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UltrasoundL.O.:
• How can ultrasound be used to make images of unborn babies?
• What advantages does ultrasound imaging have over x-rays?
• How can ultrasound be used to detect defects in metal objects?
• How can the oscilloscope traces be interpreted?
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Bats!
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Bats navigate using ultrasound
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Bats: Navigating with ultrasound
• Bats make high-pitched chirps which are too high for humans to hear. This is called ultrasound
• Like normal sound, ultrasound echoes off objects
• The bat hears the echoes and works out what caused them
• We can also use ultrasound to look inside the body…
• Dolphins also navigate with ultrasound
• Submarines use a similar method called sonar
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Bats: Navigating with ultrasound
• If a bat hears an echo 0.01 second after it makes a chirp, how far away is the object?
• Clue 1: the speed of sound in air is 330 ms-1
• Clue 2: The speed of sound equals the distance travelled divided by the time taken
• Answer: distance = speed x time
• Put the numbers in:
distance = 330 x 0.01 = 3.3 m
• But this is the distance from the bat to the object and back again, so the distance to the object is 1.65 m.
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Ultrasound imaging
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Ultrasonic waves are sound waves that have a frequency above 18 000 KHz
Ultrasonic waves are partially reflected at a boundary between two substance.
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Ultrasound imaging: What does it look like?
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Ultrasound imaging: How does it work?
• An ultrasound element acts like a bat.
• Emit ultrasound and detect echoes
• Map out boundary of object
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Ultrasound imaging: How does it work?
• Now put many elements together to make a probe and create an image
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For each pulse the probe sends out, it detects reflected pulses from different boundaries in the path of the transmitted pulse.
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Ultrasound imaging: development of a pregnancy
8 weeks gestation (out of a 40 week pregnancy)
18 weeks
24 weeks
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Ultrasound imaging: foetus feet
This is a 2D ultrasound scanthrough the foot of a foetus. You can see some of the bones of the
foot.
We can process the image in a computer to find the outline of the foot. This is called surface rendering. Here, the foot has been surface rendered
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Ultrasound imaging: more surface rendering
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Ultrasound imaging: imaging the heart
heart valves
atrium
ventricle
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Ultrasound imaging: kissing!
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Ultrasonic waves can be used to detect flaws in metal castings.
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• Task:
Workbook page 120-12