunwayLength vs. Payload
4
FACTORS THAT EFFECT AIRCRAFT TAKEOFFPERFORMANCE
![Page 55: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Field Elevation has an inverse correlation with air density
At higher elevations the air is less dense, decreasing the lifting effectiveness of the wing. Elevation also effects engine performance, reducing the net thrust output from a jet engine. Both of these factors combined increase the amount of runway needed for takeoff, negatively impact aircraft climb performance and restrict the payload weight that can be lifted.
CALIBRATED
TO
35,000 FEETALT
0
000012345
DEN Field Elevation = 5,434 ft. / 1,656 m.
DFW Field Elevation = 607 ft. / 185 m.
Temperature = 60°F / 16°CDew Point = 40°F / 4°CAltimeter = 29.92 Hg.Winds = Calm
FIELD ELEVATION’S EFFECT ON TAKEOFF PERFORMANCE
![Page 56: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
AAL263 DFW-PEK
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 494,637 lb. / 224,364 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 8,745 ft. / 2,665 m.
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 155 kts. VR - 157 kts. V2 - 169 kts.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 370,140 lb. / 167,893 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 4,978 ft. / 1,517 m.
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 138 kts. VR - 138 kts. V2 - 148 kts.
Runway 36RDeparting
607 ft. / 185 m.Field Elevation
29.92 in / 1013 mb.Altimeter Setting
0 kts / ---°Winds
40°F / 4°CDew Point
60°F / 16°CTemperature
Current Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): Dallas/Fort Worth Int’l Airport (DFW)
TAKEOFF SCENARIO 1 – ELEVATION 607 FT.
![Page 57: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
AAL263 DFW-PEK
Density Altitude = 3,125 ft. / 953 m. (+2,200 ft. / +671 m.)
Takeoff Weight = 490,360 lb. / 222,424 kg. (-4,277 lb. / -1,940 kg.)
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 29R (10,996 ft. / 3,352 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 9,336 ft. / 2,846 m. (+591 ft. / +180 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 154 kts. VR - 156 kts. V2 - 160 kts.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Density Altitude = 3,125 ft. / 953 m. (+2,200 ft. / +671 m.)
Takeoff Weight = 370,140 lb. / 167,893 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 29R (10,996 ft. / 3,352 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 5,465 ft. / 1,666 m. (+487 ft. / +148 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 138 kts. VR - 139 kts. V2 - 141 kts.
Runway 29RDeparting
2,389 ft. / 728 m.Field Elevation
29.92 in / 1013 mb.Altimeter Setting
0 kts / ---°Winds
40°F / 4°CDew Point
60°F / 16°CTemperature
Current Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): Tucson Int’l Airport (TUS)
TAKEOFF SCENARIO 2 – ELEVATION 2,389 FT.
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AAL263 DFW-PEK
Density Altitude = 6,871 ft. / 2,094 m. (+3,746 ft. / +1,142 m.)
Takeoff Weight = 456,416 lb. / 207,027 kg. (-33,944 lb. / -15,397 kg.)
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (12,000 ft. / 3,658 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 9,832 ft. / 2,997 m. (+496 ft. / +151 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 151 kts. VR - 152 kts. V2 - 156 kts.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Density Altitude = 6,871 ft. / 2,094 m. (+3,746 ft. / +1,142 m.)
Takeoff Weight = 370,140 lb. / 167,893 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 34R (12,000 ft. / 3,658 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 6,520 ft. / 1,987 m. (+1,055 ft. / +322 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 138 kts. VR - 139 kts. V2 - 141 kts.
Runway 34RDeparting
5,434 ft. / 1,656 m.Field Elevation
29.92 in / 1013 mb.Altimeter Setting
0 kts / ---°Winds
40°F / 4°CDew Point
60°F / 16°CTemperature
Current Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): Denver Int’l Airport (DEN)
TAKEOFF SCENARIO 3 – ELEVATION 5,434 FT.
![Page 59: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
TAKEOFF LENGTH COMPARISON WITH ELEVATION
4,9785,465
6,520
8,7459,336
9,832
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
DFW (607) ft. TUS (2,389 ft.) DEN (5,434 ft.)
Take
off
Ru
nw
ay L
engt
h
Airport Elevation
AAL2360 DFW-LAX (370,140 lb.) AAL263 DFW-PEK (Variable lb.)
Weigh
t Restricted
to 4
90
,36
0 lb
.
Weigh
t Restricted
to 4
56
,41
6 lb
.
![Page 60: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Aircraft WeightPlane + Payload + Fuel
1Weather ConditionsTemp vs. Thrust
2Airport ElevationAir Density vs. Lift
3Available RunwayLength vs. Payload
4
FACTORS THAT EFFECT AIRCRAFT TAKEOFFPERFORMANCE
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TAKEOFF COMPARISON WITH RUNWAY RESTRICTION
8,5
00
x 15
0
35R
17L
13
,40
0 x 2
00
36R18L
Scenario 1 - TakeoffRwy 36R – 13,400 ft.
Scenario 2 - TakeoffRwy 31L – 9,300 ft.
Scenario 3 - TakeoffRwy 35R – 8,500 ft.
![Page 62: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
AAL263 DFW-PEK
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 494,637 lb. / 224,364 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 8,745 ft. / 2,665 m.
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 155 kts. VR - 157 kts. V2 - 169 kts.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 370,140 lb. / 167,893 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 36R (13,400 ft. / 4,084 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 4,978 ft. / 1,517 m.
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 138 kts. VR - 138 kts. V2 - 148 kts.
Runway 36RDeparting
607 ft. / 185 m.Field Elevation
29.92 in / 1013 mb.Altimeter Setting
0 kts / ---°Winds
40°F / 4°CDew Point
60°F / 16°CTemperature
Current Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): Dallas/Fort Worth Int’l Airport (DFW)
TAKEOFF SCENARIO 1 – RUNWAY 36R
![Page 63: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
AAL263 DFW-PEK
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 494,637 lb. / 224,364 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 31L (9,300 ft. / 2,835 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 8,745 ft. / 2,665 m. (Remaining 555 ft. / 169 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 153 kts. VR - 156 kts. V2 - 168 kts.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 370,140 lb. / 167,893 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 31L (9,300 ft. / 2,835 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 4,978 ft. / 1,517 m. (Remaining 4,322 ft. / 1,317 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 138 kts. VR - 138 kts. V2 - 148 kts.
Runway 36RDeparting
607 ft. / 185 m.Field Elevation
29.92 in / 1013 mb.Altimeter Setting
0 kts / ---°Winds
40°F / 4°CDew Point
60°F / 16°CTemperature
Current Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): Dallas/Fort Worth Int’l Airport (DFW)
TAKEOFF SCENARIO 2 – RUNWAY 31L
![Page 64: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
AAL263 DFW-PEK
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 488,250 lb. / 221,466 kg. (-6,387 lb. / 2,897 kg.)
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 35R (8,500 ft. / 2,591 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 8,226 ft. / 2,507 m. (Remaining 274 ft. / 84 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 151 kts. VR - 155 kts. V2 - 166 kts.
AAL2360 DFW-LAX
Density Altitude = 925 ft. / 282 m.
Takeoff Weight = 370,140 lb. / 167,893 kg.
Flap Setting: 15°
Power Setting: TO (0% Derate)
Takeoff Runway = 35R (8,500 ft. / 2,591 m. available)
Takeoff Distance = 4,978 ft. / 1,517 m. (Remaining 3,522 ft. / 1,074 m.)
Takeoff Speeds = V1 - 138 kts. VR - 138 kts. V2 - 148 kts.
Runway 36RDeparting
607 ft. / 185 m.Field Elevation
29.92 in / 1013 mb.Altimeter Setting
0 kts / ---°Winds
40°F / 4°CDew Point
60°F / 16°CTemperature
Current Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): Dallas/Fort Worth Int’l Airport (DFW)
TAKEOFF SCENARIO 3 – RUNWAY 35R
![Page 65: UC DAVIS AVIATION SYMPOSIUM NOISE 101...Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) to Beijing (PEK) Aircraft Assigned: Boeing 787-8 (N800AN) Flight Plan Distance: 7,217 miles Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW)](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042911/5f44e5a2c18e043af506a33f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
TAKEOFF LENGTH COMPARISON WITH AVAILABLE RUNWAY
Weigh
t Restricted
to 4
90
,36
0 lb
.
Weigh
t Restricted
to 4
56
,41
6 lb
.
4,978 4,978 4,978
8,745 8,7458,226
13,400
9,300
8,500
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
36R 31L 35R
AAL2360 DFW-LAX (370,140 lb.) AAL263 DFW-PEK (Variable lb.) Runway Length